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II
TAL COUNCIL
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Digitized by VjOOQ IC
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CJ
MINUTES OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL
CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES
i:NITf:D 8TATES,
AT THE THIRD SESSION, HELD IN DETROIT, MICHIGAN,
October 17-21, 1877.
WITH THE ANNUAL STATISTICS OF THE CHURCHES.
• BOSTON:
CONGREGATIONAL PUBLISHING SOCIETY.
1877.
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IS'
PRINTED BY
ALFRED IIUDGE k. BON, BOSTON.
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1^7
CONTENTS.
Pag*
MiKUTES OF Proceedings 5
Sermon, by Rev. Zachary Eddy, d. d 64
Reports :
Of the Provisional Committee . 80
Of the Pnblishiug Committee 81
Of the Secretary 82
Of the Treasurer 87
Statements of Societies:
American Congregational Union 88
American College and Education Society 93
Congregational Publishing Society 98
American Missionary Association 105
American Home Missionary Society ll.'j
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions . . . 118
Papers read by Appointment:
The Bible in Public Schools ; by Rev. Theodore D. Woolsey, d. d.,
LL. D 126
The Recent Evangelistic Movements; by Rev. Samuel E. Herrick . 1.34
Pastorless Churches; by Rev. Henry M. Dexter, d. d. . . . 145
Woman's Work as a Part of the Keligious Movement of the Times ;
^ by Rev. Constans L. Goodell, D. D. 155
Fellowship and Union Meetings ; by Rev. Arthur Little . . . 168
Sunday-School Work : its Sphere and its Methods ; by Rev. H. Clay
Trumbull 179
Report upon the Parish System ; Rev. Samuel Wolcott, d. d..
Chairman of Committee 189
Constitution and By-Laws of the National Council 278
Officers and Committees of the National Council . 283
The Annual Statistics of the Churches 285
(iKNERAL Index '...., 463
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COMMUNICATIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED :
For the Chairman of Provisional Committee, — Hon. Horack Fairbanks,
St. Johnsbury, Vt.
For the Secretary, — Rev. Alonzo H. Quint, (P. 0. in 1878) Dover, N. H.
For the Registrar, — Rev. William H. Moorb, Berlin, Conn.
For the Treasurer, — Charlks Demond, Esq., Boston, Mass.
For the Chairmen of Special Committees, — as on pages 283-4.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
MINUTES.
The National Council of the Congregational Churches of
THE United States convened for its third session, in the Second
Congregational Church, Detroit, Michigan, at 11 a. m., Wednesday,
October 17, 1877, and was called to order by Charles Demond, of
Massachusetts, Chairman of the Provisional Committee, acting as
temporary Moderator.
The credentials of delegates were collected, and their names
were read.
Organization.
From nominations without remark, Hon. William B. Washburn,
ll. d., of Massachusetts, was chosen Moderator, and was con-
ducted to the Chair by Hon. Nelson Dingley, Jr., of Maine, and
Rev. Aaron L. Chapin, d. d., of Wisconsin ; Rev. Aaron L.
Chapin, d.d., of Wisconsin, and Dea. Charles G. Hammond,
of Illinois, were chosen Assistant Moderators ; and Rev. George
Huntington, of Illinois, Rev. James Deane, of New York, and
Rev. Charles H. Richards, of Wisconsin, were chosen Assistant
Registrars.
Committees,
The following committees, nominated by the Moderator, were
appointed : —
On Credentials, — Rev. George M. Boynton, of New Jersey;
Rev. Charles C. Salter, of Colorado; Charles A. Willard, of
Wisconsin.
Oti Business. — Charles Demond, of Massachusetts ; Hon. Nelson
Dingley, Jr., of Maine; Rev. George L. Walker, d.d., of Ver-
mont ; Rev. Augustus F. Beard, d. d., of New York ; Rev. Israel
W. Andrews, d.d., of Ohio; Dea. Eliphalet W. Blatchford, of
Illinois ; Rev. Peter McVickar, d. d., of Kansas.
On Nominations. — Rev. Edward S. Atwood, of Massachusetts ;
Dea. John P. Newell, of New Hampshire ; Rev. Edward Hunger-
ford, of Connecticut ; Rev. George T. Ladd, of Wisconsin ; Rev.
Delavan L. Leonard, of Minnesota ; Rev. James H. Harwood, of
Missouri.
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MINUTE8. [1877.
MEMBERS.
The roll reported bj' the Committee on Credentials, when com-
pleted, was as follows : —
DELBGAT. S FROM STATE AND LOCAL BODIES OF CONGREGA-
TIONAL CHURCHES:
California.
Oeneral Association. — Rev. Micah S. Croswell, Oakland; Rev.
Charles H. Pope, Reno, Nevada ; Galen M. Fisher, Oakland ;
Dea. Stephen S. Smith, San Francisco.
Colorado.
Association. — Rev. Roselle T. Cross, Colorado Springs; Rev.
Charles C. Salter, Denver.
Connecticut.
General Conference. — Rev. Joel J. Hough, Danbury ; Rev.
Samuel J. M. Merwin, Wilton; Rev. Elias H. Richardson, d. d.,
Hartford; Dea. William C. Crump, New London.
Fairfield East Consociation. — Rev. Charles Ray Palmer, Bridge-
port.
Fairfield South -West Conference. — Dea. William A. Howe,
Greenwich.
Hartford Conference. — Rev. Gowen C. Wilson, Windsor ; Dea.
Jahez H. Hayden, Windsor Locks.
Hartford East Conftrence. — Dea. James B. Williams, Glaston-
bury.
Hartford South Conference. — Rev. William W. Woodworth,
Berlin.
Litchfield North-East Conference. — Dea. John Hinsdale, West
Winsted.
Litchfield North -West Conference. — Rev. John F. Gleason,
Norfolk.
Lilchfield South Conference. — Rev. Joseph W. Backus, Thomas-
ton.
Middlesex Conference. — Rev. Azel W. Hazen, Middletown.
New Haven East Consociation. — Rev. Elijah C. Baldwin,
Branford.
New Haven West Cottference. — Rev. Edward Hungerford, Mer-
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1877.] MINUTES. 7
iden; Rev. Frederick A. Noble, d. d., New Haven; Dea. George
W. Beach, Waterbury ; Dea. Geoi^e W. Shelton, Birmingham.
New London Confeience, — Rev. Leander T. Chamberlain, Nor-
wich ; Rev. Franklin E. Fellows, Bozrah.
Tolland Oonftrence. — Dea. Charles D. Talcott, Talcottville.
WindJiam Conference. — Rev. Edwin S. Beard, Brookl^^n.
Dakota Territory.
Association, — Rev. Charles Seccombe, Green Island, Nebraska.
Illinois.
Oeneral Association. — Rev. Albert Bushnell, Sterling; Rev.
Alexander R. Thain, Galesburg; Dea. Charles G. Hammond,
Chicago ; William A. Talcott, Rockford.
Aurora Association, — Rev. Norman A. Prentiss, Aurora.
Bureau AssociaXion, — Rev. Richard P2d wards, ll. d., Princeton.
Central Association, — Rev. Henry G. Pendleton, Chenoa ; Rev.
J. Vincent Willis, Chenoa.
Central East Association. — Rev. William G. Pierce, Champaign.
Central West Association. — Rev. Roberts. McCord, Toulon;
Prof. William L. Comstock, Galesburg.
Chicago Association. — Rev. George Huntington, Oak Park ;
Rev. Edward F. Williams, Chicago ; Dea. Eliphalet W. Blatch-
ford, Chicago.
Efgin Association. — Rev. John W. Bradshaw, Batavia ; Rev.
Francis J. Douglass, Genoa Junction, Wis. ; Rev. Lathrop Taylor,
Wheaton.
Fox River Association. — Rev. Edward Ebbs, Plainfield ; Wil-
liamson Durley, Hennepin.
Quincy Assocvition. — Rev. George H. Bailey, Griggsville ;
Charles W. Keyes, Quincy.
Rockford Conference. — Rev. Frank P. Woodbury, Rockfonl.
Southern Association, — Rev. Charles W. Clapp, Waverley ;
Rev. Eli Corwin, d. d., Jacksonville ; Rev. Martin K. Whittlesey,
D. D., Jacksonville.
Indiana.
Oeneral Association. — Rev. Joel M. Seymour, Fort Wayne.
Central Associatif/n, — Rev. Sanford S. Mart3'n, Terre Haute:
Dea. Thomas P. Sanborn, Indianapolis.
Northern Association. — Rev. Elizur Andrus, Angola.
Grand River Conftrence, — Rev. John V. Hickmott, Angola
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8 MINUTES, [1877.
Iowa.
General Association. — Rev. George F. Magoun, d. d., Grinnell ;
Dea. Charles P. Searle, Oskaloosa.
Central Association, — Rev. William Windsor, Marshalltown.
Council Bluffs Association, — Rev. William M. Brooks, Tabor ;
Rev. Edward S. Hill, Atlantic ; Rev. John Todd, Tabor.
Davenport Association, — Rev. Oliver Emerson, Miles ; Dea.
James S. Conner, Davenport.
Denmark Association. — Rev. William Salter, d. d., Burlington ;
Charles Beardsle}', Burlington.
Des Moines River Association. — Rev. James E. Snowden,
Oskaloosa.
Dubuque Association. — Rev. Ephraim Adams, Waterloo.
Gainsville Association, — Aaron Kimball, Cresco.
Grinnell Association. — Rev. Julian M. Sturtevant, Jr., Grinnell.
Mitchell Association. — Harrison Gurley, New Hampton.
North 'Western Association, — Rev. Asa Countryman, Iowa Falls ;
Dea. Robert Wright, Iowa Falls.
Stoux Association. — Rev. Faj^ette Hurd, Cherokee.
Kansas.
General Association. — Rev. Sylvester D. Storrs, Topeka.
Central Association, — Rev. Peter MeVickar, d. d., Topeka;
Rev. John Scotford, Louisville.
Eastern Association. — Rev. Robert M. Tunnell, Wyandotte ;
David J. Brewer, Leavenworth.
Northern Association. — Rev. Francis T. Ingalls, Atchison ;
Rev. James D. Liggett, Hiawatha.
North 'Western Association, — Rev. Samuel G. Wright, Brook-
ville.
Southern Association. — Rev. Perley M. Griffin, Parsons.
Maine.
General Conference. — Rev. William H. Fenn, Portland ; Dea.
Henry F. Eaton, Calais.
Cumberland Conference. — Rev. Ezra H. Byington, Brunswick ;
Rev. Edward Y. Hincks, Portland ; Nelson Dingley, Jr., Lewiston.
Franklin Conference. — Rev. Uriah W. Small, Milton.
Kennebec Conference. — Dea. Simon Page, Hallo well.
Oxford Conference. — Rev. Arthur J. Benedict, Gorham, N. H.
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1877.] MINUTES. 9
Somerset Conference, — Eev. Thomas G. Mitchell, Madison.
Tork Conference. — Rev. George Lewis, South Berwick.'
Massachusetts.
General Association, — Hev. Henry M. Dexter, d. d., New Bed-
ford; Rev. James P. Kimball, Boston; Rev. Richard Knight,
South Hadley Falls ; Rev. Charles C Mclntire, Rockport ; Rev.
John O. Means, d. d., Boston ; Rev. Mason Noble, Jr., Sheffield ;
Charles Demond, Boston ; Milton Bonney, Lawrence ; William B.
Washburn, ll. d., Greenfield.
Andover Conference, — Rev. Joshua Coit, Lawrence ; Dea. War-
ren F. Draper, Andover.
Barnstable Conference, — Rev. Henry A. Goodhue, West Barn-
stable.
Berkshire North Conference, — Rev. Ephraim Flint, d. d., Hins-
dale ; Dea. Charles J. Kittredge, Hinsdale.
Berkshire South Conference, — Rev. Lyman S. Rowland, Lee;
William Ta} lor, Lee.
Brookfield Conference, — Rev. Gabriel H. De Bevoise, North
Brookfield.
Essex North Conference, — Rev. Seneca M. Keeler, West New-
bury ; Rev. John D. Kingsbury, Bradford.
Essex South Conference, — Rev. Edward S. Atwood, Salem;
Rev. James H. Fitz, Topsfield ; Rev. Orpheus T. Lanphear, d. d.,
Beverly.
Franklin Conference, — Rev. James Dingwell, Ashfield.
Hampden^ Conference. — Rev. Albert I. Dutton, East Long-
meadow; Rev. Washington Gladden, Springfield; Dea. Lucius F.
Mellcn, West Springfield.
Hampshire Conference. — Dea. A. Lyman Williston, North-
ampton.
Hampshire EaM Conference. — Rev. Dwight W. Marsh, d. d.,
Amherst ; Dea. Eleazar Porter, Hadley.
Mendon Conference. — Rev. Rufus K. Harlow, Med way.
Middlesex South Conference, — Rev. Francis N. Peloubet, Natick ;
Dea. Caleb F. Chapin, Northborough.
Middlesex Union Conference. — Rev. Franklin P. Wood, Acton ;
Caleb T. Se^nuour, Lancaster.
Norfolk Conference. — Rev. Edward Norton, Quincy; Rev.
George F. Stanton, South Weymouth.
Old Colony Conference. — Rev. Albert H. Heath, New Bedford ;
Rev. Alonzo H. Quint, d. d.. New Bedford.
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10 MINUTES. [1877.
Pilgrim Conference. — Rev. William W. Lyle, Duxbury.
Suffolk North Conference. — Rev. Samuel E. Herrick, Boston ;
Dea. James Adams, Boston.
Suffolk South Conference. — Rev. Joseph B. Clark, Boston ;
Thomas W. Bicknell, Boston.
Suffolk West Conference. — Rev. Samuel M. Freeland, Newton ;
Rev. Henr}' J. Patrick, West Newton.
Taunton Conference. — Rev. William W. Adams, d. d.. Fall
River ; Handel N. Daggett, Attleborough.
Wobum Conference. — Rev. Albert G. Bale, Melrose; Dea.
Garvin R. Gage, Woburn.
Worcester South Conference. — Dea. William H. Whitin, Whi-
tinsville.
Michigan.
General AssociaJtion. — Rev. Horatio N. Burton, d. d., Kala-
mazoo ; James B. Angell, ll. d., Ann Arbor.
Eastern Conference. — Rev. Zachar^' Eddy, d. d., Detroit ; Rev.
Horace R. Williams, Almont ; Dea. Allen Fish, Port Huron.
Genesee Conference. — Rev. Richard Cordlejs d. d., Flint; Rev.
John B. Davison, Imlaj^ City ; Cortland B. Stebbins, Lansing.
Grand River Conference. — Rev. Adin H. Fletcher, Portland ;
Rev. James L. Patton, Greenville ; Rev. J. Morgan Smith, Grand
Rapids.
Grand Traverse Conference. — Rev. Page F. McClelland, North-
port.
Jackson Conference. — Rev. Moses Smith, Jackson ; J. Webster
Childs, Ypsilanti.
Kalamaaoo Association. — Rev. Orange H. Spoor, Dowagiac ;
James B. Humphrey, Allegan.
Marshall Conference. — Rev. Horatio Q. Butterfield, d. d.,
Olivet ; Edward S. Lacey, Charlotte.
Northern Central Conference. — Rev. Otis B. Waters, Hersey.
Southern Michigan Conference. — Rev. George Williams, Litch-
field.
Western Conference. — Rev. Joseph F. Gaylord, Manistee.
Minnesota.
General Conference. — Rev. James W. Strong, d. d., Northfield ;
Rufus J. Baldwin, Minneapolis.
Northern Pacific Conference. — Rev. Charles A. Conant, Dulnth.
Choatonna Conference. — Rev. Lucien W. Chaney, Mankato ;
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] MINUTES. 11
Rev. Delavan L. Leonard, Northfield; Dea. Harlan W, Page,
Austin.
Western Conference. — Rev. Henry C. Simmons, Marshall ; Rev.
Otis A. Starr, Montevideo.
Winona Conference. — Rev. John H. Motley, Winona ; Rev.
John W. Ray, Lake City.
Missouri.
General Aasociation. — Rev. James G. Roberts, Kansas City.
Hannibal Association. — ^Rev. Edwin D. Seward, La Clede.
Kansas City Association. — Rev. Charles 8. Mitchell, Sedalia.
St. Louis Association. — Rev. Robert West, St. Louis.
Springfield Association. — Rev. Elisha F. Pales, Carthage ; Rev.
James H. Harwood, Springfield.
Nebraska.
General Association. — Rev. Hiram N. Gates, Omaha.
Blue Valley Association. — Rev. Henry Bates, Plymouth ; Rev.
Warren Cochran, Fairmount ; Rev. William S. Hills, Seeley ;
Dea. James E. Porter, Fairmount.
Lincoln Association. — Rev. James B. Chase, Weeping Water ;
Rev. Lewis Gregoiy, Lincoln.
New Hampshire.
General Association. — Rev. Franklin D. Ayer, Concord.
Cheshire Conference. — Rev. Frank G. Clarke, Rindge.
Grafton Conference. — Rev. Francis B. Knowlton, Orford ;
Dea. Samuel Ward, 2d, West Lebanon.
HUlshoro* Conference. — Rev. Cyrus W. Wallace, d. d., Man-
chester ; Rev. Charles Wetherby, Nashua ; Dea. John P. Newell,
Manchester.
Rockingham Conference. — Rev. Albert B. Peabody, Stratham;
Rev. George E. Street, Exeter; Dea. Charles Robinson, Ports-
mouth.
Strx\fford Conference. — Rev. Joseph Blake, Gilmanton.
New Jersey.
General Association. — Rev. George M. Boynton, Newark;
Rev. Jeremiah E. Rankin, d. d., Washington, D. C.
Newark Conference. — Rev. Amory H. Bradford, Montclair.
New York.
General Association. — Rev. James Deane, Westmoreland ; Rev.
Samuel H.Virgin, New York ; Horace N. Lestw, Binghamton.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
12 MINUTES. [1877.
Block River and St, Lawrence Association. — Rev. John H.
Crum, Antwerp ; Rev. William D. Westervelt, Morristown.
Hudson River Conference. — Rev. William S. Smart, d. d.,
Albany.
Oneida^ Chenango^ and Delaware Association. — Rev. Henry M.
Ladd, Walton; Herbert M. Dixon, Smyrna.
Ontario Association. — Rev. John P. Skeele, East Bloomfield ;
Dea. Samuel D. Porter, Rochester.
Welsh Conference. — Rev. Edward Davies, Waterville; Rev.
Rhys Jones, d. d., Utica.
Western New York Association. — Rev. Jeremiah D. Stewart,
Little Valley ; Rev. Martin L. Williston, Jamestown ; William E.
Hunt, Otto.
Wyoming Conference. — Rev. Horace F. Dudley, Warsaw.
Ohio.
General Conference. — Rev. Israel W. Andrews, d. d., Mari-
etta ; Rev. Samuel Wolcott, d. d., Cleveland ; Francis C. Sessions,
Columbus.
Central North Conference. — Rev. George V. Fry, Ruggles ;
Ralph A. Lawrence, Bellevue.
Central Ohio Conference. — Rev. Edwin B. Burrows, Mt. Ver-
non; Rev. Robert G. Hutchins, d. d., Columbus.
Cleveland Conference. — Rev. John ^. Ellis, Oberlin ; Rev.
Justin E. Twitchell, d. d., Cleveland.
Chrand River Conference. — Rev. Stephen D. Peet, Ashtabula ;
Rev. Russell M. Keyes, Conneaut.
Marietta Conference. — Rev. Theron H. Hawks, d. d.. Marietta.
Medina Conference. — Rev. Enoch F. Baird, York.
Miami Conference. — Rev. William H. Warren, Springfield.
Plymouth Rock Conference. — Rev. William Woodmansee,
Chagrin Falls ; Lester Taylor, Claridon.
Puritan Conference. — Rev. Allen C. Barrows, Kent.
Toledo Conference. — Rev. Robert McCune, Toledo.
Trumbull and Mahoning Conference. — Rev. Robert R. Kendall,
North Bloomfield.
Welsh Eastern Conference. — Rev. John M. Thomas, Youngs-
town.
Oregon.
General Association. — Rev. Plutarch S. Knight, Salem ; George
H. Collyer, Salem.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] MINUTES. 13
Pennsylvania.
Association. — Rev. Samael Manning, Mercer.
Wdch Eastern Association. — Rev. Thomas C. Edwards, Wilkes-
barre.
Rhode Island.
Conference. — Rev. Adolphus J. F. Behrends, d. d.. Providence ;
Rev. James P. Lane, Bristol ; Amos D. Lockwood, Providence.
Tennessee.
Central South Conference. — Rev. Henry S. Bennett, Nashville.
Vermont.
General Convention. — Rev. George L. Walker, d. d., Brattle-
boro' ; Rev. Warren W. Winchester, Bridport ; Franklin Fair-
banks, St. Johnsbury.
Addison Conference. — Rev. William N. Bacon, Shoreham.
Bennington Conference. — Rev. Parsons S. Pratt, Dorset.
Caledonia Conference. — Rev. Charles W. Thompson, Danville.
Orleans Conference. — Rev. Edward P. Wilde, Newport.
Rutland Conference. — Rev. Russell T. Hall, Pittsford.
Windham Conference. — Rev. Levi G. Chase, Dummerston ; Ira
K. Batchelder, Townshend.
Windsor Coy^ference. — Rev. Lewis W. Hicks, Woodstock.
Wisconsin.
Congregatix>nal and Preshyt(*rian Convention. — Rev. Aaron L.
Chapin, d.d., Beloit; Rev. William Crawford, Green Bay.
Bdoit Convention . — Rev. Benjamin D. Conkling, White Water ;
Rev. Henry P. Higley, Beloit.
La Crosse Convention. — Dea. William L. Dudley, West Salem.
Lemonweir Convention. — Rev. Albert A. Young, New Lisbon.
Madison Convention. — Rev. John Bascom, ll. d., Madison;
Rev. Charles H. Richards, Madison.
Mineral Point Convention. — Charles A. Strong, Benton.
St. Croix Valley Conve^ition. — Rev. Chester W. Hinman,
Clear Lake.
Winnebago Convention. — Rev. Kerr C. Anderson, Oahkosh ;
Rev. Hiram H. Dixon, Ripon ; Rev. Arthur Little, Fond du Lac ;
Charles A. Willard, West Depere.
Milwaukee District Convention. — Rev. George T. Ladd, Mil-
waukee.
Welsh Association. — Rev. John P. Williams, Racine.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
14 MJKUTE8. [1877.
HONORARY MEMBERS.
OFFICERS AND APPOINTEBS OF THE COUNCIL.
Registrar. — Rev. William H. Moore, Hartford, Conn.
Provisional Committee. — Rev. Edward P. Goodwin, d. d.,
Chicago, 111. ; Warren Currier, St. Louis, Mo.
Committee on Denominational Comity, — Rev. David B. Coe,
D. D., New York, N. Y.
To prepare Papers, — Rev. ConstansL. Goodell, d.d., St. Louis,
Mo. ; Rev. Henry Clay Trumbull, Philadelphia, Penn.
Delegates from National Congregational Charttable Socie-
ties.
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. — Rev.
Edmund K. Alden, i>. i>., Boston, Mass.
American College and Education Society. — Rev. Increase N.
Tarbox, d. d., Boston, Mass.
American Congregational Union. — Austin Abbott, New York,
N. Y.
American Home Missionary Society. — Rev, Henry M. Storrs,
D. D., New York, N. Y.
American Missionary Association. — Rev. Michael E. Stricby,
D. D., New York, N. Y.
Delegates from Theological Seminaries.
Andover. — Rev. Egbert C. Smyth, d. d., Andover, Mass.
Hartford. — Thomas S. Childs, d. d., Hartford, Conn.
Oberlin. — Rev. Elijah P. Barrows, d. d., Oberlin, O.
Chicago. — Rev. George S. F. Savage, d. d., Chicago, 111.
Delegates from Corresponding Bodies.
Ghneral Congregational Union of Ontario and Quebec. — Rev.
Robert Hay, Forest, Ontario.
General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States
of America. — Rev. Arthur T. Pierson, d. d., Detroit, Mich.
Reformed Church in North America. — Rev. Charles Scott, d. d.,
Mich.
General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. — Rev. F.
W. Conrad, d. d., Philadelphia, Penn.
General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. — Rev.
John F. Hirst, d. d., Madison, N. J.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] MINUTES. 15
By Vote of the Council. — Rev. W. Hickman Smith Aubrey,
Secretary of Surrey Congregational Union, England.
The Moderator briefly addressed the Council. Prayer was
offered by Rev. Aaron L. Chapin, d. d., of Wisconsin. The hymn,
" I love thy kingdom, Lord," was sung.
Welcome.
Rev. William T. Sprole, d. d., in behalf of the Congregational
churches of Detroit, gave an address of welcome. The benedic-
tion was pronounced by Rev. Aaron L. Chapin, d. d., of Wiscon-
sin ; and at 12.30, a recess was taken till 2.30 f. m.
Wednesday Afternoon, October. 17.
The Council met at 2.30, and prayer was offered by Rev. Elias
II. Richardson, d. d., of Connecticut.
Provisional Committee.
The Provisional Committee made a report, ^ which was accepted.
Their arrangements in regard to papers to be presented were
approved ; and it was
Voted^ That their recommendation that more time be given for
the next triennial session be referred to a committee.
Daily Order.
The following order for the daily sessions was adopted. Devo-
tion from 8.30 till 9 a. m. ; recess from 12.30 till 2.30, and from
5.30 till 7.30 p. M. ; adjourn with singing or pra3'er at 9.30 p. m.
Publishing Committee.
The Publishing Committee made a report,^ which was accepted.
Secretary^ Registrar^ Treasurer^ and Auditor,
The Secretary made a report,^ which was accepted ; and it was
Voted^ That a recommendation in it, relating to uniform statistics,
be referred to a committee.
The Treasurer made a report,^ containing a recommendation
that the subject of raising money for the expenses of the Council
be referred to a committee on finance. The report was accepted,
and the recommendation adopted.
Rev. Alonzo H. Quint, d. d., of Massachusetts, was chosen
Secretary ; Rev. William H. Moore, of Connecticut, Registrar ;
* Page 80. * Page 81. • Page 82. * Page 87.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
16 MINUTES. [1877.
Charles Demond, of Massachusetts, Treasurer; and Langdon S.
Ward, of Massachusetts, Auditor.
Committees.
The following committees were appointed : —
Ptiblishing. — The Secretary, Registrar, and Treasurer.
On Uniform Statistics, — Rev. Alonzo H. Quint, d. d., of Mas-
sachusetts; Rev. Ezra H. Byington, of Maine; Rev. Parsons S.
Pratt, of Vermont; Rev. William H. Moore, of Connecticut ; Rev.
James Deane, of New York; Rev. Thomas C. Edwards, of Penn-
sylvania ; Rev. John G. Eraser, of Ohio ; Rev. Martin K. Whittle-
sey, D. D., of Illinois.
On more Time for next Triennial Session. — Hon. Warren Cur-
rier, of Missouri ; Rev. Ezra H. Byington, of Maine ; Rev. Henry
M. Dexter, d. d., of Massachusetts ; Rev. Israel W. Andrews,
D. D., of Ohio; Dea. Eliphalet W. Blatchford, of Illinois.
On Finance. — Franklin Fairbanks, of Vermont; Dea. James
Adams, of Massachusetts ; Dea. William C. Ctump, of Connec-
ticut; Francis C. Sessions, of Ohio; William A. Talcott, of Illi-
nois ; Dea. Harlan W. Page, of Minnesota ; Aaron Kimball, of
Iowa.
Reports of Delegates to Corresponding Bodies.
Reports of delegates to corresponding bodies were made, from
which it appeared that Rev. Joseph P. Thompson, d. d., and Hon.
Henry P. Haven, attended the Congregational Union of England ;
Rev. Richard S. Storrs, d. d., and Rev. Samuel Wolcott, d. d.,
the General Assembly of the Presbji^rian Church in the United
States of America; Rev. Joseph E. Roy, d. d., the Associate
Presbyterian Church of North America; Rev. Zachary Eddy,
D. D., and Rev. George B. Bacon, d. d., the Reformed Church in
America; Rev. George Chickering, d. d., and Rev. Edward S.
Atwood, the United Brethren Moravian ; Rev. A. Hastings Ross,
the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church; Rev.
Leonard Bacon, d. d., ll. d., by letter, and Rev. Jeremiah E.
Rankin, d. d., in person, the General Conference of the Metho-
dist Episcopal Church; and Rev. Thomas Laurie, d. d., the
General Conference of Free- Will Baptist Churches.
The Bible in Pvblic Schools. — Committee.
A paper on the Bible in Public Schools,^ prepared by Rev. Theo-
dore D. Woolsey, d. d., ll. d., of Connecticut, and read by
> Page 126.
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1877.] MINUTES. 17
Key. Elias H. Hichardson, d. d., of Connecticut, was referred to
the following Committee : —
James B. Angell, ll. d., of Michigan; Rev. George F. Ma-
goun, D. D., of Iowa ; Rev. Egbert C. Smyth, d. d., of Massachu-
setts.
Colleges and State Universities, — Committee.
By consent of the Council, a resolution on Colleges and State
Universities was presented. It was accepted, and referred to the
following Committee : —
Rev. Charles R. Palmer, of Connecticut ; Rev. Richard Cordley,
i>. D., of Michigan ; Rev. Richard Edwards, ll. d., of Illinois.
Credentials.
The Committee on Credentials made a report in part, which was
accepted.
TJie Sabbath.
An overture from Grand River Conference, Ohio, on the Sab-
bath, was accepted ; and it was referred to a committee.
The hj'mn, '* All hail the power of Jesus* name," was sung.
Praj'er was offered by Rev. Julian M. Sturtevant, Jr., of Iowa,
and at 5.30, a recess was taken till 7.30 p. m.
Wednesday Evening, October 17.
The Council met at 7.30, and engaged in public worship, in
which Rev. Edmund K. Alden, d. d., of Massachusetts, conducted
the opening services, and Rev. Zachary Eddy, d. d., of Michigan,
delivered a sermon^ from Hosea xiv, 5-7; after which. Rev.
George L. .Walker, d. d., of Vermont, offered prayer and pro-
nounced the benediction.
At 9.30, the body adjourned till 8.30 a. m. Thursday.
Thursday Morning, October 18.
Devotion.
The Council met at 8.30, and spent half an hour in devotion,
led by Rev. Charles R. Palmer, of Connecticut.
At 9 o'clock, the Moderator took the chair, and prayer was
offered by Rev. Moses Smith, of Michigan.
The minutes of Wednesday were revised and approved.
> Page 64.
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18 MINUTES. [1877.
The Sermon.
It was Voted^ That the thanks of the Council be tendered to Rev.
Zachary Eddy, d. d., for his able and timely sermon, and that he
be requested to furnish a copy for publication with the minutes.*
Committee.
The following were appointed the Committee on the Overture on
the Sabbath: Rev. A. J. F. Behrends, d. d., of Rhode Island;
Rev. Stephen D. Peet, of Ohio ; Rev. Azel W. Hazen, of Con-
necticut.
Disabled Ministers.
An overture from the General Conference of Ohio, on disabled
ministers, was accepted ; and it was
Voted^ That it be referred to a committee.
Statements of Nationai Congregational Cliaritable Societies.
The National Congregational Charitable Societies made state-
ments as follows : —
The American Congregational Union, ^ by Austin Abbott, of New
York; the American College and Education Society,^ by Rev.
Increase N. Tarbox, d. d, of Massachusetts; the Congregational
Publishing Society,^ by Rev. John O. Means, d. d., of Massachu-
setts, after which the hymn, "Come, thou Almighty King," was
sung; the American Missionary Association,^ by Rev. Michael
E. Stricby, d. d., of New York ; the American Home Missionary
Society,® by Rev. Henry M. Storrs, d. d., of New York; the
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions,^ by Rev.
Edmund K. Alden, d. d., of Massachusetts.
It was Votedy That these several statements be referred to com-
mittees, — that of the Congregational Union to a committee of five.
Committees.
The following committees were appointed : —
On the Overture on Disabled Ministers. — Rev. Justin E. Twit-
chell, D. D., of Ohio; Rev. Cjtus W. Wallace, d. d., of New
Hampshire ; Dea. Eleazar Porter, of Massachusetts.
To nominate Delegates to Corresponding Bodies. — Rev. Julian
M. Stui-tevant, Jr., of Iowa ; Rev. William H. Fenn, of Maine ; Rev.
Orpheus T. Lanphear, d. d., of Massachusetts ; Rev. Joel J. Hough,
of Connecticut ; Rev. Martin K. Whittlesey, d. d., of Illinois.
> Page 64. « Page 88. » Page 93. * Page 98.
» Page 106. • Page 113. » Page 118.
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1877.] MINUTES. 19
On Services of next Sabbath. — Rev. Zachary Eddy, d. d. ; Rev.
Philo R. Hurd, d. d. ; Rev. Harvey D. Kitchel, d. d., all of this
city.
On the Statement of the American Congregational Union. — Hon.
Amos D. Lockwood, of Rhode Island; Rev. Egbert C. Smyth,
D. D., of Massachusetts; Hon. J. Webster Childs, of Michigan;
Rev. Edward F. Williams, of Illinois ; Hon. David J. Brewer, of
Kansas.
On the Statement of the American CoUege and Education Society.
— Rev. Theron H. Hawks, d. d., of Ohio; Rev. Samuel H.
Virgin, of New York ; Rev. William G. Pierce, of Illinois.
On the t*tatement of the Congregational Publishing Society. —
Rev. George S. F. Savage, d. d., of Illinois ; Rev. Joshua Coit, of
Massachusetts; Rev. Ellas H. Richardson, d. d., of Connecticnt.
Pastoral BekUion.
A resolution on the pastoral relation was presented, and laid on
the table.
National Council.
An overture from the General Association of New Jersey on the
National Council was presented, and it was
Voted^ That it be referred to a committee of five.
The benediction was pronounced by Rev. Elijah P. Barrows,
D. D., of Ohio ; and at 12.80, a recess was taken till 2.30 p. m.
Thursday Afternoon, October 18.
The Council met at 2.30, and prayer was offered by Rev. Justin
E. Twitchell, d. d., of Ohio. The Committee on Credentials made
a report in part, which was accepted.
Committees,
The following committees were appointed : —
On the StaJtem*mt of the American Missionary Association. — Rev.
Washington Gladden, of Massachusetts; Hon. Nelson Dingley,
Jr., of Maine ; Rev. Martin L. Williston, of New York.
On the Statement of the American Home Missionary Society. —
Rev. Edward Y. Hincks, of Maine ; Rev. Albert H. Heath, of
Massachusetts ; Rev. James W. Strong, d. d., of Minnesota.
The Sabbath.
An overture from the General Association of Kansas, on Rail-
roads and the Sabbath, was presented, and referred to the Com-
mittee on the Overture on the Sabbath.
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50 MINUTES. [1877.
The Recent Evangelistic Movement,
Rev. Samuel E. Herrick, of Massachusetts, read a paper on
*' The Recent Evangelistic Movement," ^ and it was
Voted^ That it be referred to a committee.
Scdvtationa of Corresponding Bodies,
Corresponding bodies presented salutations as follows : —
The General Assembly of the Pre8b3'terian Church in the
United States of America, by Rev. Arthur T. Pierson, d. d., of
Michigan.
The General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, by
Rev. F. W. Conrad, d. d., of Pennsylvania.
The General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, by
Rev. John F. Hirst, d. d., of New Jersey.
The General Synod of the Reformed Church in North America,
by Rev. Charles Scott, d. d., of Michigan.
The Congregational Union of Ontario and Quebec, by Rev.
Robert Hay, of Ontario.
The Moderator responded to these salutations ; and the hymn,
*' Blest be the tie that binds," was sung.
The Bible in Schools,
The committee on the paper on '' The Bible in Public Schools "
made a report, which was accepted, and made the first order for
Friday afternoon.
The hjmn, '^ Come, let us join our cheerAil songs," was sung.
It was Voted^ That Rev. W, Hickman Smith Aubrey, Secretary
of the Surrey Congregational Union, England, be an honorary
member of this bodj'.
Pastorless Churches and Churchless Pastors.
Rev. Henry M. Dexter, d. d., of Massachusetts, read a paper*
on '* Pastorless Churches and Churchless Pastors; How shall they
be more wiselj^ brought together?" and it was
Voted^ That it be referred to a committee.
At 5.30, a recess was taken till 7.30 p. m.
Thursday Evening, October 18.
The Council met at 7.30, in the First Congregational Church.
Prayer was offered by Rev. George F. Magoun, d. d., of Iowa,
and the hymn, " Stand up, my soul, shake off thy fears," was sung.
» Page 134. 'Page 146.
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1877.] MINUTES. 21
It was Votedj That the resolution on the pastoral relation be
referred to the committee to be appointed on the paper on pastor-
less churches.
Papers Read.
Rev. Constans L. Goodell, d. d., of Missouri, read a paper on
*' Woman's Part in the Religious Movement of the Time." '
Rev. Arthur Little, of Wisconsin, read a paper ^ on *' Fellowship
and Union Meetings" ; after which the hj^mn, " My faith looks up
to thee," was sung. Rev. Henry Clay Trumbull, of Pennsylva-
nia, read a paper on ** Sunday-School Work: its Sphere and its
Methods." 3
It was Voted, That these several papers be referred to commit-
tees.
The Doxology, "Praise God ft'om whom all blessings flow,"
was sung; the benediction was pronounced by Rev. Henry M.
Dexter, i>. d., of Massachusetts ; and at 9.30, the body adjourned
tiU 8.30 A. M., Friday.
Friday Morning, October 19.
Devotion.
The Council met at 8.30, in the Second Church, and spent half
an hour in devotion, led by Rev. Frederick A. Noble, d. d., of
Connecticut.
At 9 o'clock, the Moderator took the chair, and prayer was
offered by Rev. Henry P. Higley, of Wisconsin.
The minutes of Thursday were revised and approved.
It was Voted, That the Committee on the Statement of the Amer-
ican Home Missionary Society be increased to five.
More Time for next Triennial Session.
The Committee on more Time for the next Triennial Session pre-
sented a report with a resolution^i The report was accepted, and
the resolution was amended and adopted, as follows: —
Resolved, That the Provisional Committee for the next Council
shall call it to meet on Wednesdaj' or Thursday of one week with
the understanding that it will remain in session so long into the
next week as the business ma}' require.
> Page 156. • Page 168. • Page 179.
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22 MINUTES. [1877.
CoUeges and State Universities,
The Committee on tbe resolution on Colleges and State Univer-
sities made a report, which was accepted and made the second
order for this afternoon.
Invitations, — TTianks,
An invitation from the Young Men's Christian Association, to
Tisit their rooms, and an invitation from George R. Angell, to
visit his art gallery, were received with thanks.
Committees,
The following committees were appointed : —
On the Overture on the National Council, — Rev. Samuel Wol-
cott, D. D., of Ohio; Rev. Geoi^e L. Walker, d. d., of Vermont;
Rev. James P. Lane, of Rhode Island ; Rev. George F. Magoun,
D. D., of Iowa; Hon. Warren Currier, of Missouri.
On the Statement of the American Board of Commissioners for
Foreign Missions.^ Rev. Jeremiah E. Rankin, d. d., of the District
of Columbia; Rev. Dwight W. Marsh, d. d., of Massachusetts;
Rev. Eli Corwin, d. d., of Illinois.
On the Paper on Simday-Scfiool Work. — Rev. Francis N.
Peloubet, of Massachusetts; Rev. Sanford S. Martyn, of Indiana;
Rev. Charles C. Salter, of Colorado.
On the Paper on the Recent Evangelistic Movement, — Rev.
William W. Adams, d. d., of Massachusetts; Rev. Robert G.
Hutchins, d. b., of Ohio; Rev. James G. Roberts, of Missouri.
On the Statement of the American Home Missionary Society, —
Rev. Edward Y. Hincks, of Maine ; Rev. Leander T. Chamberiain,
of Connecticut ; Rev. Moses Smith, of Michigan ; Rev. Arthur
Little, of Wisconsin; Rev. James W. Strong, d. d., of Minnesota.
The Parish System.,
The Committee on the Parish System made a report,^ in the midst
of the reading of which, the hymn, '* Jesus, who on his glorious
throne," was sung. The report was accepted, and it was
Voted^ That it be referred to a committee of five.
The hymn, '* Grace, 't is a charming sound," was sung.
Theological Seminaries,
Statements were made by theological seminaries as follows : —
Andover, by Rev. Egbert C. Smj'th, d. d., of Massachusetts.
Hartford, by Rev. Thomas S. Childs, d. d., of Connecticut.
"Page 189.
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1877.] MINUTES. 28
Oberlin, by Rev. Elijah P. Barrows, d. d., of Ohio.
Chicago, by Rev. George S. F. Savage, d. d., of Illinois.
It was Voted^ That these Statemeuts, and a resolution, be referred
a committee.
Statistics.
A resolution on publishing statistics was referred to the Com-
mittee on Finance.
Committees.
The following committees were appointed : —
On the Paper on Pastorless Churches. — Rev. Frank P. Wood-
bury, of Illinois ; Rev. Robert West, of Missouri ; Prof. George
H. Collyer, of Oregon.
On the Paper on Woman* s Part in the Religious Movement of the
Time. — Rev. John O. Means, d. d., of Massachusetts; Rev.
George E. Street, of New Hampshire ; Rev. Edward P. Goodwin,
D. D., of Illinois.
On the Paper on Fellowship and Union Meetings. — Rev. William
W. Woodworth, of Connecticut ; Rev. Benjamin D. Conkling, of
Wisconsin ; Rev. Lncien W. Chaney, of Minnesota.
On the Report on the Parish System. — Rev. Ezra H. B^ington,
of Maine ; Dea. A. Lyman Williston, of Massachusetts ; Rev.
Frederick A. Noble, d. d., of Connecticut; Rev. Horatio N. Bur-
ton, D. D., of Michigan; Dea. James S. Conner, of Iowa.
Provisional Committee. — Hon. Horace Fairbanks, of Vermont ;
Hon. John E. Sanford, of Massachusetts ; Hon. Amos C. Barstow,
of Rhode Island ; Rev. Leander T. Chamberlain, of Connecticut ;
James B\ Angell, ll. d., of Michigan; Dea. Charles G. Ham-
mond, of lUinois ; Rev. James E. McLean, of California.
Indian Affairs.
An overture on Indian affairs was received ; and it was
Voted^ That a committee be appointed to consider the facts, and
report whether this Council shall take any action ; and if so, what.
Close of Session.
It was Votedy That the session close at 5.30 p. h., next Monday.
The benediction was pronounced by Rev. Charles H. Richards,
of Wisconsin ; and at 12.30, a recess was taken till 2.30 p.m.
Fridat Afternoox, October 19.
The Council met at 2.80, and prayer was offered by Rev. George
L. Walker, d. d., of Vermont.
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24 MINUTES. [1877.
Ministerial Standing.
An overture on ministerial standing was received, containing the
following resolutions, which were adopted : —
Besolved^ 1. That a committee of five be appointed to inquire
into the facts, and the various usages of our denomination, respect-
ing ministerial responsibility and standing, and report to the next
Triennial Council, with such recommendations as thej ma}^ deem
advisable.
Resolved^ 2. That, meanwhile, we earnestly recommend to the
churches, before emplojdng any minister, the careful ascertain-
ment of the fact of his regular standing in some recognized ecclesi-
astical connection.
The Bible in Public Schools.
The committee on the paper on the Bible in public schools made
the following report, which was adopted : —
The committee to whom was referred the paper of Rev. Theodore
D. Woolsey, d. d., on the Bible in public schools, beg leave to
report.
It is unnecessary to dwell on the importance of the subject dis-
cussed by Dr. Woolse}', or on the clearness, candor, and force of
the paper placed in our hands. Without pausing to consider all
the points on which it touches, we recommend that the Council
concur in the following important and essential points : —
1. Whatever system of schools is adopted by the State, there
is a necessity, and a duty, of teaching moral duties.
2. In the practical teaching of such duties, ethics cannot be
altogether dissociated from religion. This truth can hardly be too
strongly emphasized.
3. We cannot consent to a division of the school fUnds among
various sects ; the results would be disastrous.
4. We cannot abandon our public-school system on account of
the difficulties with infidels or with Roman Catholics. Such a
calamity is not called for by any just spirit of concession to con-
science. Good sense will dictate what concessions may be called
for in specific circumstances. The use of the Douay version by
Roman Catholic pupils or schools, or of a volume of selections
from the Scriptures which should contain nothing obscure in
meaning, or archaic in style, or open to sectarian construction, or
some other possible adjustment, — conceived in the spirit of Dr.
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1877.] MINUTES. 25
Woolsey's suggestions, — of the difflcalties raised by Roman Catholio
parents, siiould meet the approbation of reasonable men. But we
are convinced that the safety of society requires that, in our schools,
moral duties, the morality which is taught in the Scriptures, and
which is rooted in loyalty to God, should be impressed upon the
pupils. It should be remembered that in these schools the great
mass of our people receive all their education. If they are to be
trained to honesty, to respect for the rights of property, to con-
tented and intelligent industry, to all those virtues which are the
prime condition of order, and peace, and prosperity, they should
be imbued in these schools with those deep and searching moral
principles which are set forth nowhere else so forcibly as in the
Christian Scriptures.
As a historical fact it has been, from the beginning, the aim and
the desire of the American people to have their schools pervaded
with the spirit of Christian morality. It should be regarded as the
duty of all Christian pastors and teachers to endeavor to keep
the public mind so educated, that this spirit shall be perpetuated
in the schools. We earnestly urge all our churches to strive, b}'
ail proper means, so to enlighten and instruct the communities in
which they do their Christian work, as to prevent, if possible, the
demand for the entire exclusion of the Bible from our public
schools.
Colleges and State Universities.
The report on the resolution on colleges and State universities
was taken up, and, after a spirited discussion, during part of which
speakers were limited to five minutes each, was adopted, and is as
follows : —
The matured conviction of the Congregational churches is, that
for the promotion of Christian learning they cannot rely exclusively
upon institutions supported and controlled by the State. What-
ever admirable results institutions of this kind may have reached,
or may yet reach, the results which we deem the best results we do
not believe them fVilly adequate to secure ; and their inadequacy is
of the necessity of the case. This conviction has guided us in the
past to the founding and endowing in the Eastern, the Central,
and the Northwestern States of institutions of higher education,
independent of political patronage and control, the services of
which, both to liberal learning and to Christ and the church, have
endeared them to us, dignified the names they bear, and enhanced
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26 MINUTES. [1877.
the fame of our nation. This conviction may lead us in the future
not unduly to multiply such institutions, but more richly to endow
and equip them ; and in new States, and States yet to be erected,
to found and endow others like them.
But this policy involves us in no antagonism to State institu-
tions, as such. So far as they promote popular intelligence and
liberal learning, we rejoice in their recognized prosperit}' and
power. So far as those intrusted with the direction of them, or
of any of them, strive to keep them in harmony with the best
impulses of the national life, and make them centres of influence
favorable to true Christian culture, as Christian citizens, we owe
them, and we yield them, a hearty sympathy. These institutions
belong not to the religious public, but to the whole public. It were
very undesirable, if they ceased to have the moral support of
religious men while legitimately fulfilling their proper function in
the commonwealth. It were disastrous if, for want of that moral
support, they practically passed into the hands of men wholly
indifferent, or hostile, to religion, and, therefore, ceased to fulfil
their pnoper function in the commonwealth. That we want for
our children something better than these institutions can be in our
understanding of the matter, does not in the least forestall our
sincere desire that, in their place, they may deserve the confidence
of all good citizens, and in a just measure receive it. That we
believe now, as always, the highest aspirations the scholar can feel
are those of which religion is the spring, and the grandest results
in the direction of liberal learning will be achieved onl}' as men
most truly enter into fellowship with Him in whom are liid all the
treasures of wisdom and knowledge, does not in the least hinder
our appreciation of all which good men may do, whom convictions
or circumstances lead to confide in other aspirations, and to avail
themselves of resources applicable to education under the limita-
tions of political control.
Monument to John Robinson.
A communication from Rev. George E. Da}'', d. d., of Connecti-
cut, in regard to a monument to Rev. John Robinson, was pre-
sented, and the following resolution was adopted : —
Reaolvedy That this Council accepts heartily the suggestion of
the fitness and propriety of action looking toward the erection in
some suitable place in the city of Leyden, Holland, of a monument
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1877.] MINUTES. 27
to the memory of John Robinson^ whose name will ever head the
list of the pastors of the Congregational churches of the United
States ; and that a committee of five be appointed to take measures
thereto, with full power, when they shall see the way clear, to go
forward and erect the same as a tribute from the Congregational-
ists of the United States.
The Sabbath.
The Committee on the Overtures on the Sabbath made the fol-
lowing report, which was adopted : —
The committee to whom were referred the memorials from the
Grand River (Ohio) Conference, and from the Kansas General Asso-
ciation, with accompanying suggestions and resolutions, on the sub-
ject of *' Sabbath Observance and the Right of all Classes of Men to
the Day of Rest and of Religious Culture," beg leave to report the
following minute for adoption by this National Council : —
We cordially and unanimously join the memorialists in empha-
sizing the supreme importance of educating the great masses of our
people to an intelligent recognition of the important social and
civic advantages flowing from a reverent use of the Christian Sab-
bath, and of the serious, complicated, and wide-spread evils that
accompany its desecration, by devoting it to the purposes either of
pleasure or of gain. Owing to the demoralization consequent on
the late civil war, and the laxity of all moral restraints growing
inevitably from such social disturbances ; owing to the introduction
and acceptance of trans-atlantic theories and practices ; owing to
the mixed character of our great population, representing so many
divergent types of thought, to say nothing of the deep-seated,
subtle, and pervasive opposition of our fallen nature to such claims
as emphasize the authority and sovereign ownership of God, — Sab-
bath desecration has assumed alarming proportions, and summons
the churches of Christ to a new and vigorous campaign for its
repression. Great corporations, under the thin plea of public ne-
cessity, not unfrequently trample on the laws that guarantee the
civic sanctity of our Sabbath, or defy the public moral sense, where
private tradesmen would be promptly and summarilj^ checked.
In all our cities, and along all the highways of our trafi^c, are
increasing numbers of men who are robbed of their Sabbaths,
and whose religious rights are so far ignored and denied.
We do not presume, here and now, to determine and to decide
what are labors of necessity and of mercy ; what kinds of work
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28 MINUTES. [1877.
are imperatively demanded for the security, peace, and comfort of
oi^anized societ}'. These necessities varj- with the growing complex-
ity of civilization and the compactness of social life, and are there-
fore incapable of rigid definition. Society, equally with the indi-
vidual man, has its pressing un intermittent wants, — wants that
must be hourly and momentarily provided for. No plea for Sab-
bath observance, for example, could be regarded as sound that
would demand the disbanding at midnight, each Saturda}^ of
the police force and of the fire departments, the same to be left in
a state of suspended animation for twenty-four hours. That would
be to invite murder, pillage, and incendiarism. Society cannot
be asked to destroy itself; its oi^anic needs bear on their very
face the impress of divine enactment and sanctity ; for the magis-
tracy is of God, and the divine law in the necessities of the social
organism cannot be contradicted by a fair interpretation of the
fourth commandment. Work must be done on our Sabbath by
man}^ persons, and in many places, or we shall not be safe as we
walk the streets, or worship in our sanctuaries. But the labor
should be reduced to a minimum ; it should be able to plead in jus-
tification the pressure of a clear social necessity. If a great and
growing nation must keep open the iron lines of communication, as
it must leave free the ordinary highwaj'^s, the facilities should be held
in strict subordination to the dear necessities of the case. Need-
less labor, we, as Christians and patriots, are bound to deprecate
and condemn, whether in private men or in corporate associations.
And we are equally bound to plead for every man's right to at least
such a share in the Christian Sabbath as that he shall not be
deprived of his religious privileges. These are inalienable, part of
his divine birthright and inheritance, of which he may not be shorn
any more than he may be barred fi'om God's free air and sun-
light.
We emphasize the timeliness of the appeal of the memorialists,
and join with them in a call to all our churches, conferences, and
associations, to put on the whole armor of God in a new and stal-
wart defence of that article of the faith once delivered to the saints,
which concerns the reverent and religious use of the Christian
Sabbath.
We have only to add, on the question of methods submitted,
that each Christian community must be left to adapt the means to
the end sought to be accomplished, using the abundant literature
already at command, and supplementing the same by personal
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] MIKTJTE8. 29
appeals and patient, prayerful endeavor. Dishonored, the Christian
Sabbath ma}* be in some places, and for a time ; overthrown, it will
not, and cannot be, for the life of the risen Christ is in it.
American Missionary Association,
The committee on the statement of the American Missionary
Association made the following report, which was approved : —
The committee to whom was referred the paper read by Dr.
Strieby, make the following report : —
The work which the American Missionary Association is doing
among the outcast races of America and upon the continent of
Africa is a work to which we are impelled by all those motives
which it has been the office of our religion to awaken and strengthen.
We have learned f^om our Master to be kind to the poor ; and the
people to whom this association ministers in this country are the
poorest of our population. We have been taught that our religion
ought to be preached to the heathen; and not only are those
beyoud the sea to whom this society proclaims the gospel sitting
in darkness and in the shadow of death, but even those among
whom it is laboring on this side the ocean are almost as benighted
as many of the far-off races to whom the word of God is sent. We
believe that it is our duty as Christians to aid in spreading light
and knowledge in the world ; and there are few in any land, and
none in our own land, who need instruction more than do the
negroes of our Southern States. We have always regarded the
love of countr}' as part of our religion ; and the work of educating
and Christianizing the degraded races among us is a work to which
the love of country urges us.
All the impulses, therefore, which arise within us when we are
summoned by philanthrophy, by patriotism, by zeal for learning,
b3' the missionary call, are awakened and united when the work of
this Society is set before us. We would recognize and emphasize
the duty of our churches, through this Society, to prosecute the
work among the Indians and among the Chinese in our land. We
regard the work to be done in Africa, through missionariesraised
up and educated in the South, as one of the most inspiring within
the reach of our thought ; but the most inunediate and urgent duty
of the Association is the education and Christianization of the
n^i*oes of the South. The importance of that work, no statement
of ours can exaggerate. The only radical remedy for the disorders
that have prevailed in that region is found in the education and
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80 MINUTES. [1877.
Christianization of the negro. If he is educated, he cannot be
intimidated ; if he is not educated, he always will be. It is only
those who know their rights, who dare maintain them. If his
character be well founded in Christian faith, and strengthened by
intelligent instruction in Christian ethics, he can neither be over-
borne by violence, nor seduced by demagoguery. It is in the moral
strength that comes from a Christian education, that his safety and
well-being lie. The political power conferred upon the negro will
prove his ruin and the nation's scourge, if it be not accompanied
with a Christian education. Universal suffrage coupled with uni-
versal ignorance brings forth corruption and anarch}'. We believe
that it is the supreme duty of the Christians of this nation at this
hour to protect the nation from the evils that threaten its life.
It would be a poor economy' of forces, if, in the largeness of our
view, we should neglect the work that lies nearest us, and suffer
our own land, with whose future to much of the hope of the world is
bound up, to be overrun by ignorance and barbarism.
We are thankful for all the work that this Society has been
inspired to do in this field. The testimony of an eminent repre-
sentative of another denomination, engaged in the same service,
that the Congregational churches have done three times as much
toward the education of the negro as has been doue b}' every other
religious body, is one that we are glad to have heard ; but the Con-
gregational churches ought to do three times as much during the
next score of years as they have done in the last. We are glad to
observe, and we desire to emphasize, the conviction of the impor-
tance of this work, which seems to be growing among our churches.
For the evidence we have seen that a better day is dawning upon
the South, that the negroes are more secure in their rights of per-
son and property, that the teachers and preachers sent to labor
among them will hereafter have more of the sympathy and good-
will of the Southern whites, — we desire to express our profound
gratitude. The people of the South need the help of the people of
the North in the work of fitting the negro for citizenship ; and the
Christians of the Noi'th desire, and will confidentl}' expect, the
countenance and co-operation of the Christians of the South in this
work, to which we are moved, not by any sectional or selfish con-
siderations, not by an}' ill-will toward our Southern brethren, but
rather b}* our profound i*egaid for their well-being ; by a feeling
of Christian obligation to do good to all men, as we have opportu-
nity, and the most good to those who are neediest ; by our love to
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1877.] MINUTES. 31
the nation whose safety is our common care, and for the Master
whose service is our high calling, and whose love is the bond that
makes us one.
The Council united in singing,
** Shall we whose souls are lighted."
CongregationcU Publishing Society,
The committee on the statement of the Congregational Publish-
ing Society made the following report, which was adopted : —
The committee to whom was referred the paper of Dr. Means on
the Congregational Publishing Society, would report : —
That they can add nothing essential to his clear and racy state-
ments of the past history and present status of that Society. They
fuUj' accord with the suggestions made as to what should be done
in the further prosecution of its important work. They believe
that, as a denomination, we cannot afford to abandon the use of
the press as an agency in prosecuting the evangelizing work which
God has given us to do, and that in providing a religious literature
for our ministers, our churches, and our Sunday schools, this Soci-
ety has an important mission to accomplish in the future, and
would earnestly recommend that, as Congregationalists, we see to
it that it is fully sustained in this mission. We would also recom-
mend that for the missionar}^ Sunday-school work, which has been
transferred to the American Home Missionary Society, annual col-
lections be taken in all the Congregational Sunday schools of the
countrj', instead of special collections in our churches. 1 he com-
mittee are deeply impressed with the importance of training the
children of our Sunday schools, which are soon to be the main sup-
porters of all our benevolent operations, to intelligent interest and
personal co-operation in aU our great benevolent enterpnses. As
there is still left an important work for the Society in making grants
of religious tracts for general Christian work, and large volumes for
the libraries of home missionaries and others who are needy, we
recommend that donations be made to the Society for this special
purpose. And we trust that the day is not far distant when the
permanent fund of one hundred thousand dollars called for shall
be supplied as a working capital, that the Sooietj^ may have the
means of prosecuting its blessed work vigorousl}'-, ani upon a scale
worthy of the denomination whose banner it bears.
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32 MINUTES. [1877.
American College and EdtLcation Society.
The committee on the statement of the American College and
Education Society made the following report, which was adopted : —
The report of the Secretary of this Society leaves little for the
committee to do but to emphasize its salient points.
1. The union of the ''American Education Society" and the
** College Society " was a wise measure. Results have justified it.
The method by which the colleges needing aid are permitted to
solicit it seems an equitable one, and not in conflict with the prin-
ciple of economy, which must obtain in the administration of all
our benevolent societies. It is the opinion of your committee, that
the moral influence of this Council should enforce their plea, when-
ever thoy ask aid on the fields which the Society has assigned to
them.
2. It is not expedient for the churches to decline to aid young
men in preparation for the ministry. And whatever incidental
evils attend the present system of aitiing them, it is not just to ask
that the}' shall spend ten years in preparing to serve the churches
without substantial assistance from those who are to be benefited
by their long course of study.
Your committee think that ample means should be placed at the
disposal of the Society, that worthy and capable young men may
be encouraged to make suitable preparation for a work which they
covet, but which they cannot enter upon, if left to their own re-
sources. And they express the belief that the churches of the Inte-
rior ought to do more than they are doing to furnish these means.
These churches are giving many of the men who are to be edu-
cated ; will they not also more generously aid in the work of train-
ing them in the schools? Undoubtedly much is done bj' them,
which does not appear in the reports of this Societ3^ We wish
that the " dream " of Dr. Tarbox might be realized ; and '* that it
might be known, year bj' year, what is really accomplished in this
way, by our denomination."
But, whatever is done, the utmost care should be taken that
onl}' good and capable men be aided. To elevate the character of
the ministr}', so that it shall desen-e and shall command the respect
of all thoughtful persons, should be the aim of those who have the
oversight of these benevolent offerings of our churches.
8. For this reason, the action of the Directors of this Society,
making it a rule, with proper exceptions, '' to receive upon the lists
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1877.] MINUTES. 33
»
only those who are pursuing the full collegiate and theological
course of study," seems to be eminently wise and worthy of the
indorsement of this Council. The fact that there are exceptions
must be recognized ; and we have confidence that the officers of
the Society will not fail to treat them fau'ly.
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missiovs.
The committee on the statement of the American Board of Com-
missioners for Foreign Missions made the following report, which
was adopted : —
The statement of Dr. Alden, one of the Secretaries of the Amer-
ican Board, was mainly statistical, embracing the comparative
donations of our churches in the different States, during the past
five years. It seems that an annual average of one dollar a mem-
ber, making an annual aggregate of about $350,000 of donations,
exclusive of legacies, has been contributed during this period ; a
few of the States, notably Rhode Island and Maryland, rising to
the sum of $2 a member, and upward.
On the one hand, your committee would recommend that, for the
next three j'cars, the churches in the older States attempt to raise
their average to $2 a member, while those in the jounger States
aim at a standard of at least $1 a member ; and that the churches
in general be urged by their pastors to a combined advance move-
ment, such as shall prevent the necessity of such special inteipo-
sitions of Providence as occurred at the last meeting of the Board,
remembering the injunction, " Thou shall not tempt the Lord thy
God."
On the other hand, while they have implicit confidence in the busi-
ness managers of the American Board, j'our committee would rec-
ommend that, if possible, in their appropriations for the future, they
do not exceed the amount of contributions they have reason to
expect from the churches.
Your committee are happy to record their recognition of the
marked spiritual prosperity of the missionary churches, showing, as
they do, an increase of thirty per cent, against one of nine per cent,
among the home churches for the same period. They especially
commend the efforts of the Board to develop in Christian women
and in children the spirit and habit of benevolence through Women's
Boards and Juvenile Missionary Societies, believing, as they do,
that these new departures are of God and not of man.
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34 MINUTES. [1877.
Disdbled Ministers.
The committee on the overture on disabled ministers made a
report, which was amended, and adopted as follows : —
The committee to whom was referred the overture from Ohio,
regarding relief for disabled ministers and returned missionaries,
and the widows and orphans of such ministers and missionaries, beg
leave to report, as follows : —
That there are not a few of the most earnest and devoted minis-
ters of the Lord Jesus, together with their families, who are in great
need, is evident to every one familiar with our ministerial brethren
and their families in the different States, In the judgment of the
committee, this matter should receive the immediate and earnest
attention of all our churches throughout the country. It is known
to many of the members of this Council, that State organizations
having the end in view proposed by the Ohio overture have been
effected in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and other
States ; and that substantial aid has been furnished in many cases,
thereby relieving great distress. This is as it should be all over the
land. These faithful servants of God should not be left to want,
but should be handed down gently to their graves in the arms of
affectionate, grateful churches. Christian heroes and heroines are
not all found ministering only to city churches and large country
parishes. They have lived and wrought on most efficiently in the
smaller churches of the East, and in the newer settlements of the
Interior and West, — out on the prairies, and up in mountain
gorges, far from the gaze or applause of men ; content to tell the
story of the Redeemer's love to thetr thoughtless dying fellows ; sim- •
pi}' living from month to month on the meagre offerings of the peo-
ple ; laying nothing by for old age, nothing for sickness, nothing for
wife or children, should they be widowed and orphaned. When
age, or infirmities, or bereavements come, these men and women
should not be forgotten. Their case should lie heavily on the heart
of the churches ; and they should not be allowed to want, if human
sympathy and help can hinder it. Your committee believe that
Christian people will liberall}' respond when the matter is brought
fairly to their attention. They recommend : —
1. That each State bod}' have an organization of its own to
solicit funds from churches and individuals within its bounds, to be
applied for this purpose.
2. That a committee of five be appointed by this Council, to
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1877.] MINUTES. 35
issue a circular calling the attention of the Churches of our order
throughout the country to this important subject, and urging upon
them the claims of these godly, self-sacrificing men and women,
who have done such efficient work in the vineyard of the Lord ; to
communicate with State organizations formed for this object ; to
seek to secure similar organizations in States where none now exist ;
to stimulate, in all practicable ways, the ministration of the needed
relief; and to report their doings, with recommendations, at the
next triennial Council.
Uniform StcUistics.
The committee on so much of the report of the Secretary as
relates to uniform statistics made the following report, which was
adopted : —
The committee on so much of the Secretary 's report as relates to
uniformity in the schedules of items of statistics in the several
States respectfully report as follows : —
1. It is desirable that there should be a uniformity as to the date
on which statistics are to be collected. This appears to be at pres-
ent impracticable. But it would be a decided convenience for the
annual general compilation of statistics, and a necessity- for prompt
publication, if no State should make its statistical year close later
than June 30 ; and it is recommended that each State using a later
date be respectfully requested to make such a desirable change.
2. Certain items in the annual schedules are of common impor-
tance. These should be grouped together, with none others inter-
mingled. All other items, which any one State finds needful can
be added thereto without disturbing the order of items.
It is recommended th:it the following schedule of questions,
already substantially in use, be adopted in each State. [This
schedule will be found immediately following the Secretary's
report.]
Inasmuch as the Council in 1871 unanimouslj' declared that all
our ministers ought to be in orderly connection with some ministe-
rial or ecclesiastical organization which can certify to their regular
standing, it is recommended that in each State publication the
name of any other suppUing a church have a star affixed, with
explanation, and that such names be not put upon the alphabetical
roll of ministers ; or, if inserted, to be starred.
It is also recommended that associations and conferences receive
ministers to membership only upon proper and complete written
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36 MINUTES. [1877.
credentials ; and when such ministers apply as are members of any
other similar body, full transfer papers be in all cases required.
It is also recommended that these votes be specially communi-
cated to each State organization.
By-lAiw.
The following was adopted as a by-law : —
No person shall occupy more than one hour in reading any paper
or report, without the unanimous consent of the Council.
Committees.
The following committees were appointed : —
On the Statements of the Theological Seminaries. — Rev. Aaron L.
Chapin, d. d., of Wisconsin ; Dea. William H. Whitin, of Mas-
sachusetts ; Rev. Joseph W. Backus, of Connecticut ; Rev. Theron
H. Hawks, D. D., of Ohio; Galen M. Fisher, of California.
On the Monument to John Robinson. — Rev. Henry M. Dexter,
D. D., of Massachusetts; Rev. Samuel C. Bartlett, d. d., of New
Hampshire ; Hon. Alpheus Hardy, of Massachusetts ; Rev. George
E. Day, d. d., of Connecticut; Alfred S. Barnes, of New York;
Dea. Eliphalet W. Blatchford, of Illinois; Dea. Stephen S. Smith,
of California.
On the Overture on Indian Affairs. — Dea. William C. Crump, of
Connecticut ; James E. Porter, of Iowa ; Rev. Plutarch S. Knight,
of Oregon.
On Ministerial Standing. — Rev Egbert C. Smyth, d. d. , of Mas-
sachusetts ; Rev. George L. Walker, d. d., of Vermont; Rev.
George B. Safford, of Vermont ; Rev. Henry P. Higley, of Wis-
consin ; Rev. Levi H. Cobb, of Minnesota.
Prayer was offered by Rev. George M. Bo^mton, of New Jerse}',
and at 5.30, a recess was taken till 7.30 p. m.
Friday Evening, October 19.
Prayer-Meeting.
The Council met at 7.30, in the First Church, and held a prayer-
meeting, led by Dea. Charles G. Hammond, of Illinois. The h3'mn,
" Joy to the world," was sung. Prayer was offered by Rev. John
W. Bradshaw, of Illinois. The hymn, " Sweet hour of prayer,"
was sung. Rev. Richard Edwards, ll. d., of Illinois, spoke. The
hymn, •' Come, Holy Spirit, heavenly dove," was sung. Rev.
Edward Y. Hincks, of Maine, and Rev. Robert G. Hutchins, d.d..
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1877.] MINUTES. 37
of Ohio, spoke. The h3-mn, " There is a fountain filled with blood,"
was sung. Rev. A. J. F. Behrends, d. d., of Rhode Island, spoke.
Rev. Horatio Q. Butterfield, d. d., of Michigan offered pra3'er, and
after the doxolog}', "Praise God from whom all blessings flow,"
pronounced the benediction. At 9.30, the body adjourned till 8.30
A. M., Saturday.
Saturday Mobning, October 20.
Devotion.
The Council met at 8.30, in the Second Church, and spent half
an hour in devotion, led by Rev. James G. Roberts, of Missouri.
At nine o'clock, the moderator took the chair, and pra^-er was
oflered by Rev. Joseph W. Backus, of Connecticut.
The minutes of Friday were revised and approved.
Denominational Comity.
The committee on denominational comity made an oral report,
which was accepted, and the committee was discharged.
The National Council,
The committee on the overture on the National Council made the
following report, which was unanimously adopted : —
The committee to whom was referred the overture from the Gen-
eral Association of New Jersey, respectfully report : —
The action taken by the Association was as follows : —
" Resolved^ That, while we believe there is a place in the Congre-
gational polity for a national conference meeting statedly, solely
as an expression of fellowship, we totally disapprove of National
Councils, meeting statedly, to give ad\ice in denominational mat-
ters, as subversive of Congregationalism; and we express our
strong conviction that such a body should be called only in grave
emergencies, and b}' invitation from the State associations or con-
ferences of Congregational churches."
We had supposed that it was universally understood that this
body is not a counpcil in the technical ecclesiastical sense of the
term. We have no " advice " to give to the churches, in the his-
toric sense which that word has in our communion, as the deliver-
ance of a council called tocjether by churches asking for advice.
As a national body, we sustain the same relation to all the churches
here represented that a State body sustains to its own constit-
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38 MINUTES. [1877.
uency ; and the objection to the meeting of a national body would
lie against the meeting of a State body.
The councils which express church fellowship and give advice to
churches that ask it, we leave to their own province. As the
Association expresses the conviction, that '*' there is a place in the
Congregational polity for a national conference, meeting statedly,
solely as an expression of fellowship," we differ onl}^ in that we do
not define "fellowship" as the sole end of our meeting. It is a
leading and invaluable end, but other important results are happily
secured with it. Our constitution provides, that "this National
Council shall never exercise legislative or judicial authority, nor
consent to act as a council of reference." While this provision is
respected, there can be no subversion of our principles in our pro-
ceedings ; and we discover no tendency in that direction. We recom-
mend to the Council the adoption of the following resolution : —
Resolved^ That the objects of the National Council, as defined in
its constitution, namely, in behalf of the Congregational churches
of the United States, " To express and foster their substantial
unity in doctrine, politj', and work ; and to consult upon the com-
mon interests of all the churches, their duties in the work of evan-
gelization, the united development of their resources, and theii-
relations to all parts of the kingdom of Christ," are objects of com-
manding importance ; and to their prosecution, the Council has
faithfully and vigorously addressed itself, illustrating the wisdom
of its establishment, and vindicating its right to be.
American Home Missionary Society,
The committee on the statement of the American Home Mission-
ary Society made a report, which was recommitted.
Services for next Suhbath.
The committee to arrange for services for next Sabbath made a
report, which was approved.
The hymn, " Love divine, all love excelling," was sung.
Pra3'er was offered b^' Rev. A. J. F. Behrends, d. d., of Rhode
Island.
Fellowship and Union Meetings.
The committee on the paper on fellowship and union meetings
made the following report, which was adopted : —
The committee to whom was referred Rev. A. Little's paper on
fellowship and union meetings beg leave to report : —
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1877.] MINUTES. 39
We have considered the interesting paper committed to us, and
rejoice that such meetings as it describes, and which are called fel-
lowship and union meetings, have been held extensively at the
West and to some, though a more limited extent at the East, dur-
ing the last few years. The name, as Mr. Little says, is felicitous.
It suggests that mutual helpfulness which, according to the Scrip-
tural intent, is the duty and the privilege, not only of the members
of particular churches, but also of the churches themselves. Chris-
tian fellowship, whether between churches or church members, is
not only the expression, and the enjo3'ment, and the fostering of
their common oneness in Christ, it is also partnership in all that
in which they can be helpful to each other. It is the loving broth-
erl}' partnership of each with all, and of all with each, in all talent,
in all culture, in all Christian experience, in all that by which one
Christian or one church may edify another. As between the mem-
bers of particular churches, this ideal of Christian fellowship has
seldom been realized, much less has it been realized as between
different churches. Something is done in this direction by coun-
cils, by local and by State conferences. Something also is done
when wealthier churches aid, by their brotherly gifts, poorer
churches. Something, too, is done when, in ministerial exchanges,
the pastor of one church preaches to another, and so illustrates the
text which says to Christians, "All things are yours, whether Paul,
or Apollos, or Cephas." But there is room and call for yet more
that shall express and foster the fellowship of neighboring churches.
This may be partly supplied by fellowship-meetings. When mem-
bers of neighboring churches meet often for prayer and conference,
they bring the wealth of their Christian culture and experience to
help each other in their Christian life and work. Each can impart
something to the rest, which they could not so well gain in an}"
other way. Each carries home something which not only enters
beneficently into his own life, but which he iiAparts to the church
to which he belongs; and all are warmed and elevated by this
mutual communion. Each has given something, and each has
received something, and all are blessed. What wonder, if the fire
thus kindled should sometimes burn so brightly that men outside
of the church should be attracted by its light, and warmed into life
by its genial heat. And in this fellowship of the churches, it is
not always those which we are wont to call the strongest, the
largest, and the wealthiest, the most cultivated and refined, that have
most to give. It is often the churches that are poorest in this
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40 MINUTES. [1877.
world that are richest in faith, and that can do, and do do, most in
a fellowship-meeting to elevate the piety of the whole. The larger
and wealthier churches have no reason to feel that, in such a meet-
ing, they shall give more than they get, nor that it is condescen-
sion on their part to meet with the so-called feebler churches.
They, perhaps, need as much as any churches, for their own growth,
the influence of these fellowship-meetings. We hope that such
meetings will become universal in our churches throughout the
land.
In regard to union meetings between churches of different denom-
inations, for evangelical work, to which Mr. Little refers near the
close of his paper, we hail with joy and gratitude the fact that such
meetings have been held, and have been the means of great good ;
and we believe they will be the means of still greater good in the
future, not only in the conversion of men from sin to God, but in
hastening the time, which is sure to come, and for the coming of
which every one of us should be laboring and praying, when the
prayer of our blessed Master, that all his people may be one^ per-
fected into one^ shall be fully and visibly answered.
Finance. — Minutes . — Statistics,
The committee 9n finance made the following report, which was
unanimously adopted : —
Your committee, to whom was referred the treasurer's report,
and also the resolution regarding the publication of statistics, hav-
ing carefully examined the same, beg leave to make the following
report : —
From the treasurer's report, we find there are bills unpaid for
advertising, and for various expenses incurred by officers and com-
mittees, by order of the Council, relating to the meeting at New
Haven in 1874 ; also, a debt will accrue in the publication of the
doings of this Council and in other necessary expenses. Your com-
mittee recommend the adoption of the resolution referred to them,
which is as follows : —
Resolved^ That an annual compilation of the statistics of our
churches throughout the country, and especially an accurate and
complete list of ministers in fellowship, should be published under
the sanction of this Council.
To meet the requirements of this resolution and the treasurer's
report, your committee embody their recommendations in the fol-
lowing resolutions : —
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1877.] MINUTES. 41
Resolved^ 1. That the necessary expenses of the Council, pub-
lishing of minutes, statistics, etc., should be met by its constituent
bodies ; and that the Council request the several State associations
and conferences to solicit contributions amounting to one cent per
member of their respective churches, and remit the same to the
treasurer of this Council.
Resolved^ 2. That the publishing committee, increased in num-
ber to five members, shall have the charge and oversight of the
publishing of the doings of the Council, the compilation and publi-
cation of statistics and the distribution of the same.
Resolved^ 3. That, if the publishing committee find it desirable
to issue the annual statistics and lists of ministers for free distribu-
tion, one to each church in our fellowship, then, in the succeeding
two years, the treasurer may ask for a contribution not exceeding
one half cent from each member in each of those years, for that
purpose.
American Congregational Union,
The committee on the statement of the American Congrega-
tional Union made the following report, which was adopted : —
The committee to whom was referred the statement submitted
to this Council by Austin Abbott, Esq., delegate from the Amer-
ican Congregational Union, respecting the work of this Societ}',
present the following report : —
Preceding Councils have commended the American Congrega-
tional Union to the confidence and liberality of the churches, and
have tlins attested their conviction of the great importance and
usefulness of its work. Your committee share fully this convic-
tion. The enterprise of church erection is still an indispensable
part of our denominational work ; nor can it be prosecuted with
energy and success, or on a scale at all commensurate with the
great and growing demands of the regions where our churches are
establishing, without liberal benefactions, and some efiScient organ-
ization for their collection and distribution.
We gratefully acknowledge, also, the service in this cause which
has been rendered by the Union. Its senior secretary, now tem-
porarily discharging the duties of his ofiSce, has a place in the
esteem and affection of our churches which he cannot resign nor
lose ; and the untiring energy, the ability, and devotion of his col-
league, who has also, we are informed, submitted his resignation,
merit our distinct and cordial recognition. To the trustees, also.
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42 MINUTES. [1877.
we are indebted, not only for their past services, but for the open-
ness and candor with which, in the communication submitted to us
by their esteemed associate, Mr. Abbott, they have set before us
their embarrassments and difficulties, and their views of what is
needed for relief. In the light of this communication one feature
of the situation stands foith distinct and conspicuous, — the neces-
sity of an immediate and very great reduction of the ratio of eccpenses
to receipts. We are grateful to know that this subject is engaging
the careful attention of the Board of Trustees, and that arrange-
ments have already been made designed to strengthen the Society
in the confidence of those who contribute to its treasury. It is
exceedingly desirable that there should be no interruption of these
gifts, but rather their stead}' increase ; and for this purpose it is
indispensable that the administration of the Society should com-
bine, in the highest degree attainable, economy and efficiency. These
qualities are necessary, not only to success in collecting funds, but
also for higher ends. Our benevolent societies are not merely
almoners for the bounty of the churches, they are, when prop-
erly conducted, examples and promoters of public integrity, of the
spirit of self-sacrifice, of Christian benevolence, — educational insti-
tutions of a very high order and value. A suspicion that they are
not administered on the strictest principles of missionary devotion,
although wholly unfounded, hurts for a time, at least, the sacred
cause of Christian charity. All questions relating to their careful
and business-like administration become questions also of the
spirit, power, and development of our Christian life. We wel-
come, therefore, the assurances given us by the trustees of the
Society of their determination to secure economy of administra-
tion. We cannot but think that the diminution of receipts to
which they allude is due in part to an impression which has been
gaining ground in our churches, that there was need of readjust-
ment in administration. We are confident that this impression
can only be corrected by a thorough prosecution of the work
already begun in this direction of retrenchment and reorganization.
And we are of the opinion that this service will not be satisfacto-
rily accomplished by merely bringing expenses down to a ratio ot
thirteen per centum of the receipts.
In respect to methods by which this reduction may be wisely
accomplished, your committee have given their attention to various
suggestions, so far as they have had time. In so doing, we have
been impressed anew with the difl5culty of properly dealing with so
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large and complicated a Bubject without ample opportunity for
inquiry, investigation, and comparison of views. We have not our-
selves had time to institute an examination of sufficient thorough-
ness to enable us to express a definite opinion as to the methods of
reconstruction or administration which are necessary. We are
obliged, therefore, to resort to a different course, — one opened by
the Society in its appointment of a committee of its corporators,
and by its appeal to pastors and churches for suggestions to this
committee. If, in response to this appeal, this Council should also
appoint a committee to confer ynth this committee of the corpora-
tion, to communicate to it what they may gather of the feelings
and desires of this body, and to aid it in any way in their power,
we are of the opinion that our best service would thus be rendered.
We should prefer to leave this committee free to advise as, after
possession of all the facts in the case, their wisdom should dictate.
Some suggestions which have been considered by us seem worthy
of special attention, but we are not prepared to express upon them
a final opinion. The most important of these relates to the consol-
idation of the Society, in its work of church erection, with the Home
Missionary Society. This measure was recommended by the last
triennial Council. At the same time, however, it was recommended
that a separate bureau and a separate annual collection be main-
tained for the church building work of the Union ; and it was also
resolved that, while commending this plan to the consideration of
the Societies, it was not desired that the proposal of a union, neces-
sarily future, should lessen contributions. Wo learn from the
report of Mr. Abbott, and from the action of the Society, that there
are serious obstacles in the way of such consolidation. We prefer,
rather than to press this method, to leave this whole matter to the
judgment of the proposed committee. Nor do we find ourselves
prepared to do more than to call attention to other proposed meth-
ods of economy, — such as a change of location to Hartford or
Boston ; or union with the Home Missionary Society so far as to
secure the assistance of its agents in the work in indorsing appli-
cations for aid, and in other ways.
We are impressed with the desirableness that, whatever methods
are decided upon, the distinctive work of the Society should not be
lost sight of by its being merged in one that is larger, and more
immediate in its appeal to public sympathy and aid. We think
there is force also in the consideration that it is advisable that the
ofiSce of the Secretary* of the Society should be somewhat central to
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44 BONTJTES. [1877.
the region from which is derived the larger part of the receipts.
But upon these and other matters, we think it wise to leave the
committee untrammelled, while we aflSrm unmistakably the indispen-
sableness of economy and efficiency of administration. We com-
mend, therefore, to the Council, the adoption of the following
minute : —
Wlie^-eas^ The Trustees of the American Congregational Union,
by its delegate, have informed us of their appointment of a commit-
tee from its corporators in order that such methods of reorganiza-
tion may be adopted as shall vigorously and successfully advance
the cause ; and —
Whereas^ They also appeal in their communication to this Coun-
cil to the churches and pastors to give the Board of Trustees the
benefit of their suggestions to this committee.
Resolved^ 1. That a committee of seven be appointed by this
Council'to confer at an early daj' with the committee appointed by
the Board of Trustees, to the end that the important work commit-
ted to the Union may proceed unhindered.
Resolved^ 2. That this committee be empowered to fill vacancies,
and required to make, at the proper time, such a statement to the
public as it may deem expedient, and also a final report to the next
triennial Council.
Woman's Part in the Religious Movement of the Time.
The committee on the paper on woman's part in the religious
movement of the time made the following report, which was
adopted : —
The committee to whom was referred the paper b}^ Rev. Dr.
Goodell on woman's work in the church, respectfully report : —
The paper of Dr. Goodell speaks for itself; and the committee
need do no more than leave its fresh, bright utterances of wit and
wisdom in regard to the general and broad question to make such
final impression as a careful reading of the paper in print may
justify. In regard to the tentative questions as to the desirable-
ness of women's boards in the abstract, and theoretically regarded,
doubtless in other places and in other ways, the suggestions of the
paper will receive due attention. The committee suppose that all
who are sufficiently acquainted with the details to form an intelli-
gent judgment are unanimously' of the opinion that, however it be
as to ideal organizations, as to the women's boards with which so
many members of our churches are connected, and which hold
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1877.] MINUTES. 45
such immediate relations to the American Board of Commissioners
for Foreign Missions, there has been something so clearly provi-
dential in their organization, and successful in their operations,
that it would be ungrateful to God not to give distinct and emphatic
recc^ition of the facts ; and that whatever speculative difficulties
any may apprehend for the future, wisdom will be given to deal
with them when the emergencies arise.
The committee recommend the printing of this paper with the
minutes.
Woman^s Board and American Board of Commissioners for For-
eign Missions.
Rev. Edmund K. Alden, d. d., of Massachusetts, made a state-
ment in relation to the connection of the Women's Board with the
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.
The benediction was pronounced by Rev. William W. Wood-
worth, of Connecticut, and at 12.30, a recess was taken till 2.30
p. M.
Saturday Afternoon, October 20.
The Council met at 2.30, and Bev. Dwight W. Marsh, d. d., of
Massachusetts, offered prayer.
Congregational Neiospapers.
The following was adopted : —
Resolved^ That, whereas we deem it of essential importance to
the interest of our Congregational church members, that they should
be familiarly acquainted with the current history of the benevolent,
spiritual, and business experiences of our churches, we respectfully
recommend to them the support and reading of some one of our
denominational newspapers , East or West.
Indian Affairs,
The committee on the overture on Indian affairs made the follow-
ing report, which was adopted : —
The committee to whom was referred a resolution respecting
Indian affairs, and whether there is reason for action by this Coun-
cil, and if so, what, beg leave to report. That the American Board,
through whom our denomination is operating for the evangelization
of the Indians, at its late meeting in Providence, submitted to its
Prudential Committee resolutions touching the above matter, with
Instructions for immediate consideration and action ; and, in the
judgment of your committee, it is not best for this Council to take
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46 MINUTES. [1877.
any action in the matter. In so reporting, your committee wish to
be understood as considering the subject a very grave one, both in
respect to the policy of the government toward the Indians, and the
rectitude of details in its administration. We fear that there is
great occasion for shame and repentance for the past, and for im-
mediate and general reform.
In connection with the presentation of this report, the action of
the General Association of Oregon on the subject was communi-
cated to the Council by Rev. Plutarch S. Knight, of Oregon.
Fastorless Churches and Church^ess Pastors,
The committee to whom was referred the paper on pastorless
churches and churchless pastors, made the following report, which
was adopted : —
Your committee respectfully- report, that the}' have examined
Rev. Dr. Dexter's paper on pastorless churches and churchless pas-
tors ; how may they more wisely be brought together ? and have
considered the difficult and sad subject which is handled therein.
We do not need to dwell upon Dr. Dexter's clear and adequate
account of the pastoral relation, its importance, its former orderly
inception and permanent continuance, and its present confused,
temporary, and irregular condition ; nor upon his graphic sketch of
a church fallen into worldly ambitions and regenerated through the
ministration of temporal adversities. The Council will readily
concur with the author in the sentiment, that the ultimate remedy
for this, as well as for other ecclesiastical disorders, is a better
state of mind in the churches, — a more humble, prayerful, and
unworldly spirit.
Dr. Dexter also adverts to the incontrovertible fact that good
churches and worthy ministers are not brought together, do not
find each other, and waste themselves apart ; and he suggests that
the cause of this lies in the total want of adjustment that now
obtains. There is a prevalent inconsiderateness in making changes
on the part of both churches and ministers. Many churches be-
come frequently vacant because they do not appreciate the great
value to them of a continuous pastorate, and many ministers
remain without charge for unnecessary periods of time, because of
the narrowness of their personal acquaintanceship, their modesty
in pressing their needs, sometimes the indiflference of brethren in
the ministry, on whose attention and co operation they have a
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1877.] MINUTES. 47
rigbtftil claim ; and there are doubtless a few who after due trial of
their gifts are found unable to fill a position sufficient to sustain
themselves and their families, to whom we suggest that they take
this as an indication of Providence that they find other means of
support, and emplo}^ their gifts in other channels of usefulness. But
there are a great number of unnecessary vacancies and delays, of
which, as Dr. Dexter remarks, " To say that it is hopeless to
expect our churches to come into any prudent arrangement for a
remedy would be to deny their common-sense as well as piety."
But his paper seems to pass by any such prudent arrangement by
the churches as at present impracticable, remarking that a ferment
must go on, until by and by our churches may obtain the common-
sense and piety necessary for their improvement. In this conclu-
sion your committee are very reluctant to join. A present effort
to turn the attention of our churches and ministers strongly and
steadily upon the evils of fluctuating and intermittent pastorships,
might, at least, beget greater thoughtfulness and deliberation, both
in instituting and in terminating the pastoral relation. If our
churches and ministers could be reminded, with due emphasis, of
the losses inflicted by these vacancies and delay's, — losses to the
churches in spirituality, power and growth ; losses to the ministers
in time, strength, influence, and happiness ; losses to our benevolent
enteiprises, to which pastorless churches generally contribute so
seldom and scantily ; losses to our educational institutions, about
which they become so ignorant ; losses to the cause of religion In
every respect and relation, — it does seem that there is now piety
and common-sense enough in our churches and ministers to take this
critically important matter into such grave consideration as will pro-
duce some immediate improvement, and reach, before long, a far
more perfect adjustment. It certainly deserves the consideration of
this body, whether this great difficulty cannot be at least partially
obviated, by a more careful use of our former and present methods
of bringing churches and ministers together ; and whether a thor-
ough investigation of the problem may not result in better and more
effective arrangements.
We would, therefore, recommend a committal of the subject for
the purpose of deliberately examining the facts, receiving sugges-
tions, and, if any practical and valuable arrangement can be brought
to light, bringing it to the knowledge of the large and increasing
number of our pastorless churches and churchless ministers.
It was voted, That the committee called for in the above report
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48 MINUTES. [1877.
consist of seven, and that the following proposed resolution be
referred to it : —
" Resolved^ That a committee of seven be appointed to inquire and
report upon the practicability and expediency of securing a proper
support for every pastor of the denomination."
Delegates to Corresponding Bodies,
The committee to nominate delegates to corresponding bodies
made a report, which was recommitted with instructions.
The Parish System,
The committee on the report on the parish system made a report,
which was amended, and adopted as follows : —
The committee to whom was referred the report on the parish
sj'stem present the following report : —
We are impressed with the importance of the "subject which is
covered by the paper submitted to us, as also with the value of that
report itself. It is the result of extended and careful research in
the original sources, and gives us the history of the parish system
and a fair account of its present working. It will be a valuable aid
to our churches and parishes in adjusting their somewhat compli-
cated relations with each other ; and we recommend that the thanks
of the Council be presented to the committee for the care and
patience with which they have investigated the matter committed to
them ; and also that the report, with the appendix, be printed with
the minutes.
It would be unwise for your committee, in the time to which they
are limited, to attempt to set forth a judgment upon the various
opinions and recommendations of this extensive document. It maj',
however, be of use to call attention to a few of its important
points.
The report shows, in the first place, how far back in our history
we may trace the geims of our present parish system It shows,
also, how completely the ancient parish system of New England has
been modified, in adapting it to the voluntary principle, in sustaining
public worship. It states fairly and clearly the necessity of a sys-
tem of checks and balances, which shall prevent the parish from
encroaching upon the spiritual functions of the church. It sets
forth, also, the great advantages which come to an organized and
working Christianity from the generous gifts of those who are not
yet members with us, and who love our nation and build our syna-
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1877.] MINUTES. 49
gogues. It suggests, also, the advantages, and the spirUtuil work
of the church, of invituig the co-operation of those who are not yet
members with us. It shows that many of the difficulties between
churches and parishes arise from a neglect to define carefhlly the rel-
ative rights and duties of the two bodies.
The examination of the report submitted to us, so far as we have
been able to carry it, has led your committee to suggest the follow-
ing resolutions : —
Besolvedy 1 . That this Council heartily' commends the paper sub-
mitted by the committee on the parish system to the careful and ear-
nest consideration of the churches.
Resolved^ 2. That, while recognizing the advantages which our
churches and congregations have derived from the so-called parish
system, as it has existed among us, we feel bound most earnestly
to advise the churches to guard against any tendency which may
exist to subordinate the interests of truth and reUgion to the control
of the parish. The church should exercise its undoubted right to
take the lead in the selection of a pastor, and also to direct its pub-
lic and social religious services.
Eeaolvedy 3. That ecclesiastical councils called for the ordina-
tion of ministers, or for the installation of pastors, ought to examine
thoroughly and independently the questions which are submitted to
them, so as to be able to guard the rights of the churches and con
gregations from whatever dangers ; and especially to protect them
from those who are unfit to be recognized as public religious teach-
ers, either from the lack of piet}' or knowledge, or from unsoundness
in doctrines. The responsibility is so grave that the council ought
never to permit itself to be overborne by the opinions or wishes of
persons outside.
Resolved^ 4. That councils called to advise concerning the dis-
mission of pastors ought to protect the interests committed to them
by exercising their right to investigate thoroughly the matters laid
before them, and give their independent judgment, without fear or
favor of an)\
Resolved^ 5. That the paper be submitted to a committee of seven
persons, three of whom shall be laymen, which committee shall
report at the next triennial session of the Council.
Assistant Registrars.
Rev. Elijah C. Baldwin, of Connecticut, and Rev. Hiram N.
Gates, of Nebraska, were chosen assistant registrars to fill vacan-
cies.
4
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50 MINUTES. [1877.
Sunday-School Work.
The committee on the paper on Sunday-school work made a
report, which was amended and recommitted.
Theological Seminaries.
The committee on the statements of the theological seminaries
made the following report, which was adopted : —
The committee on theological seminaiies respectfully report the
following minute : —
The Congregational churches of our land have reason to rejoice
and thank God for the seven theological seminaries provided for
the training of their ministers. At first view, it might seem a
more economical distribution of both mone^' and men, if the number
of these institutions in New England were reduced, and the newer
and weaker ones in other parts were more fully endowed and
manned for work in their distinctive broad fields. But when we
consider the peculiar providential origin and history of each, and
each one's idiosyncrasy in respect of some minor aims and charac-
teristics of work, together with the fact that all are contending
for the fundamental truths of our evangelical faith, in full conse-
cration to the Saviour's great aim to bring men to God, we may
recognize them as/ divinely ordered to embody for their purpose
that principle of " diversity in unit}' " through which in the moral
and spiritual world, as well as in the natural world, best results are
obtained. No doubt our churches will be better balanced in the
whole tmth for the fact that some of the manifold phases of our
common faith are thus made peculiarly prominent in these several
seminaries.
These institutions deserve to enjoy still the confidence of the
churches and their continued prayers and support. When our
prayers shall be fulfilled, and the Master shall Ailly baptize the
churches with the Holy Ghost and with fire, all the men that all
these institutions can prepare will be needed for evangelizing our
country and the world. The recent revivals and the new form of
evangelistic work, if they are of God, must both fUrnish candidates,
and increase the need of pastors well trained and thoroughly fur-
nished to divide the word for the nourishment and growth of souls
in the knowledge of Christ. The times demand, as preachers of
the gospel of the blessed God, men of clear heads, and sound learn-
ing and strong faith, and pure hearts and glowing zeal and self-
saciificing devotion ; muscular men, too, whose bodies are able to
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1877.] MINUTES. 61
endure hardness, whose voices will ring like trumpets with that
distinction of sound which trained articulation gives; all these
faculties and powers to be guided by practical common-sense
inspired by the spirit of God. It is our joy to believe that these
seminaries are growing in fitness to send forth such men. Let us
see that they are all equipped for a perfect work, and bid them
God speed in that work.
Temperance.
The following was unanimously adopted : —
Resolved^ That we reaffirm our conviction that the use and
sale of intoxicating liquors, as a beverage, and the intemperance to
which these lead, are serious obstacles to the progress of true
Christianity, as well as injurious to every other interest of society ;
and we ui^e upon our churches and ministers renewed activity in
the use of such agencies as are best adapted to discourage drinking
habits, and remove as far as possible the external temptations
which foster them.
An Evening for Social Intercourse.
It w&s resolved^ That the Provisional Committee of this Council
be, and hereby are, requested in making arrangements for the next
triennial session, to provide that one evening during the session be
set apart specially for social intercourse, so that members may have
time to renew old associations and become better acquainted with
each other.
Publishing Committee.
The following resolution was adopted : —
Resolved^ That the publishing committee be requested to report
to the next triennial Council, and recommend to the churches, some
uniform system of dealing with the following classes of persons
found recorded as members of our churches : —
1. Those who have been long regarded as non-residents and
concerning whose whereabouts the church has no knowledge.
2. Those who have requested and received letters 'of dismission,
and yet as to their connection with any other church, the church
has no knowledge.
3. Those who have been for a long time absent, and refuse to
request letters of dismission.
Delegates to Corresponding Bodies.
The committee to nominate delegates to corresponding bodies
reported the following, who were appointed : —
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52 MmxTTES. [1877.
General Congregational Union of England; General Congrega-
tinnal Union of Scotland ; General Congregational Union of IreUmd.
— Rev. Henry M. Scudder, d. d., of New York; Rev. George F.
MagouQ, D. D., of Iowa; Rev. Andrew L. Stone, d. d., of Califor-
nia ; Rev. Alexander McKenzie, of Massachusetts ; Rev. Leonard
W. Bacon, of Connecticut ; Dea. Lucius F. Mellen, of Massachu-
setts.
Congregational Union of Ontario and Quebec. — Rev. John L.
Withrow, D. D., of Massachusetts ; Rev. James Hay, of Vermont;
Rev. Malcolm McG. Dana, d. d., of Connecticut ; Rev. Geoige M.
Boynton, of New Jersey ; Rev. Austin Hazen, of Vermont ; Dea.
Warren F. Draper, of Massachusetts.
Congregational Union of Nova Scotia and New Brunstoick, — Rev.
William T. Sprole, d. d., of Michigan ; Rev. Christopher Cushing,
D. D,, of Massachusetts ; Rev. William M. Taylor, d. d., of New
York ; Rev. Edward Y. Hincks, of Maine ; Rev. Moses Smith, of
Michigan ; Charles W. Keyes, of Illinois.
General Assembly of Presbyterian Church in United States of
America. — ^e\ Lyman Abbott, d. d., of New York ; Rev. Theron
H. Hawks, D. D., of Ohio; Rev. Elias H. Richardson, d. d., of
Connecticut ; Rev. Edward Cooper, of New York ; Rev. Eben Hal-
ley, of Ohio ; Dea. Austin Abbott, of New York.
United Presbyterian Church of North America, — Rev. William S.
Smart, d. d., of New York ; Rev. George Huntington, of Illinois ;
Rev. Leverett W. Spring, of Kansas; Rev. Lewis Gregory, of
Nebraska ; Rev. James R. Danforth, of Pennsylvania ; J. Webster
Childs, of Michigan.
Reformed Church in America. — Rev. Adolphus J. F. Behrends,
D. D., of Rhode Island ; Rev. Edward Taylor, d. d., of New York ;
Rev. Hiram Mead, d. d., of Ohio; Rev. George E. Day, d. d., of
Connecticut ; Rev. Charles M. Sanders, of Wyoming Territory ;
Dea. Henry D. Smith, of Connecticut.
United Brethren Moravian. — Rev. Augustus F. Beard, d. d., of
New York; Rev. Richard Cordley, d. d., of Michigan; Rev.
Joseph D. Liggett, of Kansas ; Rev. Charles C. Salter, of Colo-
rado; Rev. Richard Edwards, ll. d., of Illinois; Francis C. Ses-
sions, of Ohio.
General Synod of Evangelical Lutheran Church. — Rev. Robert
G. Hutchins, d. d., of Ohio ; Rev. Nathaniel A. Hj^de, of Indiana ;
Rev. James G. Roberts, of Missouri ; Rev. John O. Means, d. d.,
of Massachusetts ; Rev. John Q. Bittinger, of New Hampshire ;
Franklin Fairbanks, of Vermont.
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1877.] MINUTES. 53
GenercU Conference of Methodist Episcopal Church, — Rev. Con-
stans L. Goodell, d. d., of Missouri; Rev. Justin E. Twitchell.
D. D., of Ohio ; Rev. Clayton Welles, of Ohio ; Rev. Frederick A.
Noble, D. D., of Connecticut; Rev. Eli Corwin, d. d., of Illinois;
Hon. Nelson Dingley, Jr., of Maine.
Methodist Church. — Rev. William Salter, d. d., of Iowa; Rev.
John W. Chickering, Jr., of District of Columbia ; Rev. Joseph H.
Twichell, of Connecticut; Rev. Joseph Ward, of Dakota Terri-
tory; Rev. Henry C. Tinimbull, of Pennsylvania; Prof. J. L.
Noyes, of Minnesota.
General Convention of Baptist Churches. — Rev. Egbert C. Smyth,
D. D., of Massachusetts ; Rev. George H. Hepworth, d. d., of New
York ; Rev. William A. Robinson, of New York ; Rev. Francis T.
Ingalls, of Kansas ; Rev. Abram F. Sherrill, of Nebraska ; Hon.
Amos D. Lockwood, of Rhode Island.
OeneraX Conference of Free-Will Baptist ChurcJies. — Rev. Wil-
liam H. Fenn, of Maine ; Rev. Samuel D. Cochran, d. d., of Mis-
souri; Rev. Jeremiah E. Rankin, d. d., of District of Columbia;
Rev. George W. Bainum, of Illinois ; Rev. Philo R. Kurd, d. d., of
Michigan; Rev. Nathaniel J. Burton, d. d., of Connecticut; Dea.
Harlan W. Page, of Minnesota.
Oenerai Assembly of Cumberland Presbyterian Church. — Rev.
Martin L. Williston, of New York ; Rev. Edward Anderson, of
Illinois ; Rev. Enoch F. Baird, of Ohio ; Rev. Henry S. Bennett,
of Tennessee ; Rev. Joseph Emerson, of Wisconsin ; Dea. Charles
P. Searle, of Iowa.
Methodist Congregational Churches of Georgia. — Rev. E. A.
Ware, of Georgia ; Rev. S. R. Rosboro, of Tennessee ; Rev. Sim-
eon Gilbert, of Illinois ; Dea. James S. Conner, of Iowa.
Close of Session.
The resolution to close the session on Monday was reconsidered,
and laid on the table.
Home Missions.
Rev. Charles C. Salter, of Colorado, was heard on home mis-
sions.
Committees.
The following committees were appointed : —
On the Report onthe Parish System. — Hon. Jonathan E. Sargent,
LL- D., of New Hampshire ; Hon. LaFayette S. Foster, ll. d., of
Connecticut; Hon. Edward B. Gillette, of Massachusetts ; Rev.
John C. Fiske, d. d., of Maine ; Rev. George B. SafTord, of Ver-
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54 MINUTES. [1877.
mont ; Hon. David J. Brewer, of Kansas ; Rev. Edward H. Merrell,
of Minnesota.
On Pastorless Churches and Churcfdess Pastors, — Rev. Frank P.
Woodbury, of Illinois ; Rev. Henry M. Dexter, d. d., of Massa-
chusetts; Rev. Lewis W. Hicks, of Vermont; Rev. William S.
Palmer, of Connecticut ; Rev. Moses Smith, of Michigan ; Rev.
Charles H. Richards, of Wisconsin ; Rev. Robert West, of Mis-
souri.
On Disabled Ministers. — Rev. Justin E. Twitchell, d. d., of
Ohio; Rev. Cyrus W. Wallace, d. d., of New Hampshire; Hon.
Charles Theodore Russell, of Massachusetts ; Rev. William H.
Moore, of Connecticut ; Rev. Hiram N. Gates, of Nebraska.
Publishing Committee. — Secretary; registrar; treasurer; Rev.
Henry M. Dexter, d. d., of Massachusetts; Hon. Franklin Fair-
banks, of Vermont.
To confer vrith a Committee of the American CongregcUional
Union. — Hon. William B. Washburn, ll. d., of Massachusetts;
Dea. William H. Whitin, of Massachusetts ; Rev. Samuel E. Her-
rick, of 3Iassachusetts : Hon. Amos D. Lockwood, of Rhode Island ;
Rev. Augustus F. Beard, d. i>., of New York; Dea. Eliphalet W.
Blatchford, of Illinois; Rev. Edward F. Williams, of Illinois.
The doxology, " Praise God from whom all blessings flow," was
sung. The benediction was pronounced by Rev. Aaron L. Chapin,
D. D., of Wisconsin, and at 5.30, a recess was taken till 7.30 p. m.
Saturday Evening, October 20.
Awrerican Hom^ Missionary Society.
The Council met at 7.30, and prayer was offered by Rev. Eli
Corwin, d. d., of Illinois.
The committee on the statement of the American Home Mis-
sionary Society made a report which was discussed, each speaker
being limited to five minutes, and the vote to be taken at 8.50.
The report was amended, and adopted as follows : —
The committee to whom was referred the statement of the Amer-
ican Home Missionary Society beg leave to submit the following
report : —
We are confident that the facts embodied in the communication
laid before them will be received by the churches with gratitude and
joy. The increase of the Society's receipts during a season of
financial distress so severe as seriously to curtail the operations of
most Christian enterprises is not only striking proof of the confi-
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1877.] MINUTES. 65
dence reposed by the churches in this beloved Society, but is also
a cheering evidence of their deepening interest in the great cause
which it represents. The large accessions received by the churches
under its fostering care call upon those who contribute to its sup-
port to unite with those who direct its management, and the faith-
ful men and women who labor under its supervision, in offering
thanks to Him who has owned and blessed their blended sacrifice
of toil and self-denial. We believe that the appeal made by the
officers of the Society for a large increase of contributions, made
effective as it is by a vivid representation of the urgent needs of
the work, cannot fail of a liberal response from the Congregational
churches of our land.
With regard to the Sabbath-school work, which, at the suggestion
of the Council of 1874, the American Home Missionar}^ Society
received from the Congregational Publishing Society, your commit-
tee would suggest that, if the privilege of supporting this work were
given to the Sunday schools of our land, larger results might be
obtained. Surely the children who are destitute of the means of
grace are those in whose spiritual welfare the cljildren of Christian
families are most easily interested. Contributions can be more
readil}' obtained from the latter for the purpose of establishing Sun-
day schools than for the general work of the Society. The Sunday
schools of our land can, we believe, be induced to provide means
for greatly enlarging this department of the Society's work. While
we are in hearty sjTnpathy with union Sabbath-school work on the
frontier, we earnestly commend this method of increasing the effi-
ciency of the work actuall}' undertaken by our own churches.
In considering the inadequate supply of funds for the general
work of home missions, your committee are not unmindful of the
need of a general increase of Christian consecration. It is undoubt-
edly true that were the present most active supporters of home evan-
gelization roused to a full sense of their Christian stewardship, or
were they aware of the urgency of the cause itself, tJiey would
enrich the treasury with gifts far exceeding the present amount.
And yet your committee cannot forbear to point out the inequality
which now marks the maintenance of the work. It still is true
that, with the exception of Ohio, not a State of the Union, west of
New England and New York, is self-supporting in its home mis-
sions. The Eastern States alone contribute more than two thirds
of all that is given. Now, were the actual statistics before us, with
reference either to church membership or material resources, it
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56 MINUTES. [1877.
would be manifest that such a division is unjust. The Eastern States
receive the blessing which makes the giver more favored than the
receiver ; none the less, however, should others deserve a similar
blessing. Is it right that New England, rockbound and sterile,
where toil is a necessity, and economy almost a religion, should
longer be asked to let the streams of her beneficence be drunk up
by the soil of States whose natural resources, already developed,
make them as the very garden of God ? Your committee reiterate
that the unfairness is apparent ; and they take the responsibility of
calling to it the attention of the churches throughout the land. In
the name of Christian equitj', the Interior States should hasten to
self-support, or at least to a giving which shall be far in advance
of the present ; nor is this suggestion made in the name of equity
alone. It is made also in the name of the Master himself, and of the
needs of the actual frontier. How fitting and grand would it be,
could the sums which are now paid from the parent Society to the
great Christian States of the Interior in excess of the amounts raised
in those States be applied to the regions beyond, which are liter-
ally in the shadow of spiritual death! This readjustment is
demanded by the very providence of God. It appeals to every
Christian motive. It is a condition of the fulfilment, by the Home
Missionary Society, of its great original commission. That read-
justment would prevent deficiencies, and carry the work to positive
successes not yet reached. We would, therefore, definitely recom-
mend that, so far as the possibility will, by any means, permit, the
Interior States assume at once a position of actual self-support in
home missions. We are persuaded that the temporary hardship in
individual States will be more than compensated b}' the ultimate
and permanent advantages.
Your committee desire, likewise, to emphasize the grave responsi-
bility devolving upon the several Home Missionary executive com-
mittees of the Interior and Western States. It is nearly certain
that, by a wise emplo3^ment of Christian firmness, as well as
Christian charity, on the part of these committees, a large number
of churches now beneficiaries of the Society can be speedil}^ placed
upon the vantage-ground of entire independence. We believe this
must be done, or the confidence so fully reposed in the Society for
more than half a century will be seriously impaired. The constitu-
ency of the Society must be satisfied that in no case can an appli-
cation for aid be approved until the committee on the ground and
knowing the case are assured that the most earnest, self-denying
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1877.] MINUTES. 57
efforts are being made by the church itself. Further, by the faith-
fulness of these committees, not a little of the work now laid upon
the State superintendents will be better done than has been possible
in the past, and the time be hastened when the number of superin-
tendents may be safely diminished. We suggest that, by a judi-
cious and firm limitation of the appropriations to the older and
more wealthy Western States, more money might be reserved for
frontier work, while at the same time those Western churches
would thereby be trained toward self-support. If such limitation
could be indicated by the secretaries at the beginning of each fiscal
year, it would greatly serve to promote this end. This careftd
supervision by the executive committees of expenditures in each
State, keeping them within the limits of the designated appropria-
tions, will tend to cultivate in all the churches of the aided States
a sense of responsibility, first for self-support, and afterwards for
effectual help in the general work.
The committee do not presume to direct the details of adminis-
tration ; and they present these suggestions with entire confidence
in the wisdom of those who have so long and so successfully con-
ducted the work committed to their hands by our churches.
By special invitation. Rev. David B. Coe, d. d., of New York,
and Rev. Heniy M. Stonrs, d. d., of New York, secretaries of the
American Home Missionary Society, addresssed the Council.
TTie Recent Evangelistic Movement,
Rev. James B. Clark, of Massachusetts, was put in the place of
Rev. William W. Adams, d. d., of Massachusetts, on the conmiit-
tee on the paper on tbe recent evangelistic movement.
That committee made the following report, which was adopted : —
In reporting upon the paper of Rev. Mr. Herrick, your commit-
tee are profoundly gratefiil for the occasion which makes such a
paper on such a subject not only appropriate, but indispensable at
this meeting of the National Council. The hopes and predictions
of three years ago are to-day historical facts, and we may joyfully
say, ^^ The Lord hath done great things for us, whereof we are
glad."
With respect to the men and methods honored of God in this
work, we heartily concur with the writer in his estimate of their
wisdom and truth, while above them all we would emphasize the
fact that the power of the Holy Ghost, and the final dependence of
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58 MINUTES- [1877.
men, however endowed, upon his supreme help, have been clearly
demonstrated. We rejoice especially in the occasion which the re-
vival has ftimished for the union of Christian pastors and churches,
of every evangelical name, in the glorious common work of sav-
ing souls ; in the spirit of self-sacrifice begotten in our churches
and illustrated in the most generous expenditure of time, thought,
and money for spiritual ends ; in the discipline of service which has
come to individual Christians through their endeavors to point
inquiring men to Christ ; in the blessed power and facts of Chris-
tian sympathy developed by the contact of Christian workers and
inquiries in the inquiry-room ; in the hopeful rescue of thousands
from courses of polite sin and open vice, and their introduction into
purer and holier lives ; in the deep and still abiding impression of
God's power thus made upon the public and often unbelieving
mind of the day ; and, above all, in the efficacy of a pure, simple,
positive, and direct preaching of the gospel of the cross, unaided and
unhindered by the special aids of oratory. We rejoice in the em-
phasis which this paper gives to the distinction between pardon and
holiness, — a distinction too commonly ignored, — and the legiti-
mate connection between religion and righteousness, — a connection
frequently and fatally broken. We regard as peculiarly timely and
appropriate the writer's vivid illustrations of the fact that Scriptural
piety is not self-centred, but that that salvation which is a deliver-
ance from evil habits is a salvation that must be worked out with
fear« and trembling. While the paper suggests abundant causes
for gratitude, it also suggests a vast and important work to be
done by our churches ; namely, the nurture and edification of the
converts, in order that the best fruits and results of the revival
may be garnered and utilized.
As your committee, we desire to record our appreciation of the
clear and admirable manner in which the main features and points
of this work are presented ; of the earnestness and enthusiasm
which marked their delivery before the Council ; and of the wisdom
with which the delicate themes there treated are guarded from mis-
interpretation and abuse. Wherever this paper shall be read we
are confident there can be little danger, on the one hand, of despis-
ing those rare and exceptional agencies which bear the credentials
of the divine favor, nor, on the other hand, of exalting them into
unwise and unscriptural prominence.
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1877.] MINUTES. 59
Sunday-School Work,
The committee on the paper on Sunday-school work made the
following report, which was adopted : —
The committee upon the paper presented by Rev. H. Clay Trum-
bull upon the Sunday-school work, its sphere and methods, would
respectfully report : —
We heartily conunend, in its main features, the earnest and
thoughtful address of Rev. Mr. Trumbull ; and, in view of its sug-
gestions, would heartily recommend, as expressing the sentiments
of this Council, the following statements : —
1. That the Sabbath school is not an organization independent of
the church, but is one form of church service and work.
2. We would emphasize the importance of a thorough indoctri-
nating and training of both teachers and scholars in the great
principles of religion, and in the doctrines and pob*ty of our
churches.
3. We heartily commend to the churches, also, the enlarged and
increasingly successful Sabbath-school work of our American Home
Missionary Society, both in the Sabbath schools already established,
interesting and enlisting them in the missionary Sabbath-school
work, and also on the frontier, under the agencies now prosper-
ously working under this Society; and we give them our hearty
sympathy, support, and prayers, to cheer them on to still greater
success.
Close of Session,
It was voted, That when this body adjourns, it be to meet at 2.30
p. M. , Sunday, at the First Church, for public worship and partici-
pation in the Lord's Supper, and that, at the close of that serA^ce,
and after closing devotional exercises, the moderator declare the
Council adjourned without day.
Publication of Papers.
It was voted, That all the papers presented at this Council be pub-
lished with the minutes.
Debts of Benevolent Societies,
The following was adopted : —
Whereas God, through his Holy Spirit, put it. into the hearts of
his people assembled in the city of Providence, R. I., to pay the
debt of the American Board,
Resolved, 1 . That we recognize the gracious interposition of the
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60 MINUTES. [1877.
Lord in this marked deliverance from what threatened to be a griev-
ous burden.
Resolved^ 2. That we earnestly hope the advance movement rec-
ommended at the meeting at Providence, to carry the contributions
for foreign missions up to $500,000, will be successful, and we
promise our best endeavors to secure this result.
Resolved^ 3. That we sincerely hope and pray that the efforts
now being made to clear the debts of the American Home Mission-
ary Society, and of the American Missionary Association, may
also prove speedily successful.
The RoU.
The committee on credentials made a final report, and the roll as
completed was approved.
Votes of Thanks.
The following resolutions were adopted : —
Resolved^ That the thanks of this Council be tendered to the peo-
ple of Detroit for their ver}'^ kind and generous hospitality to the
members of this Council during its session.
Resolved^ That the thanks of this body be tendered to the press
of this city for its full and accurate report of the proceedings of
the Council ; and also to such railways as have made commutation
of regular rates to members in attendance.
Resolved^ That this Council returns its hearty acknowledgment
to the moderator for the ability and courtesy with which he has pre-
sided over its deliberations ; and also to the assistant moderators,
the secretary, and the registrars, for their various efficient services.
The moderator made a response.
Minutes.
The minutes of Saturday were revised and approved, and the
minutes as a whole were approved.
The hymn, " Blest be the tie that binds," was sung.
Eev. Samuel E. Herrick, of Massachusetts, oflfered prayer and
pronounced the benediction, and at 10 o'clock, the Council adjourned
till 2.30 p. M., Sunday.
Sunday Morning, October 21.
The arrangements of the Council were carried out as follows : —
Preaching Oviside of the City : —
Rev. Frank G. Clarke, of New Hampshire, preached in the Pres-
byterian Church, Howell.
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1877.] iflNUTES. 61
Eev. Charles Wetherby, of New Hampshire, preached in the
Ck>ngregational Church, Toronto, Ontario.
Rev. Benjamin D. Conkling, of Wisconsin, preached in the Pres-
byterian Church, Adrian.
Rev. Frank P. Woodbury, of Illinois, preached in the Congrega-
tional Church, Flint.
IntheCity: —
Rev. George L. Walker, d. d., of Vermont, preached in the First
Congregational Church.
Rev. George F. Magoun, d. d., of Iowa, preached in the Second
Congr^ational Church.
Rev. Frederick A. Noble, d. d., of Connecticut, preached in the
First Presbyterian Church.
Rev. Constans L. Goodell, d. d., of Missouri, preached in the
Fort Street Presbyterian Church.
Rev. Aaron L. Chapin, d. d., of Wisconsin, preached in Jeffer-
son Avenue Presbyterian Church.
Rev. Frank T. Bayley, of New York, preached in the West-
minster Presbyterian Church.
Rev. Eli Corwin, d. d., of Illinois, preached in the Central Pres-
byterian Church.
Rev. William Piatt, of Michigan, preached in the Calvary Pres-
byterian Church.
Rev. Roselle T. Cross, of Colorado, preached in the Union Pres-
byterian Church.
Rev. John O. Means, d. d., of Massachusetts, preached in the
United Presbyterian Church.
Rev. J. E. Richards, of Michigan, preached in the Central
Methodist Episcopal Church.
Rev. Edward S. Atwood, of Massachusetts, preached in the
Tabernacle Methodist Episcopal Church.
Rev. Peter McVickar, d. d., of Kansas, preached in the Simpson
Methodist Episcopal Church.
Rev. George Williams, of Michigan, preached in the Jefferson
Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church.
Rev. Albert Bushnell, of Illinois, preached in the Fort Street
Methodist Episcopal Church.
Rev. C3TU3 W. Wallace, d. d., of New Hampshire, preached in
the Furst Baptist Church.
Rev. John M. Ellis, of Ohio, preached in the La Fayette Avenue
Baptist Church.
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62 MINUTEB. [1877.
Rev. James Powell, of Illinois, preached in the Baptist Mission
Chapel on Eighteenth Street.
Sunday Afternoon.
T?ie Lorc^s Supper. — Cflose of Session.
The Council met at 2.30, in the First Church, unite to in the obser\'-
ance of the Lord's Supper.
Rev. Edmund K. Alden, d. d., of Massachusetts, read the Scrip-
tures, gave out the hymn, "Lamb of God, whose bleeding love,"
made remarks, gave out the hymn, " Just as I am," offered prayer
and broke the bread.
Rev. Aaron L. Chapin, d. d., of Wisconsin, made remarks, gave
thanks, and administered the cup.
The moderator communicated the thanks of the Council for hos-
pitality, and a response was made by Rev. Zachary Eddy, d. d.
Rev. Cyrus W. Wallace, d. d., of New Hampshire, offered pra3'er,
and the hymn, " Our souls by love together knit," was sung. The
benediction was pronounced by Rev. Samuel Wolcott, d. d., of
Ohio ; and at four o'clock, the moderator pronounced the Council
adjourned without day.
Sunday Evening.
Preaching.
Rev. Constans L. Goodell, d. d., of Missouri, preached in the
First Congregational Church.
Rev. Samuel E. Herrick, of Massachusetts, preached in the Sec-
ond Congregational Church.
Rev. George L. Walker, d. d., of Vermont, preached in the First
Presbyterian Church.
Rev. Frederick A. Noble, d. d., of Connecticut, preached in the
Fort Street Presbyterian Church.
Rev. William H. Fenn, of Maine, preached in the Jefferson Ave-
nue Presb^^terian Church.
Rev. Frank T. Bayley, of New York, preached in the Westmin-
ster Presb^iierian Church.
Rev. Julian M. Sturtevant, Jr., of Iowa, preached in the Central
Presbyterian Church.
Rev. George F. Stanton, of Massachusetts, preached in the Cal-
vary Presbyterian Church.
Rev. Roselle T. Cross, of Colorado, preached in the Union Pres-
byterian Church.
Rev. Thomas S. Childs, d. d., of Connecticut, preached in the
United Presbj'terian Church.
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1877.] MINUTES. 63
Rev. Edmand K. Alden, d. d., of Massachusetts, preached in
the Central Methodist Episcopal Church.
Rev. Abram B. Allen, of Michigan, preached in the Tabernacle
Methodist Episcopal Church.
Rev. Samuel Wolcott, d. d., of Ohio, preached in the Simpson
Methodist Episcopal Chyrch.
Rev. Samuel J. M. Merwin, of Connecticut, preached in the Jef-
ferson Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church,
Rev. Lewis Gregory, of Nebraska, preached in the Fort Street
Methodist Episcopal Church.
Rev. Charles Ray Palmer, of Connecticut, preached in the First
Baptist Church.
Rev. Levi F. Bickford, of Illinois, preached in the Baptist Mis-
sion Chapel on Eighteenth Street.
WILLIAM B. WASHBURN, Moderator,
Aaron L. Chapin, ) ^ . ,^ ,
Charles G. Hammond, }^1««»<««* Moderators.
George Huntington,
Jaues Deane,
Charles H. Richards,
Eluah C. Baldwin,
Hiram N. Gates,
William H. Moore, Registrar,
Assistant Registrars.
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64 8EBMON. [1877.
SERMON,
BY RBV. ZAGHARY EDDY, D. D., OP DETROIT, MICH.
<* I will be as the dew unto Israel : he shall grow as t?ie lily, and cast forth
his roots as Lebanon. JSis branches sfiall spread, and his beauty shall be as
the olive-tree, and his smell as Lebanon, They that dwell under his shadow
shall return ; they shall revive as the com and grow as the vine : the sce^it
thereof shall be as the wine of Lebanon " — Boa^x xiv, 6-7.
The dew op God upon Israel, the living church, — this,
fathers and brethren, shall be the theme of the hour.
I beseech you, lift up your prayers with mine to the Divine Head
of the church, that He will distil upon our hearts, during these
opening services, the silent and gentle yet mighty influence of His
Spirit, "as the dew of Hermon, and as the dew that descended
upon the mountains of Zion, where the Lord commanded the bless-
ing, even life forevermore."
The earth has a softer and more delicate swathing than any in-
fant wrapped in silks and snowy lambs' wool by a tender mother ;
I mean the atmosphere, that transparent, elastic, ubiquitous, life-
developing element. Though invisible it is omnipresent, pressing
into every void, flowing over the mountains, brooding upon the
valleys, kissing the waters, embracing every tree and plant and
flower, filling the lungs and reddening the blood of every breathing
thing, buoying up every winged creature, fulfilling a thousand be-
neficent offices for man and his dwelling-place. Usually still and
genial, when roused from its repose by the fierceness of solar heat,
it rages like a lion ; it springs leagues at a leap ; it seizes whole for-
ests and wrings them from their roots ; it strikes the sea, and tosses
its waters into mountains of snow ; it scatters whole navies, with
shattered masts and groaning hulks, far over the deep : it is omnip-
otent in its wrath. To men of old the atmosphere was a beneficent
and terrible mystery ; therefore it was that when they thought of
God they called Him Spirit- Air. This symbol, with the supersti-
tion eliminated, came, in the handling of inspired men, to signify
the immediate infiuence of the Infinite Spirit — the breathing of Ood
— upon the souls of men. To us, therefore, the atmosphere is the
symbol of the Holy Spirit, pervading, quickening, purifying, refresh-
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1877.] 8BBM0N. 65
ing the souls that make up the true Israel, the church ; a spirit ever
pressing in, filling, sauctifjing, actuating the society of His elect ;
present everywhere, and always, where there is love and holy de-
sire and the respiration of prayer. This is the divine atmosphere
in which the church in general, and every member in particular,
live and move and have their being.
The earth's atmosphere has a marvellous constitution. Besides
its heavenly oxygen, and that **lazy giant" nitrogen, which are
mixed in almost invariable proportions, it holds in solution moist-
ure in quantities varying according to the temperature. The
amount of water which the air, at a high temperature, is capable of
taking up and hiding away in its molecular recesses is incalculable.
When, however, a current of warm air, loaded with moisture, strikes
the cold surface of a mountain, or a colder current of air, it begins
to discharge its water in the form of visible vapor, which, if abun-
dant, condenses and falls to the earth as rain. When the servant
of Elijah saw a cloud like a man's hand rising out of the sea, the
explanation is, that he descried the first jet of watery vapor dis-
chai^ed from the heated atmosphere of the land when it encoun-
tered a stream of cold air from the distant mountains. When the
whole whirling and heaving atmospheric mass stnick the mountains
of Syria and Palestine, the drought was at an end ; the country was
saturated with the longed-for rain.
Now we learn from the Word of God that the spiritual atmos-
phere which embraces and fills the church is charged with a special
grace which answers to water, the element that is essential to the
life, growth, and fruitfulness of all plants. That grace not seldom
comes down like the early and the latter rain ; that is to say, the
outpouring is sudden, copious, and widely extended.
Three j'ears ago I had the honor of reading before the National
Council at New Haven, a paper on the Signs of a Speedy and Gen-
eral Effusion of the Holy Spirit. The hopes which were expressed
in that paper have been largely fulfilled. The last three years have
certainl}' been a period of precious reviving. The cloud which was
then like a man's hand, now overhangs the continent, and wide
regions are being abundantly watered. Thank God for the blessed
rain!
This evening, I have to speak not of the rain, but of the dew,
which also is water, and water discharged from the atmosphere,
but in how different a manner ! The rain comes with a rushing
sound, often accompanied by the blaze of the lightning and the
5
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66 SERMON. [1877.
roll of the thander, and it lasts but a little while. The dew comes
gently, silently, in the stillness of the night, under a cloudless sky,
and is most copious in the rainless season. The summer air, dur-
ing the hours of darkness, hovers over grass, foliage, and flowers,
sprinkles them, sheds upon them benediction and beauty. They
drink in the sweet moisture, they revive, thev dress themselves
in fresh lovehness ; and so, when the sun rises, he sees them gay
and smiling, and glittering with liquid diamonds. What is more,
plants, enriched with nightly dews, grow and bear much fruit.
Therefore the Lord saith, " I will be as the dew unto Israel."
There is a grace of the Holy Spirit which, like the dew, is noise-
less, constant, refreshing ; a grace which is not withheld when the
night comes on and darkness settles down upon Israel; a grace
which bedews the church, and keeps it fresh and green, when the
rain is over and gone, when the excitement and commotion of a
revival are no more ; a gi*ace which keeps faith living and stead-
fast, love fervent and fruitful, fellowship warm and heavenly,
prayer and praise sincere and Joyful, preaching and sacraments
quickening and edifying, Christian work vigorous and effectual ; a
grace, in a word, which keeps the whole church harmonious, active,
stable, flourishing, and full of gladness.
I can hardly specify a more pernicious error than that which is
apt to creep into churches in connection with revivals, namely,
that when there is no longer any profound or ^dsible religious
excitement, the Holy Spirit has departed from the church. Doubt-
less there are at all times many individual souls that are insuscep-
tible of the Spirit's influence, just as there are many material sub-
stances,^ such as hard and highly polished metals, on which the
dew cannot condense : but the Holy Spirit never leaves the church
any more than the atmosphere leaves the earth ; and as the earth,
deprived of its atmosphere, would become a dead planet, such as
the moon is said to be, so the church without the Spirit would be-
come, instead of the vine of God, a lifeless, leafless, withered tree.
The Spirit cajinot leave the church, for the promise and prayer
of Christ must be fulfilled : ^' I will pray the Father, and He shall
give 3'ou another Comforter that He may abide with you forever,
even the Spirit of truth whom the world cannot receive, because it
seeth Him not, neither knoweth Him ; but 3'e know Him, for he
dwelleth with you, and shall be in you." *'The anointing," says
John, " which ye have received of Him abideth in you."
What are called revivals are not and cannot be perpetual, any
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1877.] SERMON. 67
more than the rain which came down at the call of Elijah. The
strained attention of a whole community to religious truth, the pro-
found emotion, the startling demonstrations, which accompany
modern revivals, must — according to psychological law, accord-
ing to the great law of periodicity which prevails in the kingdom of
God as well as in nature — finally be relaxed and pass away ; but
that does not imply either apostasy on the part of the church or
the departure of the Holy Spirit. When the cloud disappears,
and there is the clear shining of the sun after rain, and the green
corn peeps out of the brown mould, and the *' grass comes creep-
ing, creeping everywhere," is there no longer any moisture? Is
not the air loaded with it, like a sponge ? And does it not from
night to night sprinkle the green earth? And when the revival
subsides, when the evangelist, with his special methods and awaken-
ing appeals, goes to another city, does he carry away with him the
Spirit of grace? No, no 1 He will be, even in a time of drought,
as the dew unto Israel ; that is the promise ; and in that promise
what precious blessings are assured to the church ! What shall be
the effect of this heavenly dew upon Israel ?
In general, growth : "he shall grow." A dead thing cannot
grow. Let it be saturated with rain and dew ; water it ever so
copiously, its decay is but hastened. It is living things which
long for the moisture, drink it in, and grow thereby. If there be
any community calling itself a church, or even the church, which is
spiritually dead, its doom is to be, sooner or later, plucked by
the roots; for what saith the Lord? "Every plant which my
heavenly Father hath not planted shall be rooted up." The true
church, being quickened with the life of the risen Christ, is a fel-
lowship of regenerate souls, having a real organic unity ; and it is
therefore capable of eternal growth. Indeed, the church may be
best known by this sign of vitality ever3'where : it is a growing
church.
Now we learn from the text how the church, having the dew of
God, shall grow.
1. It " shall grow as the lily" ; and how does the lily grow?
The lil}' springs up from darkness and silence under ground, out of
the sepulchre of its germ. Silently it draws nourishment from its
decaying seed and from the surrounding soil. Silently it pushes
itself up to the air and the sunlight. Silently it sucks the dew and
absorbs the carbon. Silently it puts forth leaf after leaf, build-
ing up the while its slender, graceful stalk ; silently at last it
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68 SERMON. [1877,
•
opens its spotless petals and its heart of gold ; silently it exhales
its fragrance, refunding to the elements more than it ever bor-
rowed. Behold it ! There it stands in meek beaut\', in soft white-
ness, fairest, sweetest, heavenliest of plants, the symbol of
Christ's spotless bride, the church, or rather of Christ Himself, the
true " Lily of the valley." For the church is a Christ-growth.
Christ living, dying, buried, rising again, glorified, draws dead
souls into quickening union with Himself, assimilates them, endues
them with His spirit, moulds them into a supernatural, immortal
organism. He grows in them and through them; in them His
character is reproduced ; in them He is again incarnate and lives
a human life upon the earth. Thus, according to one scriptural
metaphor, the church becomes His body; according to another, a
vine, the Christ-vine ; according to the text, a lily, the Christ-lily.
Its beauty is the beauty of Him who is '* altogether lovely" ; its
purity is the purity of Him who has forever " the dew of His
youth in the beauties of holiness from the womb of the morn-
ing."
How silently the church grew up from Christ crucified 1 How its
early growth was hidden from the great world ! How little Home
knew of it ! How Athens scoffed at the story of the resurrection !
How the nations were converted almost ere the wise men of the
world heard of Christ or His church! " He shall grow like a
lily."
'' Like a lily !" exclaims a critical hearer. " History shows this
lily reeking with sensualities, stained with crime, red with blood.
Strange lily !"
Friend, make haste slowly. Must I repeat that, here and now,
when I speak of the church, I mean not a proud, unclean, persecut-
ing hierarchy, not a machine of state, not a system of oi^anized
and legalized simon}-, not an ecclesiastical corporation, even though
it call itself, not a sect, but a '* denomination "; but that 1 am
speaking of the august fellowship of regenerate souls who together
constitute the one Hoh' Catholic Church, that church which even
now blooms like a lily on earth, and will bloom in fairer lovleiness
and richer fragrance in heaven ?
The lily grows in apparent weakness. The wild boar out of the
forest may trample upon it and root it up ; the floods m&y sweep
it awaj' ; the frosts may wither its glorious beauty ; even an insect
may destro}' it. And what, in appearance, was the church at the
first, but a feeble, unprotected lily? It was a lily, however,
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1877.] 8EBM0N. 69
which pagan Rome could not crush, a lily which papal Rome could
not uproot, a lily which storms of persecution could not break ;
it is a lily which, in these last days, the polluting hoofs of com-
munisms and socialisms cannot trample out. Whence this mys-
terious strength, this mighty persistency, of the church? We find
the answer in the text.
2. Israel " shall cast forth his roots like Lebanon." Is there
an ellipsis here ? Must we read into the clause a word or two ?
Is it the cedar of Lebanon to which allusion is made? Perhaps so,
probably so ; in that case this fragile-seeming lily strikes down its
roots to the everlasting rock, like those gigantic trees which are
still vigorous after having wrestled through whole millenniums with
the mountain storms, trees which have seen the rise and fall of
empires, and still wave their evergreen branches among the clouds,
and seem to prop the firmament. The church clasps with its
hidden roots of faith the Rock of Ages : is it not planted in the
very cleft of that Rock, that is to say, in that divine humanity
which has been taken into God ?
Possibh', however, there is no allusion here to the cedar of
Lebanon, but rather to Lebanon itself, whose roots are the primi-
tive, unstratified formation which, underlying seas and continents,
bears up the world. '' On this Rock " — " and who is a Rock save
our God ? " — will I build my church, and the gates of hell shall not
prevail against it." O might}' lily, immortal lily rooted in God,
growing up out of Eternity ! Eternity's blossom, which the touch
of rolling ages shall never tarnish, never wither !
3. Dew-sprinkled Israel shall have a visible expansion corre-
sponding to its deep-rootedness : " His branches shall spread."
We are reminded of our Lord's parable of the mustard-seed which,
though the least among seeds, is, when it is grown, the greatest
among herbs, and becometh a tree in which the birds of the air take
up their habitation.
There is indeed sometimes an external growth of societies calling
themselves ''churches," which is merely mechanical — or shall I
call it social? — aggregation. Let us not confound numerical in-
crease, caused in particular congregations by the popularity of
their preachers, or by the prestige created by the attendance of rich
and fashionable people, or by fine music, or by any similar attrac-
tion, with true church-growth. Let us not imagine that the growth
of a particular sect in the number of its visible members is a proof
that the true spiritual church is growing in the same, or anything
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70 8ERMOK. [1877.
like the same proportion. The latter kind of growth is indicated
by the evident increase of spiritual power, of righteousness, of
fruitful Christian work among Christian people. And such a
growth, alwaj^s fresh and springing, never fails when the dew of
God falls upon Israel.
4. Again, the church, nourished with this heavenly dew, shall
be perennially fair and fruitful : "his beauty shall be as the olive-
tree." A prophet living in the Holy Land could not have said
more than this, that Israel should be like an olive-tree, the most
sacred of trees, the tree of peace, the tree whose fruit yields pure
living oil for the comfort of man and the service of God, oil for illu-
mination, for sacrifice, for festal gladness, for royal unction, for
priestly consecration. Besides, the olive-tree is an evergreen.
Even when it is planted in dry places, and its roots are covered
with the drifting sands, only give it the nightly dews, and its leaf
will not wither ; it will bring forth fruit in old age ; it will still be
fat and flourishing.
The church is an evergreen ; it is green the year round ; it is
green in years of drought, when other things wither ; it is green
from age to age ; it can say, through the centuries, " I am like a
green olive-tree in the house of m}' God ; I trust in the mercy of
God forever."
Were the church wholly dependent for its beauty and fruitfulness
on special effusions of the Holy Spirit, — that is to say, on revi-
vals, — it would soon cease to grow and bring forth fruit ; nay, if
that had been the condition of its spiritual prosperity, it would
have died out ages ago. The perpetual presence of the Spirit is
essential to the perpetual vitality and fruitfulness of Israel. Thank
God for the periodical rains ; but they do not suffice to keep the
church perennially flourishing. No, the silent dew must do that, —
the grace which come daily, albeit in the night season, the grace
which comes when men sleep and mark it not, the grace which is
always in the Word, in the hearts of the faithful, in their worship,
in their working, in their business, in their bosoms.
5. Israel, baptized with the dew of heaven, shall be fragrant :
" his smell shall be as Lebanon." When the traveller, especially
in the morning, passes along one of the valleys of Lebanon, he
finds the air loaded with the delightful odors of aromatic herbs and
flowering shrubs, especially of mj-rtles and lavenders. It is, they
say, like walking in Paradise. The thought suggested is too poet-
ical to be expanded in cool prose, but it demands distinct expres-
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1877.] 8ERMOK. 71
sion. The church, '* filled with the Spirit," is not an offensive
thing, reeking with worldly lusts, but exhales the sweet graces of
the Spirit, pleasing to God and man, " love, joy, peace, long-suf-
rering, gentleness, goodness, faith, meekness, temperance " ; it
abounds in those deeds of charity which are " an odoi* of a sweet
smeU " ; it sends up those prayers and thanksgivings which fill
Heaven itself with sweet incense. In a word, a spiritual church is
" a sweet savor of God in them that are saved, and in them that
perish."
6. The church, bedewed with the Spirit and growing in purity,
strength, fruitfulness, perennial beauty, and in favor with God and
man, shall be a blessing to all under its sheltering care and influ-
ence. " They that dwell under his shadow shall return ; they shall
revive as the com, and grow as the vine ; the scent thereof shall be
as the wine of Lebanon " ; that is to say, a spiritual church shall
be a " tree of life" to human society. Under her genial, cherish-
ing care, all natural institutions and secular interests shall be safe
and flouiishing.
A living, spiritual church can alone make a pure, free, orderly,
prosperous commonwealth. Burke's plea for a state church is
reaUy a powerful argument for a spiritual church. *' The early
received and uniforml}' continued sense of mankind hath not only,
like a wise architect, built up the august fabric of states, but like a
provident proprietor, to preserve the structure from profanation and
ruin, as a sacred temple purged from all the impurities of fraud and
violence and injustice, hath solemnly and forever consecrated the
commonwealth, and all that officiate in it. This consecration is
made that all who administer in the government of men, in which
they stand in the person of God himself, should have hig^ and
worthy notions of their function and destination ; that their hopes
should be full of immortality ; that they should not look to the pal-
try pelf of the moment, nor to the temporary and transient praise of
the vulgar, but to a solid, permanent existence in the permanent
part of their nature, and to a permanent fame and glory in the ex-
ample the}' leave as a rich inheritance to the world." This, I
repeat, is a plea, not for a state church, but for the diflfbsion of
Christian faith and reverence and conscientiousness throughout the
mass of citizens ; and to do this is the function of a living spiritual
church. Such a church is the conscience of the commonwealth ; it
proclaims and enforces the law of God ; it rebukes unrighteousness ;
it awakens a salutary fear of divine judgments ; it rewards well-doing
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72 8BBM0N. [1877.
with a judicial, *' Well done ! " It creates in the whole community a
profound sense of the sacredness of law and order ; it checks the
headlong passions of the wicked ; it is a bulwark against riote and
revolutionary violence. It cannot endure despotism, but frowns on
anarchy ; it is the firm support of liberty, yet abhors lawlessness ;
it tends to the extirpation of vice and crime, and breeds all the
viitues which insure general intelligence, comfort, contentment,
and happiness. It conciliates the classes of society which are apt
to become jealous of each other, and binds them together in frater-
nal sympath3\ A spiritual church breathes peace, and labors to
bind the commonwealth — ay, all commonwealths — together in
the perfect bond of charity.
*' When did the church do all this?" a hearer asks. Alwa3'8 ;
the true church has always done this ; it is doing it now ; it is doing
it largely in this land. But for the church of God, the Republic
would have long ago gone down in an ocean of blood. It is a bold
assertion. Let it stand on its own evidence.
Under the shadow of this " tree of life," springing from its roots,
twining around its trunk, intertwisted with its branches, drooping
with precious and fragrant clusters, is that lovely vine, the family.
Indeed, so closely are they united, it is difficult to tell which is
which. The church, growing out of the covenant made with the
father of the faithful, has a familj' look and character ; the family,
sheltered and nouiished by the church, often appears, na}^ is,
more churchly than any particular church. The point to be con-
sidered here is, that the family can only *' grow as the vine " under
the shadow of a spiritual church. Such a church only can keep
alive the feeling in the community of the sanctity of marriage and
of the enormity of "divorce for every cause" ; it is only such a
church that can " turn the hearts of the fathers to the children,
and the hearts of the children to their fathers," thus binding the
household together by all the " sweet charities of home," and by
all the sanctities of household consecration and worship.
It is under the shadow of a spiritual church that the schools also
"revive as the corn and grow as the vine." A truly Christian
education of the j^oung can only be looked for when Israel is bap-
tized with the dew of God. Under a state church — under a luke-
warm and worldly church — even parochial schools, Sunday schools,
and theological seminaries are secularized, and become nurseries
of scepticism ; but in a community leavened with spiritual religion,
even secular schools become thoroughly Christian ; even a Girard
College or a State University becomes a school of the prophets.
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1877.] SERMON, 73
A spiritual church, a church filled with the Spirit, sheds bene-
diction on everything essential to a rich and complex civil-
ization. The intellectual life of a people is heightened and
hallowed by the streams which make glad the city of God.
The highest philosophy must of necessity be Christian. Science,
whatever sciolists may say, flourishes best in the courts of the
Lord's house. Literature, in times when the spiritual life of the
church runs low, becomes arid and Satanic. Poetry puts forth its
consummate flower — in a Dante or a Milton — when the wind o^
the Spirit shakes upon it the dew of Israel. The newspaper press*
except when it is purified and inspired by an intensely Christian
public sentiment, is reckless, mendacious, licentious. Painting,
sculpture, and music, except when they are spiritualized and enno-
bled by religion, become " earthly, sensual, devilish," serving
the vilest uses, ministering to the basest pleasures. Popular
amusements grow indecent and shameless Social intercourse
degenerates into a heartless interchange of frivolous and hollow
conventionalities, which scarcely conceal a pervasive, leprous sen-
suality. But when a spiritual church, or rather a living Christ
incarnate in a living church, diflfuses throughout society a spirit of
purity, gentleness, and holy love, all the elements of civilization,
of culture, of social enjoyment are purified, preserved from decay,
guarded against abuse, and rendered a thousand-fold more precious
and lovely. Thus society becomes a rich and blessed fellowship, a
feast redolent of generous sympathies and delightful communion,
and ^^ the scent thereof is as the wine of Lebanon."
Such then, brethren and fathers, is Israel, that goodly vine, when
filled with the dew of God. Such is the vitality, growth, purity,
deep-rootedness, perennial beauty, manifold fruitage, and far-spread-
ing, varied utility of a spiritual church. Such a church, — blessed
be God ! there is on earth, — such a church there is in this land. You
shall find it, not exclusively in this sect or that, for it is not identi-
cal with any outward organization ; it is not coextensive with any,
not even with all ; " for all are not Israel that are of Israel." But
grouped in all these so-called " denominations " — thank God that,
in the spread of true catholic feeling, the word " sect" is becoming
obsolescent ! — are a multitude of God's elect whose faith and labor
of love, and patience of hope, invest all these bodies with a true
churchly character. The great problem before them all is, How
shall the church in this land more fully realize the ideal and do the
work of the true church of Christ, as that ideal and that work are
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74 SERMON. [1877.
set forth in the text and in parallel passages of Holy Scripture ?
That is the problem before the Congregational bod}^ to day ; it is
the problem which this Council is convened to solve, or at least to
consider. Our Bible-reading, this evening, ought to help us toward
the right solution. If it is true that the essential condition of
church growth and fruitfulness is the continual presence of the
Holy Spirit, then,
1 . Let us not make too much of our church order. That the
Congregational Order is substantially that of the apostolic age, we
do not doubt ; that was long ago settled by the best scholarship.
It seems certain to us that all the members of the primitive churches
had the same priestl}'' anointing, and an equal voice in government
and discipline ; and that each of those churches, though in full fel-
lowship with all the others, was a supreme ecclesiastical court,
subordinate only to Christ and His apostles. All this appears to
us, with our Congregational training, too evident to need historical
proof. We have just as little doubt that our order commends itself
to common-sense ; that, on the whole, taking the ages together, it
works well ; that, though it sometimes fails to accomplish all that
might be desired, it does not fail as often or as completely as the
very best order among sister communions. We love the Congre-
gational Order for its noble history, for its freedom, for the precious
fruits it has borne and is still bearing. We love it as a rich legacy
left us by our Pilgrim Fathers, and we do not propose lightly to
abandon it. But all this being frankly avowed, it must be asserted,
here and now, that this venerable and beautiful church order, unless
the dew of grace is upon it, is but a dead thing which it were well
to hew down and cast into the fire. You need not be told that apos-
tate churches may retain all that is essential in our polity, just as
other apostate churches may still be Presbyterian or Episcopalian
in name and form of government. I need not remind you that a
dead heretical formalism may congeal a church founded by the
Pilgrim Fathers. No, brethren, Congregationalism, considered
merely as a form of visible organization, is not essential to the
existence and growth of Christ's church. It is essential to the free,
symmetrical, perfect development of church life ; but without the
dew of the Spirit it is arid and lifeless.
It is not a thing to brag about any more than personal strength
and beauty. It belongs to the form, not to the life. I cannot
help suggesting that if sometimes the church order that we love
should prove, in an emergenc}', somewhat clumsy and ineffectual
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1877,] SERMON.* 75
as an instrument for adjusting differences and solving difficulties,
or even for removing scandals, it only proves the imperfection of
the highest administrative wisdom even in the best men, an imper-
fection which clings to all human government, and is abundantly
illustrated in the history of every ecclesiastical system under
heaven. What Christian denomination, with ever so " strong" a
government, has not sometimes broken down in dealing with here-
sies, with schisms, and great moral evils? Nevertheless, the true
church of God may flourish like an olive-tree, may grow as a lily,
in spite of defects of order and failures of administration. The
primitive churches had their divisions, heresies, moral disorders ;
but they prospered, for they were plentifully bedewed with the
grace of the Spirit. The fact is, offences must come, and they must
remain till, at His glorious advent, the Lord, whose fan is in His
hand, shall thoroughly purge His floor. Then all things that offend
shall be gathered out of His kingdom ; but now even the most scrip-
tural and faithfully executed church discipline cannot but fail to
purge the church from all offences. What then? The dew of
heaven still falls upon the vine, and causes it to grow and bring
forth much fruit, though there are dead branches which the prun-
ing-knife has not yet reached, which it cannot reach.
2. Let us not rely too much on our machinery for church work ;
I mean, especially, our organizations for home and foreign evan-
gelization. I need not, I trust, here and now, profess my love to
the American Board for Christian Foreign Missions, the American
Home Missionary Society, and the American Missionary Associa-
tion. When I fall into a critical mood — which is not a little like
falling from grace — I seem to discern in every one of those noble
institutions some defects and faults of organization. I sometimes
think I could suggest important improvements in the constitution
of each of these societies. I sometimes think — not often, thank
God ! — that I could c6nstruct a more perfect Congregational
machine than the American Board. Perhaps — who knows? — I
could ; for the founders of the American Board did not think of
Congregationalism at all, but only of the spread of the gospel. My
petty criticisms all spring from a pet theory of church order, and
in the light of the recent far-shining baptism of heavenly fire at
Providence, these criticisms vanish like a dream of the night. The
very outpouring of the Spirit, however, ought to teach us that the
American Board is powerless for good without the continual pres-
ence and grace of the Holy Spirit. What is needed to keep it
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76 -SERMON, [1877.
always vigorous and eflfective is, not merely an extraordinary effu-
sion of the grace of liberality, on special occasions, but the still
and constant descent of that grace on all the churches, year in and
year out. That alone can save the Board, the Home Missionary
Society, the American Missionary Association, and kindred socie-
ties from ftiture embarrassment, and that alone can make their
missions in this and other lands successful.
Oh, let us beware of prosecuting the work of the Lord in a secu-
lar, that is to say, in a proud, self-confident, calculating spirit !
Not rejecting the suggestions of prudence or the methods recom-
mended by experience, let us ever3'where and always acknowledge
from our hearts, *' Not by might, nor by power, but by the Spirit
of the Lord!"
3. The whole discussion is a warning against reliance for the
true, permanent prosperity of the church on revivals and revivalists,
to the practical denial and neglect of that grace of the Holy Spirit
which never fails to accompany the ordinary means of grace, and
regular, e very-day church work. Brethren, those of you who have
known my way of life from my youth up, those of you who have
known the history Of my all too baiTen ministry, need not be told
that I would rather lose my right hand, ay, my head, than utter
one word tending to create a prejudice against genuine revivals of
religion. From my heart of hearts I render homage to God the
Holy Ghost in his extraordinary operations, as in the days of Whit-
field and Edwards, of Nettleton and Finney, and in these last days
of His. wonder- working power. It is my firm conviction that no
church which sets itself against revivals of religion can prosper.
I have no sympathy with those who say that the churches which
are most frequently visited with revivals are unstable and unfruit-
ful ; and least of all do I sympathize with those who coldly criticise,
or condemn, the present world-wide movement. It is because my
attitude towards revivals is unquestionable — I would fain believe,
unquestioned — that I take it upon me to say out, on this occasion,
some things, which, I verily believe, ought to be said and pondered.
No man was more alive to the dangers incident to the Great Awak-
ening of the eighteenth century than Jonathan Edwards ; and in
every age, the devoted friends of revivals ought to be the first to
discover and expose incipient evil tendencies.
Well, then, while the present movement seems to me compara-
tively free from fanaticism and disorder, while the methods em-
ployed are for the most part judicious and not unscriptural, I seem
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1877.] SERMON. 77
to see, here and there, the beginning of an evil which threatens
incalculable damage to the churches. Is there not springing up a
somewhat demonstrative but shallow revivalism, now flushed and
throbbing with fever, anon shuddering with deadty chills ; to-day
singing, '* Hallelujah ! 'tis done ! I believe on the Son ! " to-mor-
row sitting dejected by the streams of Babylon, and hanging the
harp on the willows ; in the winter, following an evangelist from
church to church, from tabernacle to tabernacle, from city to city ;
in the summer, forsaking the regular ministry, the church prayer-
meeting, and the Sabbath school, under the plea that they are cold
and stupid and unfruitful, speaking with scarcely disguised con-
tempt of old-fashioned preaching, old hymns, and old methods of
work, perhaps sneering at theological schools and sound learning,
and not obscurely intimating that a Bagster in the hand is a better
equipment for preaching the gospel than any which can be furnished
by Andover or New Haven, Bangor or Princeton, Oberlin or
Chicago? This kind of revivalism is marked by offensive egotism,
by professions of superior spiritual attainments, of high and won-
drous experiences, of utter devotedness and *' consecration."
When a particular church is permeated with this spirit, it answers
in character and doom to the words of the prophet, '* The Lord
called Thy name, A green olive-tree, and of goodly fruit : with
the noise of a great tumult. He hath kindled a fire upon it, and the
branches of it are broken." Many a church, mistaking revivalism
for religion, appears not long after a great excitement and ingath-
ering like a tree blackened by fire and broken down by violence.
A true revival is like a gentle rain falling upon fields mellowed
by the plough and the harrow, and thickly sown with good seed.
Give it now the dew of heaven and careful husbandry, perhaps it
will }ield even a hundred-fold. A spurious revival — perhaps I
ought to say a genuine revival corrupted by revivalism — is like a
thunder-storm, accompanied by wind and down-pouring floods,
whose torrents sweep away the very soil, with the growing crops,
and the very possibility of future harvests.
I do not beheve that this ruinous revivalism has, as yet, made
any considerable progress in our churches or in our land ; but let
us be warned in time. *' A little leaven leaveneth the whole lump."
When the churches come to trust only in the rain, and despise the
dew, they will soon become unstable and unfruitful ; and by and by
even the rain they long for will be withheld. Sometimes a rain-
cloud, passing over a region without giving forth any rain, prevents
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78 8EBMON. [1877.
*he condensation of dew on the thirsty earth below. So the prom-
ise and expectation of a great and general revival render particular
churches insusceptible of the ordinary but refreshing and fertilizing
grace of the Holy Spirit. When pastor and people look forward
to the coming of an evangelist and the employment of special
means as the most essential condition of success in winning souls
and building up Zion, they no longer have that faith which consti-
tutes spiritual receptivity. What wonder that even the dew of
grace no longer gathers upon them !
Great periodical refreshings, precious as they are, do not suffice
to make the church perennially flourishing. The blessing of God
on regular, practical, unremitting Christian work, on the constant,
faithful use of the appointed means of grace, — that is what insures
the growth and faithfulness of Christ's church. Let us thank God
for the rain, and rejoice in the dew. Both, in their season and
measure, will cause Israel to grow as the lily, and cast forth his
roots as Lebanon.
Men and brethren, messengers of the churches and ministers
of the Word, I cannot close without suggesting that the truth in
hand has an important application to every one of us. I cannot
speak to you with authority, but let me stir up your pure minds by
way of remembrance. It was not my privilege to be present
in Oberlin at the first triennial Council, but I have heard many
of its members speak with deep interest, some with tears, of an
address delivered on that occasion by a venerable servant of God
on "Enduement with the Holy Ghost." The voice that then
sounded as from the borders of heaven is now lost to our ears
amidst the hallelujahs of the glorified. Nevertheless, that solemn
and tender charge of our Elijah, just before his translation, sounds
on in many hearts, — let it ionnd in ours ! — " Be ye filled with the
Spirit." Our power to do good must come from the personal
Christ in heaven, whose office and whose joy it is to baptize His
servants with the Holy Ghost. But what if we should prove in-
susceptible of the dew of God? You know there must be some
relation between the atmosphere and the substance receiving the
dew. Some substances, as we have seen, are too hard and too
polished ; some are too cold and some are too hot ; and not a few
remain dry when the dew is most copious by reason of overhanging
foliage and vapors which reflect back the heat that radiates from
the earth. The dew of grace cannot rest on hard hearts, on
hearts scorched with the fire of sensual passions, on hearts over-
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] 8EBM0N. 79
shadowed with worldliness, frozen with unbelief. Here and now,
let us lift up open and longing hearts to receive the heavenly grace.
Then shall that persrmdl power which Christ has ordained as the
vehicle for salvation to the world be consecrated to its sacred mis-
sion. Then shall we be open on all sides toward God and our
fellow-men ;* then shall each of us be a translucent medium between
the Divine Sun and a world sitting in darkness ; then shall it be
Christ for us to live, then will it be gain to die. Having been
wise to win souls we — even we, blessed be God ! — shall shine as
the brightness of the firmament ; having turned many to righteous-
ness, we shall shine as the stars, for ever and ever.
Brethren of the Council, with a full heart I invoke upon you the
dew of heavenly grace.
The Lord bless and keep you !
The Lord make His face to shine upon you and be gracious unto
you!
The Lord lift up His countenance upon you and give you
peace ! Amen !
•Phillips Brooks.
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80 BEFORT or THE PBOYISIONAIi COMMITTEE. [1877.
REPORT OF THE PROVISIONAL COMMITTEE.
The Provisional Committee, appointed by the Council of 1874
to make arrangements for this Council, in accordance with the re-
quirements of the By-Laws, respectfully beg leave to report :
That during the past three years they have appointed delegates
to various corresponding bodies, who have attended to the duties
committed to them, and who will report to this Council.
That in April last, the committee met in Boston. At this meet-
ing Rev. E. P. Goodwin, d. d., by letter resigned his place as
chairman, and also as a member of the committee. His resignation
was not accepted, but Charles Demond was appointed acting chair-
man.
There have been present at the meetings of the committee, Hon.
Lafa3'ette S. Foster, Hon. Nelson Dingley, Jr., Hon. Warren
Currier, Alfred S. Barnes, Esq., Kev. A. H. Quint, d. d.. Rev. W.
H. Moore, Charles Demond, Esq. Since the meeting in April the
committee have, by correspondence and through subcommittees,
been diligently preparing for this meeting, and as a result of their
labors, present the following : —
They specified Detroit, in Michigan, as the place of the meeting
ofthisCouncil, and Wednesday, Oct. 17, 1877, at 11 o'clock A.M.,
as the precise time at which the sessions should begin .
They chose Rev. Zachary Eddy, d, d., of Detroit, to preach the
opening sermon.
They selected topics regarding the Christian work of the churches,
and persons to propose and present papers thereon, as follows, to wit :
A paper from Rev. T. D. Woolsey, d. d., upon the Bible in
Schools.
A paper upon the Recent Evangelistic Movement, b}^ Rev. S. E.
Herrick, of Boston.
A paper upon Fellowship and Union -Meetings, by Rev. Arthur
Little, of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.
A paper upon Woman's Work, by Rev. C. L. Goodell, d. d., of
St. Louis.
A paper upon Sunday-School Work, bj' Rev. H. Clay Trumbull, of
Philadelphia.
A paper upon Pastorless Churches and Churchless Pastors, by
Rev. Henry M. Dexter, d. d., of Boston.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] REPORT OF PUBLISHING COMMITTEE. 81
They invited each of the General Benevolent Societies to present
a written statement of its own work and condition.
All of the above papers are subject to such discussion and action
as to the Council shall seem best.
The committee decided to have but few papers presented, and
those mainly upon topics of earnest practical work, so that ample
time for thorough discussion might be had, and also that the Coun-
cil might be able to consider an}' other subjects which might be
presented by its members.
The committee are satisfied that the Council should have more
time than has hitherto been taken for the transaction of its busi-
ness and for the discussion of important matters.
When the Council has met in the middle of the week, the dele-
gates have been anxious to leave before the Sabbath.
The impression has gone abroad that this Council will adjourn
on Sabbath eve. For this impression the Provisional Committee
are not responsible, and it is for the Council itself to decide upon
that matter.
But the committee would recommend that the Provisional Com-
mittee which shall arrange for the next Council should call it to
meet on Thursday or Friday of one week, with the understanding
that it will remain in session so long into the next week as the
business may require. This will prevent hurrj-, and enable the
Council to fully discuss all important subjects, and reach wise con-
clusions thereon.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
In behalf of the committee,
Charles Demond, Chairman.
REPORT OF PUBLISHING COMMITTEE.
The Committee of Publication respectfully report that the Min-
utes of the last session were published by the Congregational
Publishing* Society at its own cost, and for sale by itself, and
that no expense for publication was charged to this Council. The
printing was super\ised by the committee of this Council.
Alonzo H. Quint.
William H. Moore.
Charles Demond.
6
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
82 BEPORT OP THE SECRETARY. [1877.
REPORT OF THE- SECRETARY.
In accordance with the rules, I present the following compara-
tive statistics. Their authority is in the annual tables published
in the Congregational Quarterly.
Unfortunately, but so far ine\itabl3-, the annual general publica-
tion of each year cannot be made until months after their date, in
some cases a whole year. Besides, the figures now considered
were necessaril}^ those thus reprinted last Januar}'. But the com-
parisons by three-year periods are, of course, not affected.
Incidentally to the reports, I suggest that it is verj- desirable to
obtain a substantial uniformity in the items and form of the sta-
tistical tables in the several State publications. Much has been
already accomplished, but something still remains to be done.
Our present system of collection of statistics, as a general national
work, and mainly the form, originated about eighteen years since.
Our annual general issue is unsurpassed by that of anj^ denomina-
tion. Still, while there is no need and no right to demand a rigid
inflexibility in items and form, there might be secured a unifoimity
in items and in the order, up to the extent of including all which is
a common need and benefit ; leaving to each State to add, while
not intermingling, all that its local interests seem to require.
I therefore venture to recommend that a committee be appointed,
perhaps consisting of the several statistical secretaries who may be
present, to consider and report at some time during the session,
a plan of uniform statistics, which this Council may, if it please,
recommend for adoption by the State organizations.
As to the reports : —
TJie Number of Churches.
Number now reported 3,509
** " in 1874 3,825
A gain of 184
The gain of the three years 1871-4 was 204.
During the three j'ears now reported : —
New churches 361
Dropped from the list 177
Gain 184
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.]
REPORT OF THE SECRETART.
83
Our cbarches exist in forty-two (42) States and Territories.
During the past three 3'ears, Florida and Utah have been placed
upon the list, and Idaho has been dropped.
The locntiofis of our churches may be grouped thus : —
In the New England States
N. Y., N. J., and Penn.
Ohio and to the Mississippi
Western side of the "
The Pacific coast
The South, not including Missouri
Total
1,465, an increase of 14
353,
'' 13
881,
" 28
650,
" 98
87,
'' 12
73,
" 19
3,509 "
Church Members,
The number now reported
" reported in 1874
Net increase
Or an average annual increase of .
The net average annual increase reported in 1874 was
Sabbath Schools.
The number enrolled in Sabbath schools is . . .
'* reported in 1874
An increase of
The increase during the three years reported in 1874 was.
184
350,658
323,679
26,979
8,993
5,720
412,035
372,554
39,481
11,089
Benevolent Contributions are still only imperfectly reported. Last
year 874 churches made no report whatever.
At present 2,635 churches report for the year . $1,184,356 49
In 1874, 2,396 churches reported . . . 1,213,816 00
Decrease
$29,459 51
It is remarkable that there appears to have been so little diminu-
tion during the depression of business. Of the amount in the report
of last January, the New England States contributed $793,006.40,
which is $63,826.79 less than the same States reported in 1874.
Current Expenses, This item is too poorly reported, to make any
accurate general estimate possible.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
84 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY. [1877.
Now, 1,548 churches report (for the year) . . $2,584,166 28
In 1874, 1,093 churches repoi-ted . . . . 1,978,365 69
A somewhat careful scrutiny indicates over $4,000,000 an-
nual expenses.
The Pastorate,
The number of churches having pastors installed, as now
reported, is 930
In 1874 893
Increase 37
or one fifth of the net increase in the number of churches.
The number of churches having pastors or in charge of
other Congregational ministers . . . . 2,713
Number in 1874 2,501
212
or decidedly more than the increase in the number of churches.
The number of ministers now in pastoral service . . 2,374
In 1874 2,294
Increase . . * 80
or less than half the increase in the number of churches.
The number of ordinations now reported for three years.
Pastors . • ...... 145
Without installation 186
Total 331
Number reported in 1874, pastors 149
Without installation 160
Total 309
An increase of 22
But the ratio between ordinations to the pastorate and ordina-
tions without installation has continued to change. The year 1872
(for 1871) was the last year in which ordinations to the pastorate
exceeded ordinations without installation.
In the report now given for three years, 145 pastors ; in 1874,
149 pastors. Now, 186 without installation; in 1874, 160. And
the last annua] report is still more marked : 44 to the pastorate, 73
without installation.
Of course, the statistics now presented do not include any of the
results of the recent wide-spread revival movements. Those will
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] REPOBT OF THE 8E0RETABY. 85
appear in future reports. But the tables show a steady and healthy
progress in the number of churches, the number of members, and
the number in Sabbath schools, and no falling off in the amount of
chanties.
What spiritual results are indicated by these statements are
beyond the cognizance of human tables.
Respectfully submitted.
Alonzo H. Quint, Secretary,
UNIFORM STATISTICS.
The Committee on Uniform Statistics recommended that the fol-
lowing schedule of questions, already substantially in use, be
adopted in each State.
[form.]
ANNUAL STATISTICS.
Report of Church, at
at this date, viz., , 18
1. When organized?
2. Who is now its minister?
8. Is he its installed pastor, acting pastor, or stated supply?
4. When was he ordained? (Give year, month, and day.)
5. If installed here, at what date? (Give year, month, and day.)
6. If not Installed, when did he commence labor here?
7. How many male members at this date?
8. How many female members at this date?
9. TOTAli MK^fBBRS?
10. Of the total, how many are now residents?
11. How many added by profession in last twelve months?
12. How many added by letter in last twelve montlis ?
18. TOTAli ADDITIONS?
14. How many members removed by death in last twelve months?
15. How many members removed by dismissal in the last twelve months ?
16. How many members removed by discipline in the last twelve months ?
17. Total removals?
18. How ma.ny adalts baptized in the last twelve months?
19. How many Infants baptized in the last twelve months?
20. Whole number in Sabbath schools (home and mission) at this date,
inclading officers and teachers?
21. How many families in yoar congregation (regarding your pastor as
their minister) ?
CONTRIBUTIONS.
22. How mnch was given in money in your congregation In the last
twelve months for each of the following objects, in no case including home
expenses?
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
86 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. [1877.
(1.) American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, the
Woman's Board, and other Foreign Missionary Worlc.
(2 ) American College and Education Society, or educational work.
(3. ) American Congregational Union, and other aid to Church erection.
(4.) American and State Home Missionary Societies, and kindred work.
(5.) American Missionary Association, and similar work.
(6.) Congregational Publishing Society.
(7.) All other charities, tn no case Including Church expenses.
Total benevolent contrihutiona,
SUMMARY.
(Corresponding exactly with State boundaries.)
CHURCnES :
With pastors, ; with acting pastors (not including those sup-
plied by licentiates, or ministers of other denominations), ; sup-
plied by licentiates, or ministers of other denominations, ; not sup-
plied.
Total, ; Grain, ; Loss,
Ministers :
Pastors, ; acting pastors (not including licentiates, or ministers
of other denominations), ; others,
Total, ; Licentiates,
Church MeiMbers:
Males, ; Females
Total, (including absent). Gain, ; Loss,
Additions : (in past twelve months.)
By profession, ; By letter, . Total,
Removals : (in past twelve months.)
By death, ; By dismissal, ; By discipline, ; Total,
Baptisms : (in the past twelve months.)
Adult, ; Infant,
Sabbath Schools:
Total, ; Gain, ; Loss,
Families :
Total,
Benevolent Contributions :
Churches reporting.
Total, ; Increase, ; Decrease,
Home Expenditures : (If reported.)
Churches reporting, . Total.
Changes :
Churches :
New, (Name them.)
Dropped ftom the list. (Name them.)
Ministers :
Ordinations : Pastors, ; without Installation,
Installations :
Dismissions :
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] REPORT OP THE TREASUREU. 87
Deceased :
Pastors,
Acting pastors,
Without charge,
Oroanizatiox :
(Number of Associations and Conferences, and how united ; also number
of Churches not associated.)
It is also recommended that certain other statistics be reported once in
five years, beginning in 1880 :
1. Value of house of worship and chapel, and land on which they stand.
2. Date of erection of house of worship.
3. Value of parsonage.
4. Amount of fUnds, not Including parsonage.
5. Amount of Indebtedness.
6. Salary of minister, including value of use of parsonage.
7. Amount of all parish expenses (in the year of the report), inclndlng
salary.
REPORT OF THE TREASURER.
The treasurer of the Coaneil begs leave to report :
That the collection taken at the last Council amounted to $212.09,
which is all the money that has come into his hands ; that he has
paid bills amounting to $172.49, leaving a balance in his hands of
$39.60.
A statement of such receipts and payments is herewith sub-
mitted, and has on it the certificate of Hon. Charles T. Russell,
the auditor, that it is correct.
There are unpaid, the bills for advertising, and various expenses
of the officers and committees of the last Council, which, with the
expenses of this Council, and the printing of the doings of the
Council, will amount to a considerable sum.
The only source of income, so far, has been the collection taken
at the meetings of the Council. This is hard for the members, who
are at much expense to attend the meetings, and the result is en-
tirely inadequate to meet the expenses, especially if the Council
takes charge of printing its doings.
Besides, this expense properly belongs to the churches. In
view of these facts, the treasurer would respectfully recommend
that the subject of raising money to meet the expenses of the
Council may be referred to a Finance Committee, to consider and
report what action shall be taken thereon.
All of which is respectMlj* submitted.
Charles Demond, Treasurer.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
88 STATEMENT OF THE AMERICAN CONG'L UNIOX. [1877.
STATEMENT OF THE AMERICAN CONGREGATIONAL
UNION.
THE WOKK OF THE AMERICAN CONGREGATIONAL UNION.
The only department of the work of the Union of which I shall
speak in detail is its principal work, that of church-building aid.
The figures are approximate.
When we analyze the work of the Union, with reference to its
expenses, we find three periods.
In the first period, from its organization, June, 1853, to May,
1857, — four years, — the contributions to its general funds were a
little over $6,000. This sum was all expended in the expenses of
administration, including therein the publication of the Year Book.
In 1856 a special fund of $3,117.78 was raised to aid church build-
ing in Kansas. All expenses of raising this fund were charged
directly to the fund, and not included in the expenses of the Union.
The second period is the period of a single secretaryship, cover-
ing nine years, from 1857 to 1866. In May, 1857, the Board, hav-
ing the Kansas fund in their treasury, decided to enter on the work
of church-building aid in addition to the general objects for which
the Union had previously existed. They appointed a secretary,
and for nine years employed but one. During this period the
entire contributions received (exclusive of about $117,000, raised
in 1865-6 by the effort of the first National Council) was $86,155.
The number of churches aided in building houses of worship dur-
ing these nine years was 187. The annual income increased to
$13,997.
During this period the amount paid for salaries was . $20,974
For other expenses 12,536
Total $33,510
or about thirty-nine per cent of the receipts. ^
The third period is that of two secretaryships, from the eleven
years from 1867 to 1877 inclusive.
To provide for an enlargement of the work, after the large col-
lection of 1865-6, the trustees appointed two secretaries. The
allotment of their duties, as stated in the report of the trustees for
1866-7, was as follows: "The associate secretary of the Union
will have his ofiloe at No. 16 Tremont Temple, Boston, and will
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] STATEMENT OF THE AMERICAN CONG'L UNION. 89
have it especially in charge to awaken and to sustain the interest of
the churches of New England in our work, particularly that part of
it which relates to the building of church edifices, and to secure
regular annual contributions. He will, at the same time, be in con-
stant communication with the Board of Trustees, and the secretary,
at New York, and will co-operate with them in the general work of
the Union. The secretary, at New York, will give special attention
to applications for aid in building churches, and all letters of
inquiry, and all statements of facts, in respect to. these, together
with the applications themselves, should be addressed to him at
the Bible House, New York."
The work of the next eleven years, under the administration of
the two secretaries, may be indicated as follows, viz. : —
Amount raised each year. No. Churches to which grants wore paid.
Year ending May, 1867 .
•32,589
Year ending May, 1867
. 65
1868 .
80,102
1868
. 68
1869 . ,
36,092
1869
. . 67
1870 .
50,629
1870
. 66
1871 . ,
51,261
1871
. 65
1872 .
77,733
1872
. 41
1873 .
. 61,898
1873
. 56
1874 .
64,882
1874 .
. 48
1875 . ,
61,717
1876
. 58
1876 .
46,816
1876
. 45
1877 .
. 31,782
1877
. . 27
Total in eleven years .
$635,601
606
An average of $48,681 per annum.
During this period of eleven years the Congregational Union
paid for salaries the sum of $86 ,43 7, and for other expenses the
sum of $24,494. Total in eleven years, $110,931, — about twenty
per cent of the entire receipts.
The expected increase of receipts which led to the appointment
ot an associate secretary having fallen away in the last few j^ears,
the trustees in September last resolved on a substantial reduction
of expenses. The salaries paid to the ^executive officers have been
$3,500 to the secretary at New York, $3,000 to the associate
secretary at Boston, and $850 to the treasurer. The other expenses
have been as small as the trustees could make them on the basis
of two offices, and with all the lines of work of the Union. The
only way to make any substantial reduction of expenditures was to
return to the plan of a single secretaryship. The trustees have
been very reluctant to do this, fearing that it will embarrass the
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
90 STATEMENT OP THE AMERICAN OONG'L UNION. [1877.
work and reduce the receipts still ftirther; but the diminished
income seems to have left no alternative within their power.
Accordingly at a meeting last month they adopted the following
action : —
Whereas^ The greatly diminished receipts of the Congregational
Union render it imperative that the expenses of management be
very considerably reduced ;
Therefore, Resolved^ That, in the opinion of this Board, but one
secretaryship should hereafter be retained.
And Whtreaa^ The growing reluctance of churches to listen to
appeals in behalf of the benevolent societies, except from their
pastors, renders it less imperative that a secretaryship of Finance
be retained, and relying on the faithfulness of pastors to present
the cause to the churches ;
Eeaolved, That the secretaryship having special charge of the
department of Finance be discontinued, and that all expenses
therefor of salaries and rent cease at the close of the current 3'ear,
or quarter, as may be settled between the incumbent and the
Finance Committee.
And Whereas^ Secretary Palmer having put his resignation into
the hands of this Board, the way is open for reorganization ;
Therefore, Resolved^ That a special committee of seven be
appointed from the members of this Board and Union, to consider
and report to this Board what further measures may be wisely
adopted to increase the resources of this Union, its efficiency, and
acceptableness to its constituents.
Rev. Dr. Cushing, the associate or financial secretary, subse-
quently tendered his resignation, thus leaving the waj- fully open
for a reorganization upon such basis as shall promise best to
advance the work.
The economy already thus decided on will reduce the expenses
from about $10,000 a year to about $6,000. Some further slight
reduction may be made by abandoning a part of the general work
for which the Union was formed, such as Ministers' union libra-
ries and periodicals for pastors, etc., a work which cannot be
computed in percentages.
Various suggestions have been made for endeavoring to reduce
expenses further by more radical measures, — a change of location
or a consolidation with another society.
A change of location or a consolidation involves grave and deli-
cate questions, affecting the existence of the large, trusts which the
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] STATEMENT OF THE AMERICAN OONG'L UNION. 91
Union now holds. Special legislation would be necessary to accom-
plish either safely and eflTectively.
In the opinion of the Board, the true remedy for the present
deficiencies is to be sought in the direction of increasing the
receipts of the society ; in improving its methods and its force, not
in reducing it or modifying the incorporation. But a Board of
Trustees are not appointed for the purpose, nor clothed with the
power of determining such questions. The trustees have, how-
ever, no other wish than that such methods of reorganization be
adopted as shall vigorously and successfully advance the cause.
With this view, they have appointed the committee above-men-
tioned from among the corporators at large, only two being mem-
bers of the Board.
The names of the committee are as follows : —
William Henry Smith, Esq. New York ; Rev. John O. Means,
D. D., Boston, Mass. ; Hon. Charles 6. Hammond, Chicago, 111. ;
Rev. W. B. Brown, Newark, N. J. ; Hon. William Hyde, Ware,
Mass. ; Lowell Mason, Esq., Orange, N. J. ; Rev. L. T. Chamber-
lain, Norwich, Conn.
The Board desire that this committee shall have the benefit of all
the suggestions that can be made to them upon the subject.
While the Board are awaiting the action of that committee in
respect to other proposed changes, thej' do not desire that this
situation should hinder the work. The}' are continuing, with the
temporary aid of the secretary in New York, in the regular inves-
tigation of applications and the making of grants. A larger num-
ber of churches contributed directly to the treasury of the society
last year than in any year before. The contributions of the sum-
mer months have been just about the same as those of the corre-
sponding months of the previous summer, and the treasurer has no
unpaid drafts now waiting on him.
Several facts indicate that this work will probably be a perma-
nent and growing one. The American Home Missionary Society
is over fifty years old. It commenced its work with receipts of
less than $19,000, and steadily increased, reaching about $125,000
when it was twenty years old. The Congregational Union com-
menced its church building twenty years ago, with an income of
about $6,000, and in its twentj'-first year of the work has an
income of over $31,000, nearly as great a proportionate increase.
The results thus far attained have been accomplished by the gifts
of a small proportion of the churches in the denomination, and by
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
92 STATEMENT OP THE AMERICAN CONG'L UNION. [1877.
the special gifts of business men, who see in the methods of the
Union a security that their donations will never be perverted, but
will continue sacredly devoted to the cause of evangelical religion
and the Congregational order.
Three features of its work need to be better understood among
our pastors and churches.
It is a productive work. It proceeds by stimulating self-help,
not superseding it. The churches that were not able to build with-
out its aid have, since they became self-sustaining, contributed
over $36,000 to its treasury. Of this sum about one half has
been contributed during the last four years.
The Board now take from every church or society receiving aid
a first mortgage on the church propertj'. This is no incumbrance
to the church, so long as it is a living evangelical church of the
Congregational order. If perversion or extinction takes place, the
Union can intercept the proceeds to the extent, at least, of reim-
bursing the original grant. In case of churches disbanding, the
fact that the Union is ready to enforce this claim often leads to the
gift of the remaining property to it.
In the last table of churches aided, published by the Union in
1875, it appears that the thirteen churches reported as sold or dis-
banding, originally received $8,675, and they paid over to the
Union $13,986.
The treasurer furnishes the following statement of securities now
held by the Union, and amount of grants refbnded to its treasury,
October, 1877 : —
Amount of grants, chiefly loans, now secured by common
forms of notes, or bonds and mortgages . . $18,660
Amount repaid on similar securities .... 12,000
Amount secured by our own form of bond and mortgage,
as grants . * 18,146
Amount grants paid for which the Union now holds deeds
of the property 41,800
Amount received from sales of property formerly held
by deeds. 8,200
Amount now held by agreement as special trusts . . 71,000
Amount secured by the usual " certificate and agree-
ments" and receipts, about 385,000
Total amount received by the Union fW)m repayment of
grants and loans, under all the forms of securit}', 38,500
This shows, third, that the work of the Union is a reclaiming
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] STATEMENT OF THE AM. COLL. AND ED. SOCIETY. 93
work. Between 329,000 and $30,000 of the $38,500 reclaimed
has been received back within the past seven years. It is proba-
ble that before long the whole annual expenses of the Union maj'
be exceeded by the sums thus rescued from waste or diversion.
We appeal, therefore, to the churches and pastors, not only to
give us the benefit of their suggestions to the committee, that we
may have all possible light on the further steps of reorganization,
but also to receive their interest in the work of the Union, and re-
new their contributions. We are well aware that this is not a
cause to be much advanced by appeals to sympathies and efforts
for general enthusiasm. But the more its features are understood
by our pastors and men of business, the more secure its place will
be m the contributions of the churches.
STATEMENT OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE AND EDU-
CATION SOCIETY.
It is a now a little more than three years since, by the sugges-
tion of the National Council, at its meeting at Oberlin, the " Amer-
can Education Society," and the ''College Society," so called,
were united under a new charter, granted by the Legislature of
Massachusetts. As it proved, this union was formed just in sea-
son to meet the severe financial depression which has distressed
and half paralyzed the business of the country from that time to
this. The receipts of the society, for the first year aft^r the union,
were, in round numbers, $95,000, of which $63,000 were desig-
nated to colleges and $32,000 were left for the general funds. It
was a year of some large individual payments to colleges, e, gr.,
that of Samuel F. Drury, $25,000 to Drury College, and $10,000
on account of the Williston Legacy to Iowa College. In the fol-
lowing year, ending April 30, 1876, the total receipts were not far
from $70,000, of which, in round numbers, the sum of $39,000 was
designated to colleges, and the sum of $31,000 was contributed to
the general funds. During the year which closed last April (April
30, 1877), the receipts were not far from $58,000, of which the
sum of $34,000 was designated to colleges, and only $24,000 came
to the general funds.
It is to be understood that the work of raising the money for the
College department falls mainlj* upon the colleges which receive its
benefits. The societ}*, after due consideration, approbates and
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
94 STATEMENT OF THE AM. COLL. AND ED. SOCIETY. [1877.
takes upon its list certain Western institutions, arranges times and
seasons for special efforts in their behalf, distributes the territoiy
upon which each may operate, and gives letters of introduction and
commendation for the use of those engaged in canvassing these
Eastern fields. Then the president, or a professor, or other desig-
nated agent, of a given college, comes upon the ground and solicits
the needed money. His salary and expenses are paid by the
college from which he comes. And on the other hand, no part of
the money raised* by him is used by the Education Society, but
goes intact for the benefit of the institution for which it was so-
licited. The expenses of the society, salaries, rents, etc., are all
paid from the general funds. In the present mode of operation,
the College department might seem to have advantages over the
Educational department, were it not for the consideration above
named, that the colleges themselves pay the expenses of the
agencies they employ- .
At the time when the union of the two societies took place in
1874, it was thought advisable, at least for a time, to keep in
operation the same essential machinery' which had been before em-
plojed. The New York ofl3ce was continued, about which cen-
tred the business of the College department, with Dr. Batterfield
as secretarj^ while the Boston office continued as before and was
especially devoted to the Educational department. But in the
autumn of 1875, Dr. Butterfield having been invited to take the
presidency of Olivet College, and inclining to accept the same,
the directors took into special consideration the state of things thus
brought before them, and in view of all the facts passed the follow-
ing resolution : —
" That the question of the appointment of another secretary as
successor to Dr. Butterfield, and of the closing of the New York
ofl3ce after the first of May next, be postponed for the present,
awaiting the future indications of Divine Providence."
In consequence of this action, since the first of May, 1876, there
has been but one secretary, and the business of both departments
has centred in the office at Boston, though a receiving agent has
been kept in New York for the convenience of those who can more
easily pay their money there than send it to Boston. The business
of this receiving agent however, as it has proved, is very light, and
Dr. C. P. Bush, at the Bible House, has kindly consented to do
what is required in this capacity, without reward. With the pres-
ent facilities for transmitting money bj' post-office orders and
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1877.] STATEMENT Or THE AM. COLL. AND ED. SOCIETY. 95
bank checks, it as easy, and often more easy, for a man in New
York City, or in the immediate vicinity, to transmit money to
Boston than to make even a short journey to the Bible House.
Moreover it is far more true than we wish it to be that the
fands by which the operations of the society are carried on come
chiefly from New England. During our last financial year, of the
$45,000 total receipts, if we except the generous gift of $15,000
made by Charles Fairbanks of London, to Drury College, only
between $3,000 and $4,000 came from outside the New England
States. In the previous year, viz., the financial year ending April
30, 1876, of the $70,000 total receipts, about $65,000 came from
New England, and about $5,000 from other parts of the country.
We do not, however, wish to conceal the fact that considerable
money is raised in the Middle and Western States for educational
purposes, which are not reported through our treasury. We have
long had a dream of trying to weave all this work into one com-
pacted whole, so that it might be known, year by j'ear, what is
really accomplished in this way by our denomination. But thus
far invincible obstacles seem to interpose themselves, until we
have half concluded that the greatest good of the greatest number
is perhaps secured by this miscellaneous action. We trust, how-
ever, that the time will come, somewhere in the ftiture, when the
Congregationalists over all our extended field can act more as a
unit in this work. Meanwhile the work of the Educational depart-
ment is rapidly widening.
Of the one hundred and twelve new men enrolled on our Educa-
tional list during our last financial year, forty-seven came from
New England, and sixty-five from other parts of the countrj'. Of
the one hundred and fourteen enrolled in the previous year, forty
were from New England and seventy-four outside of New Eng-
land. We mention this fact, not in a way of criticism or fault-
finding, but with a feeling of joy and gratitude that the States of
the West are so freely contributing of their young men for this
purpose, and we recognize the fact, too, that these young men have
the nerve, the energy, the force, more apt to be found in new set-
tlements than in older communities.
At a quarterly meeting of the directors in July last, action was
taken upon a subject which was deemed of considerable impor-
tance. At the close of the war of the Rebellion, there grew up a
wide-spread sentiment in favor of the " short course," as it was
called, in the work of preparation for the ministry. There was a
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
96 STATEMENT OF THE AM. COLL. AND ED. SOCIETY. [1877.
prevailing impression that many ministers were needed to occupy
the new fields which had been opened b}' the war, and that we
could not wait till men should pass through the regular drill of the
academy, the college, and the theological seminary. Yielding to
this feeling, the Education Society began to give its assistance
more freel}' than ever before to young men in theological schools
who were not college graduates. The process went on until there
was a condition of things new and somewhat surprising in a
denomination which, from the earliest settlement of the country,
had pressed for the thorough education of those who were to
occup3' its pulpits. We give a few statistics to illustrate our mean-
ing. We take these figures from the tables prepared and published
from year to year in the Congregational Quarterly, usuall3' in the
April number. In 1873, we had 329 students in our seven theologi-
cal seminaries, of whom 118 were not college graduates. In 1874,
there were 327, and 121 not graduates. In 1875, 316, and 111
of these were not graduates. In 1876, 303, of whom 106 were
not graduates. In 1877, 312, of whom 120 were not graduates.
Of the non-graduates, usually about one fourth had received a
partial education in college, the rest had had no collegiate educa-
tion. In view of this tendency, which, as may be noticed, was
rather increasing than diminishing as the years passed along,
the directors, at their meeting, July 11, 1877, passed the following
resolution : —
" That hereafter the American College and Education Society
will, as a rule, receive upon its lists only those who are pursuing
the full collegiate and theological course of study. All others
will be regarded as exceptions, and if taken upon the list at all,
each case must be considered separately and decided upon its own
merits."
This action on the part of the society was not revolutionary,
but restorative. The societ}' simpl}- came back to its old stand-
ard. Two reasons especiall}- moved the directors to this course.
la the first place, they thought they ought not longer to encourage
a tendency of this kind, which would lower the standard of the
denomination in respect to the culture of its ministers. But in the
8tix>nd place, they thowgYii that men taking the short course would
get on, if they were the right men in the right place, without the aid
of our funds ; that these funds ought to be reserved, especiall}' in a
time of scarcity, for those who are bearing the burdens of the long
course. The directors had no wish to deny that many able men
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1877.] STATEMENT OP THE AM. COLL. AND ED. SOCIETr. 97
have come into onr ministry who have had no college education.
But the heaviest burden, according to our experience and obser-
vation, falls upon the young men in the college, and not in the
seminary. A man who takes only a short course in a seminary is
usually a man of full age, having resources which a young
man entering college does not have, and only a little way before
him is the day when he expects the reward of his labors. His
case is ver^' different from that of a young man who starts early
in life, and takes the long drill of the academy and the college
before reaching the seminary.
There are always a certain number of persons in every generation
who question the need of any such organization as this. They
reason that if the whole matter of collegiate and ministerial educa-
tion were left to itself, it would take care of itself, without any
fostering care from any one. Just now it happens that these ideas
have been put fortli anew, from somewhat high places. But there
never has been a time since the American Educational Society was
organized, in 1816, that these arguments have not been more or less
current. If it were not too dangerous, we would like to see the
experiment tried, and ascertain whether it is safe for a religious
denomination to take no care of its educational interests. Certainlj'
that experiment has never been tried in this country. From the
day when John Harvard, in 1638, gave his monej' to help found
the School of the Prophets at Cambridge, there never has been a
time when this matter of the education of men for the ministry
has not been watched over with more or less care and solicitude.
The ways of doing it have been many, but the inward thought has
been the same. Where one reasons that this subject, left to itself,
would take care of itself, the position of the reasoner is pecul-
iar. He is somewhat in the condition of a man, who, having seen
the rich harvests of Egypt coming in year by j'ear, b}' ^^nrtue of
the overflowing of the Nile, should conclude that Egypt would
enjoy her harvests if there were no overflowing of the Nile.
The institutions at present on the list of the societ}' are : —
Carleton College, Minnesota ; Colorado College, Colorado Springs ;
Doane College, Nebraska ; Drury College, Missouri ; Iowa Col-
lege, Iowa ; Olivet College, Michigan ; Pacific University, Oregon ;
Pacific Theological Seminar}^, California ; Ripon College, Wiscon-
sin; Washburn College, Kansas.
These institutions are, several of them, in great need of help,
and generally they want all the funds they can get. The educa-
7
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
98 STATEMENT OF THE CONG'l PUBLISHING SOCIETY. [1877.
tional department needs for the proper transaction of its business
about $35,000 a year, — a sum very easily raised, provided the
strong and able churches of our denomination would give the.
society a place on their list for contributions. At present not more
than three hundred churches contribute to our funds.
STATEMENT OF THE CONGREGATIONAL PUBLISHING
SOCIETY.
The origin of the Congregational Publishing Societj' is involved
in obscurity, like the origin of man and of the universe. In the
form in which it now exists, it is not to be regarded as a specific
creation, but as the result of a slow and painful evolution. Lower
types, containing rudimentary suggestions of the present organiza-
tion, are discoverable in the earliest periods of our history. Taking
shape always and inevitably from " the totalit}' of its environ-
ments," the society has passed through manifold transmutations
and borne various designations before assuming that which it now
wears.
No sooner did the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay drive their
stakes on the banks of Charles River, than they set in operation a
printing-press, the first one in English America. This first print-
ing-press had been bought in England and brought to this country-
by a minister ; the first printing-oflBce was a minister's house, and
the first book printed was a Congregational Psalm Book, for the use
of Congregational churches. The Rev. Joseph Glover, rector of
Sutton, Suny-, England, preparing to come to the New World, as one
of the most efl'ectual methods of promoting and perpetuating gos-
pel piet}^ purchased a printing-press and types, engaged a work-
man, resigned his benefice, and set sail. He died on the voj-age,
but the printing-press came safely to land in charge of his widow.
Before very long the widow married Rev. Henry Dunster, the first
president of the college, then coming into life at Cambridge. The
printing-press was set up in President Dunster's house, and there
the first books were published. " The Freeman's Oath'* was the
first issue of the New England press. '* An almanac for 1639, cal-
culated for New England by Wm. Pierce, mariner," was the second.
The third publication and the first book was '* The whole Booke of
Psalms, faithfully translated into English Metre. Whereunto is
prefixed a discourse, declaring not only the lawfulness, but also the
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] STATEMENT OF THE CONG'l PUBLISHING SOCIETY. 99
necessity of the heavenly ordinance of singing scripture Psalms in
the churches of God, Imprimatur^ 1640." The fourth edition of
this famous Bay Psalm Book, copies of which now bring such fabu-
lous prices, was on sale as early as 1652 by Ilezekiah Usher, the
first bookseller in English America, at his bookstore in Boston.
The link which connects this printing-press and bookstore with
the Congregational Publishing Society is not simply that Ilezekiah
Usher issued Congregational books for Congregational churches,
but specially because Mr. Usher was agent of the Venerable Society
for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Indians, under whose
direction he published for free distribution John Eliot's Catechism
in 1653, and ten years later, 1660-1663, the Indian Bible. For
the next hundred years, down to the Revolution, from this press
and from others afterwards set up in Boston, the land was supplied
with a literature which was chiefly religious and Congregational, and
was written and published in large measure by Congregational
ministers.
After the Revolutionary War, in connection with missionary
movements, here and there associations for issuing religious tracts
sprung into existence. The Baptists in and about Boston formed
*'The Evangelical Tract Society "in 1811. In 1814 ''The New
England Tract Society" was oi^anized at Andover, which in 1823
took the larger name of "The American Tract Society," and
entered upon a larger work. This society, which shortly after its
formation removed from Andover to Boston, where it has continued
to this day, was not originally constituted of different denomina-
tions, nor on a '* union" basis, as was the society organized in the
year 1825 at New York, and which took the same name. The
older and original American Tract Society at Boston was founded
exclusively by Congregationalists, and all its officers and agents for
the first twenty years were Congregationalists. While it was not
intended to be sectarian, in the same sense that Congregational
churches are not sectarian, in its publications the special theological
views of New England divines were intended to be set forth, and
were set forth to such an extent that the American Tract Society
at New York would not adopt the tracts of the society at Boston
till they had undergone elimination and revision.
When, however, in 1825, this American Tract Society at New
York was formed by representatives of various denominations com-
ing together on a formal and distinct basis of what was called
ufiiOTi, the old society at Boston, though it retained its name and
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
100 STATEMENT OF THE CONG'L PUBLISHING 80CIBTT. [1877.
continued to be oflScered and controlled exclusively by Congrega-
tionalists, entered into such close relations with the younger organ-
ization that the character of its publications was changed. Out of
deference to its new ally, the society at Boston ceased to issue
tracts or books containing certain truths and forms of truths which
were precious to many New England divines. In the course of a
few years this led to the formation of two new Congregational soci-
eties, one for Sunday schools and one for general religious litera-
ture, from which nothing that our churches regard as Scripture
teaching should be excluded. These two societies, the Doctrinal
Tract and the Massachusetts Sabbath School societies now united,
constitute the Congregational Publishing Society. The older Amer-
fcan Tract Societj'^, strictly Congregational in its origin and early
history, has in recent years been taken out of the hands of Congre-
gationalists and made what is called a union society, like its
younger namesake at New York.
The Doctrinal Tract and Book Society, which was the more
immediate father of the present Publishing Society, was oi^anized
in Southeastern Massachusetts, June 24, 1829. The founders
were chiefly men known as Ilopkinsians. The society undeitook
the publication and distribution at cost or gratuitously, not merely
of practical religious writings, but of the standard volumes of the
New England theologians, and marked out and entered upon a ca-
reer promising great influence and usefulness.
Meanwhile the Massachusetts Sabbath School Society had come
into existence to do the lighter but not less important work of pro-
viding a pure and healthful religious literature for the young. As
early as 1824, representatives from Episcopalian, Methodist, Bap-
tist, and Congregational churches organized what was called ^^ The
Massachusetts Sabbath School Union," as an undenominational soci-
ty. Very soon the Episcopalians and Methodists left it for socie-
ties of their own. After a few years the Baptists and Congregation-
alists became satisfied that they could work to better advantage apart,
and by an amicable arrangement a division was made ; one third
of the assets, with the name of the society and the good- will, the
magazine and depository, was assigned to the Baptists ; two thirds
of the assets, supposed to have been contributed by them, were
assigned to the Congregationaiists, who immediately reorganized,
under the name of ^^ The Massachusetts Sabbath School Society,"
and commenced a vigorous and successful work of establishing and
aiding Sunday schools, and publishing a great variety of periodi-
cals and books for the young.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] STATEMENT OP THE OONG'L PDBLTSHINO SOOIBTT. 101
There seems no reason why we should have one societ}^ to pub-
lish general religions literature and another to publish juvenile
literature. It was following too scrupulously the example of the
benevolent mathematical divine, who had two holes cut in his
study door, a large hole for the convenience of his cat, and a small
hole for the convenience pf his kitten. In 1868, therefore, the
Doctrinal Tract and Book Society united its heavj"^ weights with
the airier volumes of the Sabbath School Society, and under a new
charter the present consolidated organization was launched. It
took the water hopefully, in spite of the top-heavj' name of *' The
Massachusetts Sabbath School and Publishing Society." A reef
has been since taken in this name, and the legal title now is, ^^ The
Congregational Publishing Society."
It has undertaken three things. (1.) To provide suitable and
needful religious literature, to be sold at low prices. (2.) To be
the channel through which good books and tracts may be gratui-
tously circulated among those who cannot or will not otherwise
procure them. (3.) To establish and aid Sunday schools in mis-
sionary districts. The first object is one of legitimate business, the
second and third objects are purely benevolent ; and for these, the
society has made appeals for the money needful for this charitable
work.
The National Council, at its last session at New Haven, October,
1874, took action which has materially modified the sphere and
work of the Publishing Society. The Council advised that the Pub-
lishing Society " be disembarrassed of all work incongruous with a
strictly business enterprise," and also that " the missionary Sun-
daj^-school work," an original and prominent feature of the publish-
ing society, should "be incorporated with the work of the Ameri-
can Home Missionary Society, and be provided for" hereafter by
that society. This advice, which so seriously changed the struc-
ture of two old societies, has not been asked for by either of them.
The Home Missionary Society gave no evidence that it hankered
for the Sunday-school work, nor had the Publishing Society been
looking around to see where it could be unloaded of its pleasant
burden. Societies, however, felt bound to interpret this formal
advice of the National Congregational Council as expressing the
intelligent judgment of the churches that this great change was
not only expedient, but imperative. They therefore cheerfully
accepted the benevolent advice, and as soon as they could mark
and inwardly digest it, the transfer of the Sunday-school work was
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102 STATEMENT OF THE CONG'L PUBLISHING SOCIETY, [1877.
effected. After full and frank conferences, the Congregational
Publishing Societ}'^ and the American Home Missionary Societj^
by their respective Boards of Managers, mutually and unani-
mously agreed upon and adopted the following minute in regard to
this matter : —
*' 1. That the missionary work, in its organization and detail
of forming and supemsing Sunday schools throughout the coun-
try, be exclusively the care of the American Home Missionary
Society.
" 2 That the preparation and publication of Sunday-school
books and literature of all kinds be exclusively the care of the
Congregational Publishing Society.
"3- That all efforts and suggestions for the missionary Sun-
day-school work hitherto made by the Congregational Publishing
Society be remitted to and assumed by the American Home
Missionary Society.
"4. That the American Home Missionary' Society furnish all
its supplies of books and literature in doing its missionary Sunday-
school work exclusively through the Congregational Publishing
Society."
This plan went into operation the first of April, 1876. The
Home Missionary Society may perhaps report how well it works,
so far as concerns them. The vital points, as will be seen, are
that the Publishing Society shall no longer solicit contributions for
the missionary' Sunday-school work, but that the custody and dis-
tribution of funds shall wholly belong to the Home Missionary
Societj'. On the other hand, the furnishing books and periodicals
by the Home Missionary- Societ}' for gratuitous issue is to be made
wholly through the Publishing Society. It was, of course, to be
expected that, while the change was in progress, and before the
new arrangements were perfected, there might be a diminution in
the charitable receipts for the Sunday-school cause. In the eigh-
teen months which have elapsed since the work was formally trans-
ferred to the Home Missionary Society, there has been a falling
off of sixty per cent, and possibly the falling off is sevent}- per
cent from the average of the previous five years. The gratuitous
issues in filling the orders of the Home Missionary Society for the
eighteen months have been at the rate, in round numbers, of
$2,500 per year. The average of the previous five years was
$8,500 per year.
The National CouncU, while advising the Publishing Society
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] STATEMENT OF THE CONG'L FUBLISHmG SOCIETY. 103
thus to transfer its Sunday-school work to the Home Missionary
Society, made no suggestions touching the other main branch of
the benevolent work of the Publishing Society, namely, that of
providing for the gratuitous distribution of religious literature in
general. This is intended to be still more prominent in the socie-
ty's operations in the future, and to sustain and enlarge this work
the Publishing Society most earnestly desires contributions. It is
issuing tracts on vital practical subjects, and volumes of great
value on Christian doctrines and Christian living. The money
return on the most important religious books is apt to be small in
amount and slow in coming in, so that capital is needed to publish
instructive volumes and wait for the gradual absorption of the
editions. The best book and the one the natural man most needs
to take as a medicine, he is least inclined to take at all ; and when
he must pay full price for it, he is likely to let it alone. To fur-
nish these tracts and practical treatises for general circulation, the
society needs a great enlargement of contributions ; and no less, to
stereotype and print solid, scriptural treatises and put them where
they will do the most good.
The Publishing Society understands what is meant by " the
struggle for existence." It has never been .endowed with a work-
ing capital, and has never received adequate annual contributions.
Pious Congregationalists have contributed, in large and small
sums, $30,000 a year, $50,000, and even $100,000 a j-ear to soci-
eties at a distance and away from their supervision and out of their
control, and have contented themselves with giving only $10,000
or $12,000 a year to the society thej^ themselves were managing.
Besides and apart from all that other societies are attempting,
there are publications of the utmost value, of historical and prac-
tical importance, the issue of which only this society can or will
or ought to undertake.
The capital of the societj' consists of copyrights, stereotype
plates, and books, the value of which depends upon the demand for
the books and periodicals. It has been a principle of the managers
to manufacture with the utmost economy and sell as near cost as
will meet the expenses of the business. There has been no large
margin of profits, but the society has endeavored to furnish the
religious literature, and keep out of debt without drawing upon
fbnds contributed for charitable purposes. The business depres-
sion of the past few years has diminished sales to some extent, and
the managers have not felt justified in issuing as many new books
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
104 STATEMENT OF THE OONG'L PTJBLISHINa 80CIETT. [1877.
as they would be glad to publish. It has seemed expedient till
business revives to content ourselves with issuing fewer books,
and press on vigorously with the periodicals and the Sunda^y-
school publications ; these, we will add, have the most gratifying
and a constantly increasing circulation. If Congregationalists
would have such a Publishing Societj' as they need to enter and
occupy the large field which legitimately belongs and opens to
them, they have only to furnish the needful capital, and not confine
their patronage wholly to outside organizations.
It is not now a propitious time to solicit money. While the
Methodist book concerns report capital amounting to nearly
$1,700,000, and the Presbyterian Board of Publication reports
a capital of more than half a million dollars, and the American
Baptist Publication Society has in its building alone, which is fully
paid for, more than a quarter of a million of dollars, it is mortifying
that the Congregational Publishing Society can report only prop-
erty enough to keep on in the very humble and moderate, though
honest and prudent course it has thus far pursued. We need, and
as soon as the business of the country will justify it an effort
should be made to raise, $100,000 to put into this most important
undertaking. We ask those also who are making legacies to keep
in view what a mighty work a good book will do for them and for
their Lord after they are gone, and to make sure of leaving to this
society enough to perpetuate at least one such volume. We ask
aU to give generously while they are living, and take the satisfac-
tion and exercise the wisdom of supervising and looking after their
benefactions, by bestowing them through this societj', and so
making sure that the best work is accomplished by their gifts.
Cripple our publishing societies, withhold from them facilities for
covering the breadth of fields which lie open to the earliest seed-
sower, and the fairest hopes of grand spiritual achievements will be
disappointed. " It is of the greatest concernment in the church
and in the commonwealth," says John Milton, ^^ to have a vigilant
eye how books demean themselves as well as men." We need and
must have societies to keep an e3'e upon the literature of the da\-,
" to confine," as Milton adds, " imprison, and do sharpest justice
on the books which are malefactors," and no less to equip and send
forth the books which are not " dead things, but do contain a
progeny of life in them, to be as active as that soul was whose
progeny they are, and to preserve as in a vial the purest eflScac3'
and extraction of that living intellect that bred them." " Man}- a
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877,] AMERICAN MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION. 105
man," this old Puritan adds, " lives a burden to the earth ; but a
good book is the precious life-blood of a master spirit, embalmed
and treasured up to a life be3'ond life. Revolutions of ages do not
oft recover the loss of a rejected truth, for the want of which whole
nations fare the worse."
These books in which are embalmed truths on purpose to a life
beyond life, how shall they preach except they be sent? No good
book goeth a warfare at its own charges The cost of disseminat-
ing Christian literature is one of the wisest expenditures for which
money can be used. For good books *' multiply themselves ; they
are as lively and vigorously productive as those fabulous dragon's
teeth, and being sown up and down may chance to spring up armed
men." That sort of armed men is what our country needs. Let
there be no stint in sowing the seed.
THE RELIGIOUS ASPECTS OF THE WORK OF THE
AMERICAN MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION.
BY REV. M. E. STRIEBT, D. D.
The most peaceable man that treads the American continent is
the negro, and yet around him have gathered our fiercest and blood-
iest wars, our bitterest political strifes, and our most notable re-
ligious confiicts.
Why is this? We only inadequately explain when we say that
the negro has not quarrelled with us ; nor have we quarrelled with
him. We have quarrelled among ourselves over him, and we did
this because we had first quarrelled with conscience and God about
him. We explain a little further when we say that we have griev-
ously oppressed him. True, we at length emancipated him, but
this only as a war necessity ; we enfranchised him, but this only as
a party necessity ; and since then we have been inclined to cast him
off, to leave him, in his poverty, ignorance, and danger, to help
himself, preferring ourselves to help the far less needy white man.
But we reach the true explanation, the bottom fact in the case,
when we confess that we have a prejudice against him on ac-
count of his color and past condition. That caste-pride which is
the direst curse of half the globe is found with us ; and God seems
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
106 AMERICAN MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION. [1877,
to have thrown upon our hands these three races, the Indian, Negro,
and Chinaman, to test our Christianity and to call us to the high
duty of setting the exaniple to the world of the conquest of caste-
We must do this by conquering the caste-spirit in ourselves in giv-
ing these races the gospel ; by rendering them harmonious and
helpful in sustaining free institutions, and preparing them to carry
the gospel to other lands. Those obligations involve the great
duties of home evangelization. Christian patriotism, and foreign •
missions. I hesitate not to say that here is not only the hardest,
but, if attained, the greatest achievement for American Christians
and patriots, — an achievement which the power of Christ only can
enable us to accomplish, and in which mere political sagacity,
patriotism, or a sense of justice will utterly fail.
Let us look at these several duties.
I. 1 he evangelization of these masses.
There is no people in the land more eager for the gospel than
these races, especially the negro. We only need to conquer our-
selves to save him, and make him worthy of our respect ; and to
attain all this we need but one simple rule, and that is to regai*d
and treat him as Christ himself would if he were here. When he
was on earth, he did not neglect the rich or the learned. He ate
with them, he tried to instruct them ; but the people that were
drawn most to him were the outcasts, the man possessed with
devils that dwelt among the tombs, the lepers that were ostracized
from society, the woman that was a sinner, who washed his feet
with her tears, wiped them with the hairs of her head, and kissed
his feet. If he were here, he would seek the same outcasts, and
where are thej- to be found if not among these despised races ?
They would hear him gladly, because the}' would feel the magne-
tism of his divine pity. He is not here, but he sends us. If we
go not in that same spirit, we go in vain. Na}^ if we bestow all
our goods to feed these poor, and give our bodies to be burned, and
have not the charity which Christ feels towards them, it will profit
us or them nothing. But if we go in that spirit, we reach them
and lift them up, and in lifting them up we exalt them from objects
of mere pity to the plane of intelligent and Christian manhood.
II. The duty of Christian patriotism.
America owes to herself and to the world the great duty of main-
taining her free institutions. They were bought at a great price,
and are a priceless boon to mankind. As we have seen, they have
been jeopardized more by these three races than by all others com-
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1877.] AMERIOAN MI88IONART ASSOCIATION. 107
bined. If the same causes continue to operate in these people and
in us, the same dire calamities must again return. The first sweep
of the great storm has passed, and there is a calm. We may, if
we will, avert the return of the tempest. Never was there a more
propitious time. When the terrible war-cloud had only begun to
pass away, the rainbow of liberty to the slave spanned the whole
horizon, and the Proclamation of the immortal Lincoln was God's
sign and seal that the curse of slavery should no more deluge the
land. The war closed, but the sky was not all clear; Ku Klux
outrages darkened the South, the angry discussion of the measures
of reconstruction raged in Congress and over the land ; then came
the rivalrj- of races in the political contests in the Southern States,
followed by the military occupation of South Carolina and Louisi-
ana. The South was irritated, and the North became weary of the
whole subject. But now President Hayes has brought peace. I
am not here as a partisan, but from my standpoint, and with my
knowledge of the South, I am prepared to indorse the statement
he made to the colored people at Atlanta. " For no six months
since the war have there been so few outrages or invasions of your
rights, nor you so secure in your rights, persons, and homes, as in
the last six months."
And now, in this favored hour, shall we address ourselves to the
great work before us? We must not fall back on past achieve-
ments. The Proclamation of Emancipation and the reconstruction
measures have done their work. Nor can we gain anything by
repeating the political or party measures of the past. These last
were powder spent in vain, and the best of powder cannot be
burned twice. We must* turn from the past, whether effectual or
ineffectual, for the greater, the profounder work yet remains, —
that of elevating these races into intellectual Christian manhood.
This is now all that is needed, and aught else is useless. Let me
specify in several particulars.
(J .) The present lull will give a new impulse to the indtistry of
the South, and both blacks and whites will spiing forward to the
opportunity. But if the white man still retains a monopoly of the
land, the capital, and the intelligence, the blacks must sink into a
species of serfdom wellnigh as incompatible with our free institu-
tions as slavery itself, and as certain to perpetuate the rivalry of
races and to renew our national dissensions. We can only avert
these sad results by the new manhood we give the black man ; and
that manhood can come only from the power of a real and practical
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^
108 AMERICAN MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION. [1877.
Christian character Nowhere in all the land is there an equal
number of the working masses so accessible to gospel influences.
(2.) Again, the South is quiet politically; but this is only
because the white man has it all his own way, and the ballot is
useless in the hands of the blacks. But that ballot, representing a
million of voters and forty-one members in Congress, will not
always remain dormant. It is too vast a power. The ignorance
behind it may make it as terrible as it is vast. Bui for weal or
woe it will come to the surface again. If it rises turbulently it will
be put down by violence ; if it rises under the shrewd manipulations
of party leaders, it will only renew the p61itical troubles of the
past; it can only appear again in one way, with safety to the
blacks themselves or to the nation, and that is that the voters arise
as intelligent and virtuous men. Mere intelligence will not suffice ;
they must have ckara^cter^ a right moral purpose, and this can be
given to them only by Christianity. They can now be reached, and
here is the paramount duty of the church of Christ towards them.
(3.) Once more. This is a golden moment for an advance in
the educalional work in the South. The dense illiteracy of that
vast section, which contains more than one third of the entire popu-
lation of the nation, an illiteracy without parallel in any other
portion of the land, amounting to 3,550,425 persons who cannot
read and write in the South against 409,175 in the West, must
awaken deep anxiety in the mind of every thoughtful man.
But now, with the return of peace and the advent of more pros-
perous times, the South will do more for her common schools.
Her great want, especially for the colored people, is a supply of
competent teachers. Thej' ought to be largely raised up from
among the colored people themselves, and the duty and opportu-
nity of prepariiig them for this important work are largely de-
volved on institutions planted there by Northern Christians. But
mere secular education is not adequate ; that education must be
imbued with the spirit of Christ, and will be all the more welcomed
by the people, both black and white. Here, then, is the lever for
the real elevation of this people put into our hands.
A tremendous emphasis is added to this opportunity by the fact
that, if we fail to seize it, it will soon be snatched from our hands
by the emissaries of Rome. Their plans are well laid, and stead-
ily and successfully followed. Have we shed the blood of a million
of men to free the bodies of the slave, and shall we now leave him
to a deeper thraldom ?
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1877.] AMERICAN MISSIOXABT ASSOCIATION. 109
Thus, even in the secular aspects of the work in the South, the
religious is found to underlie the whole, and to give them their
deep significance and vast importance.
III. The duty to foreign missions ; in other words, the prepa
ration of these races as the bearers of the gospel to the lands of
their fathers. My time will onl}' permit me to refer to Africa.
Africa ! the land of darkness and the shadow of death. A line
of light once stretched across its northern shore, but now the pall
of night rests there again. Missionaries of the cross have skirted
along its vast borders, and have lifted that pall, but alas ! in too
many cases, only to see the dense blackness within, and then to die.
Africa ! the world's wonder, woe, and shame, " From the sole of
the foot even unto the head, there is no soundness in it ; but wounds
and bruises and putrefying sores, that have not been closed,
neither bound up, nor mollified with ointment," bearing in its
afiSicted body that direful curse, the slave-trade, in the pathetic
words of Livingstone, " the open sore of the world."
Has America anj* special duty to Africa? My rapid sketch in
answer to this question will present a contrast ^ a parallel ^ and a
caU.
(1.) The contrast is obvious and quickly stated. America is
planted with migrated races, like the trees set out from the nursery
rows into the open orchard, the lawn, and the park, where the
fi-eest development and the richest fruitage may grow. Africa's
X)eople are like the thick jungle and the malarial swamp, unmoved
for ages, unenlivened and unenriched by migrations, and 3'ielding
only the bitter fruits of ignorance, superstition, and cruelty.
(2.) But there is a parallel. A migration did once enter and
go forth from Africa. That little company of seventy souls, com-
ing to it ft-om the land of Palestine, grow to millions. At .length
they learn the lesson of sorrow in the house of bondage, but they
learn also the wisdom and catch the skill of the most enlightened
nations on earth. The hour of their deliverance comes. Amid
wonders and miracles, and the death of the first-bom of their op-
pressors, they are brought forth. God has work and a destiny for
that captive race, and he puts himself at their head. In the form
of the mj'sterious Shekinah, he marches before them.
** By day along the astonished lands
The cloudy pillar glided slow.
By night Arabia's crimsoned sands
Returned the flery column's glow."
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110 AMERICAN MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION. [1877.
They are a fickle race and sadly lacking in faith, but God leaves
them not till they are planted in their own land. The divine pur-
pose at length appears. On that stock thus planted he ingrafts
the Branch that saves the world !
We come down the ages and another migration goes forth from
Africa. They go in small groups and at intervals, and the}^ also
go to the house of bondage. They learn the same sad lessons of
sorrow, and they, too, learn some of the wisdom and catch some
of the skill of one of the most enterprising nations on eailh. The
d&y of their deliverance also came, and it came, too, under the hand
of the Almighty, in the thunders of battle and in the death of the
first-born of their oppressors.
Thus far we have seen a wonderful parallel between these two
African migrations. Is there to be a parallel in the outcome?
God had a grand purpose for the first, in preparing the way for the
world's redemption. Has he any for the second, in using their
wondrous faith, hope, and love, to give an element of wanntli to
the busy and practical piety of America, and to carry the gospel to
Africa ?
(3.) There is a call, and the hour has come. For thirty years
an unwonted impulse has been given to African exploration, and
unparalleled success has crowned it. The hero-travellers have been
Burton, Speke, Baker, Cameron, Livingstone, and last, but not
least, our own intrepid American Stanley, who has solved Africa's
last great geographical problem in the discovery of the course of
the Congo. These new discoveries have aroused the Pi'otestant
world to renewed missionary eflTorts in Africa ; but the great draw-
back has been the hostilitj' of the natives, and above all, the waste
of life by the malaria of that dark land. In the midst of this newlj'
awakened zeal came our great act of emanciption, setting free the
millions of the descendants of Africa. The startling thought has
flashed over Christian hearts in P^urope and America : ^^ Here is a
people allied to Africa's millions by color and descent, who may be
welcomed to her shores, and who may, by virtue of that descent,
be able to endure the climate, so fatal to the white man." Is not
the voice of God in-that thought, and shall we fail to hear and heed
it? May not the American church prepare these people for that
great work, and thus hasten on the Redeemer's kingdom, and at
the same time pay back some of her great debt to plundered Africa?
We dragged the wretched captives across the ocean in the pent-up
hold of the slave-ship, and the waves heard their gi^oan and wail as
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1877.] AMERICAN MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION. Ill
they came to the house of their bondage. Shall we not send their
descendants back, with the waves re-echoing their psalm and prater
as they go to found an empire, and plant a Christian civilization in
the land of their fathers ?
What are the wants of the American Missionary Association,
and what does it ask ?
1. It asks the churches to recognize the paramount duty, in
regard to these peculiar races, to be a Christian and missionarn
duty, that they lift it out of the slough of mere politics and party
into which it has seemed to be drifting, that they bring it home to
heart and conscience, as a duty they owe to Christ, to the nation
for Christ's sake, and to these people and the world for Christ's
sake.
The Association has, from the first, conducted its work with this
aim in view. Even in its educational work, it has sent forth none
but Christian teachers ; it has opened none but Christian schools ;
its pupils, as they go out as teachers, carry the gospel with them
into the school, the Sunday school, the prayer meeting, the church,
and the home. Our missionaries and theological students are the
bearere of a pure gospel to the people, and our churches embody
and illustrate that gospel in their orderly and intelligent worship
and in the lives of its members. It has aroused the zeal of the
colored people to the work of evangelizing Africa, and it has just
seen the first-fruits in a company of missionaries who have sailed
thither, — three colored men and their families, eleven souls in all,
the adults born in slavery and educated since the war.
It carries the same evangelical aims into its efforts among the
Chinese and Indians.
The Association asks the churches to enable it to carry forward
the work it has begun, and for which it has laid so broad and stable
a basis. It has founded, fostered, or maintained seven chartered
institutions in as many Southern States, with ample grounds, and
large, substantial, and commodious buildings, not built by church
collections, but by anti-slaveiy friends in Great Britain and Amer-
ica, by grants from the government, and hy the plaintive music of
the Jubilee singers. It sustains eleven other scliools, mainly nor-
mal in their teaching, and seven common schools.
Once we had over ^\e hundred teachers in the field from the
North, and the pupils numbered more than thirty thousand, single
schools in a few instances enrolling a thousand scholars. Now we
are concentrating our educational efforts mainly to the preparation
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112 AMERICAN MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION. [1877.
of teachers. Our pupils number 5,400 ; but from our schools there
are now, as we compute, 1,500 student-teachers in the field having
under their training nearly 100,000 scholars.
Some of the institutions are inaugurating industrial departments,
where farming, printing, and other employments are taught, and
which aid the students in their support.
Three theological departments enroll seventy-four students, and
sixty churches have 4,014 members, whose value in the Christian
work is to be weighed, not counted.
But we are crippled for want of means. Some of our school-
houses are not occupied, because we cannot furnish the teachers.
Some of our schools are so crowded that we must turn away pupils.
Thousands of pupils would offer themselves if they could find
means to eke out their slender resources. Many of the student-
teachers, who must depend on the small pittance furnished by the
public-school fund and the smaller pittance which the parents can
pay, can keep their schools open only two or three months, while a
ver}' small sum given by the Association would extend the time and
make the school of far more practical value. Our church work
could readily be extended. Three hundred dollars will erect a
building that will serve at once for a school-house and place of
worship, thus benefiting the people and giving employment for a
teacher and a theological student.
But I cannot specify further. Forty thousand dollars more than
we spent last year are needed to put our facilities and opportuni-
ties to their best use.
Finally, the Association asks its friends to rejoice with it in the
favorable opening of its new year just begun. Not only are the
political skies more clear, but we are greatly encouraged at the
heart}' approval which the more influential white people give to our
schools, by their increased attendance at the examinations and
anniversarj' exercises, by the commendation given committees of
visitation, and by the more earnest call for additional teachers for
colored schools.
In this connection we must mention with gratitude the Divine
spiritual blessings on the schools. In more than one instance has
it been found that ever}' member of the graduating class was a
Christian, or that every scholar in the school is either a convert or
inquirer. In our churches, too, there has been a steady growth in
Christian grace, knowledge, numbers, and influence.
We must mention another cause of gratitude. The debt of the
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1877.] AMERICAN HOME inSSIONART 80CIETT. 113
Association was incnrred to meet the liberal offers of the govern-
ment to erect school-bnildings if we would purchase the land.
This advance might have been met if our receipts had continued in
their full measure, which they did not. This debt has weighed on
us like an incubus. But now« by carefUl economy, we have made
the ordinary receipts of the year cover the expenditure, thus
enabling us to use the avails of the sale of some stocks and part of
a legacy in payment of debt. As announced last year, the debt
was $93,232.99. We have paid on it $30,416.09, leaving the
balance $62,816.90. By the help of God and his people, may we
not hope to wipe it all out this year?
STATEMENT OF THE AMERICAN HOME MISSIONARY
SOCIETY.
The three years since the last meeting of this body have been
years of remarkable, I might say unexampled, prospeiitj^ with the
American Home Missionary Society. The visible favor of God
has rested upon its work in a most striking manner, and the confi-
dence of His people has sustained it to a degree beyond anything in
its previous history.
This period has witnessed wide-spread, severe, and continuous
financial distress over all the land. We might reasonably have
expected that at such a time the operations of a society, possessed
of no permanent funds and absolutely dependent upon the ^^ daily
offering," would be disastrously crippled. But the receipts have
never been greater ; have, indeed, never been so large. In these
three years they have reached a total of $912,638, — a gain of
$60,260 on the preceding three years, or more than $20,000 a
year. This sum, it should also be said in grateful comparison,
exceeds by $347,745, or more than $115,000 a year, the receipts
of any three years during Presbyterian co-operation with us. In
all fairness, moreover, we should add to this total a class of
receipts greatly augmented, almost called into being, within a few
years, and which, though not cash, have a just claim to be con-
sidered and acknowledged, since they are a substantial part of the
resources by which the society is enabled to extend its work. I
refer to those " family supplies" which are elicited and distributed
under its care, and which express the interest and sacrifices of many
8
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114 AMERICAN HOME MIS8IONART SOCIETT. [1877.
circles of Christian women. This class of receipts, added to those
of the treasury, swelled the available resources of the society to
$1,115,000 for this period of three years just closed.
Fifteen years ago our Presbyterian brethren withdrew and left
the society to Congregational support. Distributing this time into
periods of three years each, it is gratifying to note the steady,
uniform, and continuous growth of cash receipts through the whole.
From 1863-65, incL, they were (dropping minor figures) • . . $667,000
1866-68,
1869-71,
1872-74,
1876-77,
651,000
774,000
852,000
912,000
In these fifteen yeaft the membership of our churches increased
34^ per cent. But the cash receipts of this society were more than
60 per cent, and its total receipts (including family supplies) more
than 96 per cent. Facts like these carry their own cheering promise.
If now we turn to other points, the prosperity of the last three
years is made equally manifest. The names of 996 missionaries
appear on the Report of 1877, 27 more than the year before, 44
more than in 1875, 262 more than were on that list fourteen years
ago, after our Presbyterian friends had completely withdrawn. A
healthy and remarkable growth! These 996 missionaries are
almost precisely 40 per cent of the ministers engaged in pastoral
work, reported in our last Congregational Minutes, — another signifi-
cant and impressive fact. They were in charge of 2,196 congrega-
tions and missionary districts, a gratif34ng increase of more than
500 such districts within ten years. Covering so wide an area with
their faithful and devoted labors, they were the pastors of over 1,200
churches, i, e., more than one third of all the Congregational
churches in our countrj-, not the struTigeat now, but destined, many
of them, to be the churches of the next and future generations. The
Sunday schools under their pastoral supervision enrolled last year
more than 86,000 members, — an increase of 22,000 in ten years, —
and constituting Mly one fifth, not quite one fourth, of the entire
Sunday-school membership connected with our denomination.
During this period of three years, 231 churches were organized,
against 220 in the preceding three ; and over 100 were strengthene<l
to self-support and added to the list of our stronger churches;
15,131 hopeful conversions were reported at the missionary sta-
tion, — a number greater by several thousand than 1 find reported
in any former corresponding period; 22,262 were added to the
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1877.] AMERICAN HOME MISSIONARY 80CIETT. 115
Tnissionary church. That is, 26^ per cent of all the additions to
our Congregational church in this country on profession of faith
during this period were in connection with those churches and mis-
sionaries aided by this society.
These have indeed been " troublous times." But the walls of
our beloved Zion have been going up all the while. Brethren, it is
not my purpose to weary you with details, but we desire you to see,
as we do, the grace and power of God in bearing forward this noble
work in dark hours, and our reason for saying that this period has
been one of unexampled prosperity with this society. The Exam-
ining Committee was advised at the New Haven Council of the
desire of the churches that we should undertake the missionary
Sabbath-school work also. Always loyal to the clearly ascertained
wishes of the churches, the society has already entered upon that
work. I need not detail the steps requisite to adjust matters,
which culminated at length, a year since, in the transfer of this
interesting department of service to the 80ciet3\ We have entered
upon it, and now whatever the energy or wisdom of the Executive
Committee can do to make it a success will be done. Already the
new department is represented b}' the monthly issue of a Leaflet
designed to gather a fresh constituency to its support. We be-
speak for this little agent and messenger your generous word and
help. This Council will no doubt remember that at New Haven
it advised with equal emphasis that *•' a separate annual collection "
be taken for this missionary Sabbath-school work when the new
arrangement should be brought about. Brethren, we have to make
known to you that the churches will not listen to your advice ! They
decline to take that separate annual collection for this work. What
shall we do about it? The Council was free to advise, and the
churches for which it professed to speak have shown themselves ap-
preciative of their liberty to decline. Meantime we are resorting to
the Sabbath schools and seeking a constituency and a support for
this new department among them. The receipts for it, as j^et quite
small, are slowly increasing. But we are ready to ask, may we
not look to the churches in this Council, which then largely secured
the change, so to advise at this time as to open the doors and secure
the funds necessary to make this department a reall}'^ complete
success ?
And now, brethren, we may be asked, how it is that the society
should ever find itself burdened and in arrears after or amidst a
period of enlarged prosperity. This question and its answer are
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116 AMERICAN HOME MISSIONARY SOCIETT. [1877.
worth a moment's attention. First of all, the older part of our
country, the chief giving area, is calling for more help to meet its
own increasing wants. New England itself is, and is likelj*^ to be
increasingly, home-missionary ground. Its Roman Catholic i)opu-
lation already numbers 800,000. Its ancient rural seats of strong
Christian life are many of them falling into decay. A foreign peo-
ple with other faith usurps much of the old. homestead. The Mid-
dle States are demanding more men and money. On that part of
our country from Maine to Ohio inclusive, the society was found to
expend $21,000 more in 1877 than in 1874, when this Council last
met ; and we are to expect this to go on increasingl3\
Then this great interior, comprising eleven States beginning here
at the Detroit River, and sweeping round so as to take in Dakota,
Colorado, and Kansas, called for '' more men and more money."
They were receiving at last report $20,000 a year more than when
this Council last met, this very State where we meet drawing $3,520
more.
It is not simply that new settlements are made and new openings
presented here, in the interior, but so great have been the ravages
of fire and flood, of drought and locust, devastating vast regions in
this time, but the people have been specially impoverished and the
resources of the society more severely taxed ; churches that had
come or were just coming to self-support have been in many
Instances thrown back heavily upon the treasurj^^; and those yet
weaker have been compelled to seek yet larger aid in order to
preach the gospel to themselves and the conununities around them.
Meantime the regions beyond this interior, the newer, vaster,
poorer, less organized, less evangelized Territories and States
stretching down to the Gulf, stretching across the mountain chains,
stretching far away along the Pacific shores, all of them filling up
with a population eager and utterly unwilling to pay for the gospel,
but most needing its restraints and its mercy, — these too have
been calling on the society' in words that could not be misunder-
stood nor wholly denied;
The country and the work grow faster than the means ; its
spiritual wants and desolations grow and are not overtaken : that is
the main answer to this question before us. Even Western men do
not yet comprehend our country or appreciate the rapidity of its
expansion, any more than the destined grandeur of it if it be filled
with Christ and his kingdom. The Executive Committee of this
society, standing at the centre of a multiplied correspondence from
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1877.] AMERICAN HOME MISSIONARY SOCIETY. 117
everj' quarter of the land, ftill of pathetic appeal, full, too, of
convincing argument as that correspondence is for immediate as-
sistance here or there, and on a large scale often, were either more
or less than human if they failed to feel, and to yield sometimes,
even when the prospect is not clear, and to make grants that may at
times tax the faith and patience of the saints before they can be
filled. For years, now, this society has been urgently seeking to
carry more of the stream of Eastern contributions across this
great interior, and expend its volume where it seems more needed.
But this congeries of mighty and wealthy States., despite every
effort, continue to drink their fill, leaving but a scanty rivulet for
Texas, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Idaho,
Montana, Washington, Oregon, — these mighty empires farther
west, already taking shape and moral character for generations to
come. Brothers, we have great heaviness and continual sorrow of
heart at New York over this thing. The few men we are able to
place in these more distant regions faint and fall, overburdened
and sad. They plead for more aid to enable them to fill at least
the more promising openings. They would rejoice could the}' thus
be permitted to occupy one in ten of those new centres of power
for Christ. But with no more gain than $20,000 a year, with
New England and the Middle States increasing home consumption
at the rate of $7,000, and this great interior increasing its demand
at the rate of another $7,000 or $8,000, it is clear as light that
we can have little left for adding to the force in those regions
beyond. The margin is not large enough. Brethren, this in-
crease of cash receipts must rise from $20,000 to $50,000 a year
instead of $20,000 as in these last three years under review, if we
are to prosecute our divine mission in the newer regions as their
spiritual needs demand.
Our society has reason to be grateful to the missionary committees
all over the land for the vigilance and fidelity with which most, if
not all of them have conscientiously sought economy and efficiency
in the service, in a careful scrutiny both of applications and of men.
With rare exceptions, the missionaries have been men of God, doing
good service ; their works praise them. They have endured trial
during the financial straits of the society, often with a sublime forti-
tude and the heroism of a loving faith. The churches of our order
that sent them forth can reward them only as they strengthen their
hands and cheer their hearts by giving them the means aAd power
to work more fruitfully for their chosen Lord.
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118 BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS. [1877.
Brethren of the Council, is it not possible that an influence may
be sent forth, here and now, so mighty of spiritual impulse, so
cheering, so stimulating to a yet juster apprehension of the worth
of our land and the dangers that encompass and fill it, so stimulat-
ing also to a more commensurate effort to rescue and save it for
Christ and the world, that we shall look back — that generations to
come shall look back — to this meeting with profound and grateflil
joy?
AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN
MISSIONS.
I INVITE your attention to a few statistics presenting the distribu-
tion of our missionary force, the annual growth of our mission
churches, the relative cost of our several missions, and the compar-
ative donations from the different States represented in this Na-
tional Council.
What was declared at our jubilee meeting in 1860 continues true
as our history moves forward, namely, '' God has committed to our
spiritual husbandry some of the largest and noblest fields in the
world."
NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS.
Beginning near home, it is to the honor of the churches to record
that the aborigines of our own land have not been neglected by the
American Board. We have proclaimed the gospel successfully to
eighteen tribes, among whom fifty churches have been formed, con-
taining a membership of about four thousand, the whole expendi-
ture during a period of sixty years amounting to $1,194,280. Our
main work among the Indians has been completed or transferred
to other benevolent agencies. We retain, however, one exceed-
ingl}' interesting field among the Dakotas. Here labor fourteen
missionaries, of whom four are ordained, assisted by twelve native
helpers, of whom six are pastors, representing nine native churches,
with a membership of five hundi-ed and sevent3'-six, of whom
twenty-eight were received by confession during the past year.
Four hundred and forty-eight pupils are under instruction, of whom
twenty-one are in the 3'oung men's training school, and twenty-
seven in the girls' boarding school. In the prosecution of this
work the American Board appropriated during the past year, $12,-
272.
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1877.] BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOB FOREIGN MISSIONS. 119
PAPAL LANDS.
The churches have committed to our care an important work in
papal lands. Eighteen missionaries, nine men and nine women,
assisted by twenty-seven native helpers, are thus engaged. God
has so blessed their labors that they report fifteen churches, with a
membership of six hundred and twenty-five, of whom more than
one quarter, one hundred and sixty, were received during the past
year. Please to note that two of these churches are in Spain, with
a membership of one hundred and fifty, of whom one hundred and
eleven were received during the past year. For the preaching of
the gospel in papal lands, we expended last year $25,759.
PACIFIC ISLANDS.
You are familiar with that remarkable story of Divine Provi-
dence which has given us a part in the great work which God has
wrought to His own glory in the islands of the Pacific. During the
past year we assisted in the service now mainly committed to* the
Christianized Hawaiians, to the amount of $12,912. We have
sent them an experienced and scholarly New England pastor to
take chaise of what is hereafter to be called " The North Pacific
Missionary Institute," from which we trust trained men will go forth
to serve both as preachers at home and as missionaries in the
islands two thousand miles beyond.
Among these Micronesian Islands we sustain fifteen missiona-
ries, of whom seven are females, representing eleven stations and
nine out-stations, assisted by twenty-nine native helpers, of whom
sixteen are pastors, caring for thirty-three churches, with a member-
ship of seventeen hundred, of whom five hundred and nineteen
confessed Christ as their Saviour during the past year. Two
thousand and seventy-five pupils are under instruction, seventy-
five of them as advanced scholars in three training schools. For
this work, including the expenses of " The Morning Star," we paid
from our treasury last year $20,349. Total expended for the evan-
gelization of the Pacific Isles, $33,261.
AFRICA.
Our African field, upon which we have spent during forty-three
years, $768,949, is now confined to the Zulu-land. This seems to
be our special trust, through which we are quietly working toward
the interior. The door recently thrown open into Central Africa
is evidently God's immediate call to the Christians of Great Britain,
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120 BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOB FOBBI0N MISSIONS. [1877.
a call to which we rejoice to know that they are listening with
eager interest. In the fulfilment of our own special work, we are
sustaining among the Zulus twenty-three missionaries, of whom
nine are men, assisted by fifty-four native helpers, caring for four-
teen churches, with a membership of five hundred and ninety-three,
of whom sixty-nine confessed Christ during the past year. Eight
hundred and seventy-five pupils are under instruction, including a
training school of fifty young men, and two boarding schools of
forty-five young women. Expenditures for the same duiing the
past year, $22,219.
TURKEY.
We come now to our broad field in the Turkish Empire, pre-
eminently a trust committed to the churches contributing through
the American Board, including four important missions, toward
which our eyes are now looking as, in more senses than one, ^^ the
seat of war."
E^uropfan Turkey reports nineteen missionaries, ten of them
females, fortj^-eight native helpers, three churches with one hun-
dred and twenty-five members ; thirty-four of them, more than one
quarter of the whole number, received on confession of their faith
during the past year of turmoil. One hundred and three pupils
have also been under instruction, of whom sixteen }■ oung men and
seventeen young women were in the higher education.
Western Turkey^ with six stations and eighty-three out-stations,
reports sixty-four missionaries, of whom forty are females, two hun-
dred and thirteen native helpers, of whom forty-three are preachers,
nineteen of them pastors, representing thirty-one churches, with
fourteen hundred and twenty-nine members, of whom one hundred
and ninety-nine were received last year. Four thousand three
hundred and fifty-three persons are under instruction, of whom
seventy-five are 3'Oung men in training schools and station classes,
and two hundred and fift3'-five young women in advanced studies.
Central Turkey^ reporting two stations and twenty-nine out-sta-
tions, employ snineteen missionaries, twelve of whom are females,
and seventy-six native helpers, twenty-eight of whom are preachers,
looking after the interests of twenty-seven churches, having a mem-
bership of two thousand two hundred and ten, of whom one hun-
dred and fifty were received during the past year. Two thousand
three hundred and forty-nine are pupils under instruction, eighty in
higher classes.
Eastern Turkey reports four stations, one hundred and sixteen
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS. 121
out-stations, thirtj^-six missionaries, of whom twelve are men, two
hundred and twelve native helpers, of whom twenty-two are pas-
tors, thirty-three churches, with a membership of eighteen hundred
and one, of whom one hundred and seventy-four were received last
year, and four thousand six hundred and thirtj'-nine under instruc-
tion, of whom ninety are young men in training school and station
classes, and eighty-nine young women in boarding schools.
Gathering up the statistics of our entire field in Turkey, we
report sixteen stations, two hundred and thiity-six out-stations, one
hundred and thirty-eight missionaries, of whom fifty-four are men,
five hundred and fortj'-nine native helpers, of whom fift,y-six are
pastors and eighty are preachers or catechists, ninety-four church-
es, with a membership of five thousand five hundred and sixt}*^-
five, of whom one tenth, five hundred and fift3'-seven, were received
last year, two hundred and one young men, and four hundred and
thirty-one young women, under special training, making the whole
number of pupils under instruction, 11,444. Upon this impor-
tant field the Board expended last year, $158,974, more than one
third of its entire income.
INDIA.
Three missions are committed to our trust in India.
Among the Mahrattas of the West, twenty-nine missionaries,
thirteen of them men, have been pursuing their work, assisted by
one hundred and ten native helpers, representing twenty-three
churches, with nine hundred and eighty-three members, of whom
one hundred and fifty-six were received last year, one sixth of the
whole membership. Eight hundred and eighty-seven pupils are
under instruction, of whom one hundred are in girls' boarding
schools.
In the district of Madura, with eleven stations and one hundred
and sixty-six out-stations, we are represented by twenty-eight mis-
sionaries, seventeen of them females, by two hundred and seventy-
two native helpers, of whom one hundred and sixteen are pastors,
preachers, and catechists, by thirty-two churches, with a member-
ship of nineteen hundred and sixty-nine, of whom one hundred and
thirty-two were received last year, and by three thousand and
sixty-six persons under instruction.
In Ceylon twelve churches, with seven hundred and sixty mem-
bers, received last year, sixty-six. Seven thousand seven hundred
and fifty-eight persons are under instruction, our corps of laborers
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122 BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS. [1877.
being fourteen missionaries, nine of whom are females, and twenty-
two native helpers.
As our part of the evangelization of the millions of India, we
report twenty-four stations, two hundred and thirty-four out-sta-
tions, seventy-one missionaries, of whom twenty-nine are men, four
hundred and fort3'^-four native helpers, of whom one hundred and
fifty-seven are pastors, preachers, or catecbists, sixty-seven churches,
with a membership of three thousand seven hundred and twelve, of
whom three hundred and fifty-four were received last year, sixty-
eight young men, and two hundred and forty-two young women,
under special educational training, while the whole number under
instruction is eleven thousand seven hundred and eleven. Upon
this great work the American Board expended last year, $92,958.
CHINA.
Our two missions in China report nine stations, seventeen out-
stations, forty-seven missionaries, twenty-four of whom are fe-
males, fifty-two native helpers, sixteen churches, receiving last year
seventy-six members, making a total membership of four hundred
and twenty-four, and one hundred and sixty persons under instruc-
tion. We expended upon China last year, $39,972.
JAPAN.
Our new and promising field in Japan is occupied by thirt3'-six
missionaries, twenty-two of whom are females. Of the two hun-
dred and forty members now gathered into eight churches, one
hundred and nineteen were received last year. Sixty-five young
men and twenty-eight young women are under special educational
training. We expended upon Japan last year, $41,145.
SUMMARY.
Looking at the field as a whole, its summary of statistics is elo-
quent. Seventeen missions, eighty-one stations, five hundred and
thirty-one out-stations, three hundred and ninety-one missionaries,
of whom two hundred and twenty-seven are females, eleven hun-
dred and seventy-two native helpers, of whom one hundi*ed and
twenty-five are pastors, and two hundred and fitty-five preachers
or catechists, two hundred and fifty-six churches, receiving last
year eighteen hundred and eighty-two, making a total member-
siiip of thirteen thousand four hundred and thirty-five, five hundred
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] BOABD OF OOMHI88IONEBS FOB FOREIGN MISSIONS. 123
and fifty-one young men in training schools and station classes,
eight hundred and twenty-seven young women in boarding schools,
over twenty-four thousand in common schools, making a total
under instruction of twenty-six thousand nine hundred and sixty-
two.
GROWTH.
The growth is apparent in every department of work by a five
years' comparison. Note the steady advance, as shown in the
following tabular statement : —
Year.
NattTe Helpers.
Cbnrohee.
MemberBhlp.
Amraal Incrense.
Pnpfla.
1873
930
197
9,435
794
18,644
1874
1,018
224
10,665
1,079
22,031
1875
1,067
223
11,546
1,604
22,523
1876
1,101
237
12,512
1,569
24,324
1877
1,172
256
13,485
1,882
26,962
The increase in church membership is four thousand, more than
thirty per cent of the present entire membership. During the same
period the increase in the membership of the thirty-five hundred
Congregational churches of the United States, represented in this
Council, has been nine per cent.
COMPARATIVE DONATIONS.
These same three thousand five hundred churches, having a
membership of about three hundred and fifty thousand, contribute
to the American Board, upon an average, exclusive of legacies,
about $350,000 annually, at the rate of one dollar a member.
This is an advance upon what was reported some years ago. It
may be interesting and suggestive to compare the donations with
the membership in some of the different States, as presented in the
following tabular statement : —
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
124 BOARD OF COMMrSSIONBBS FOB FOREIGN MISSIONS. [1877.
SrATX.
Ohnrcb
members.
Five vn. aver.
1872-6.
Per ceDt to «
member.
1876-7.
Gain or
loee.
Maine
New Hampshire.
Vermont
Massachusetts . •
Rhode Island...
Connecticut ..••
19,685
19,680
19,674
84,954
4,621
50,975
$10,696
11,238
16,659
146,033
10,624
54,854
.55
.67
.80
1.72
2.30
1.07
$10,689
11,288
19,933
146,619
12,254
61,701
—107
-1-60
.h3,274
—414
+1,630
+6,847
No. N. England.
So. **
N. England
58,939
140,550
199,489
38,584
211,611
250,096
.60
1.50
1.26
41,810
219,574
261,384
+3,226
+8,063
+11,289
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania . . .
Maryland
D. of Columbia..
80,864
8,150
5,439
146
569
80,517
2,607
3,614
333
1,069
1.00
.80
.66
2.28
1.90
23,261
1,709
8,328
342
1,035
—7,266
—898
—286
+9
—14
Middle
40,168
88,140
.90
29,675
-^,466
Ohio
21,010
1,495
21,606
14,079
13,178
5,292
13,863
4,732
2,424
3,720
299
344
666
9,651
679
14,603
5,055
5,229
2,266
4,266
359
168
1,167
235
115
112
.46
.40
.67
.32
.40
.48
.31
.08
.07
.31
.80
.33
.17
8,867
656
13,800
6,475
6,085
1,968
4,857
869
283
1,687
163
166
77
684
Indiana
lUinois
Michigan
Wisconsin
Minnesota
Iowa
Kansas ••....••.
+77
—803
+1,420
—144
—303
+ 691
+10
Nebraska
Missouri
Dakota
Colorado
Oregon
+116
+530
—82
+61
—86
Int. and West...
102,922
43,826
.42
44,628
+802
California
8,878
8,042
.80
4,924
+1,882
From the Southern States, including contributions ftom Virginia,
West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Georgia,
Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Kentucky,
Tennessee, and New Mexico, we received last year $227, precisely
the average for the preceding five years.
In order to meet the average annual expenditures for the support
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1877.] BOARD OF COMHI88IONERS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. 125
of our missionary work in the foreign field, we need an advance in
the regular contributions from the churches of about 20 per cent.
Let the New England churches aim for an average of $2 a
member, and the Westeiii churches for an average of $1 a
member, and we shall move forward along the path which God is
opening before us with good courage. It is poor economy, as re-
lated to all our benevolent causes, not to be raising continually the
standard of our gifts to foreign missions. It Continues true from
year to year that ''God has blessed our work to such a degree that
for us to remain stationarj" has become impossible without a mani-
fest and perilous disregard of duty."
I cannot close without declaring to the representatives of the
churches assembled in this National Council our warm appreciation,
at the missionary rooms, of the confidence which has been fre-
quently expressed in the wise and economic administration of the
great trust committed to us by you for the spread of the gospel in
heathen lands. That trust, I can assure you, will never be betraj^ed.
We mean to be worth}' of your confidence, and to give ourselves to
the work in fellowship with those who go as our messengers abroad,
in a genuine missionary consecration. May God enable us all to
be faithful !
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126 THE BIBLE IN PUBUO SCHOOLS. [1877.
PAPEES.
THE BIBLE IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
BY REV. THEODORE D. WOOLBET, D. D., LL. D., NEW HAVEN, CONN.
The relations of the state towards education, including the control
of the public schools, may be briefly summed up under the following
heads : —
1 . The state's right of teaching is a clear one, founded on the
immense importance of the education of the young to the general
welfare. This is disputed by Mr. J. S. Mill, who, however, main-
tains that the state may compel parents or guardians to educate
those of whom they have the control. But this is objectionable,
both in what it affirms and what it denies, if the two parts are to be
taken together. There is a large class of parents in every state
who are incompetent to educate their children themselves and are
too poor to pay tuition fees to others. If compulsion is or can be
defended, it must be on the ground of the rights of the child, the
immense benefit of education to the child, and the vast advantage
of educated children to a community. The state th^ij ought to
provide an education at least for those who are too poor to pa}- the
expenses of private tuition.
2. The state's right to educate does not exciud^ t^6 rights of
private persons to set up schools of their own, and to direct the
education of their children. Some rights of states are exclusive^ as
that of administering justice in civil and criminal cases, and of in-
flicting penalties, the right of taxing, and of raising armies ; but this
right of educating is concurrent with a liberty of teaching, which
private persons, under a certain supervision, no doubt ought to be
permitted to exercise.
3. The state may compel parents to send their children to school.
We defend this interference on the simple ground tliat the state, as
guardian of rights, protects the child from the parents' negligence,
and for public reasons may demand that the people should be intel-
ligent and moral. If the parent sends his child to a private school,
well and good. If he cannot, the public schools are for all that
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1877.] THE BIBLE IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 127
want to make use of them. A small sum may be charged for what
the children consimie, or the education may be entirely gratuitous.
4. Whatever system is adopted by the state, whether the system
is under public supervisors or local committees, or both, there is a
necessity and a duty of teaching moral duties to the children in some
shape or other. This does not proceed from the state's being the
gi-eat moral teacher in a political body, but from the vast interest the
state has in a moral education. There are hundreds of children in
the most well-trained communities who receive no moral instruction
at home, who learn to lie, swear, get drunk, to become lewd and
dishonest, from the parents themselves. It is of no benefit to the
state that they could become intelligent without becoming moral, for
such a person is so much the greater pest to societ}- in mature years.
On all accounts, for the child's sake and the community's sake, in-
struction in reading, writing, arithmetic, and geography ought never
to be divorced from moral instruction.
5. Can instruction in morals be separated in the concrete forms
of earlier discipline from religion? We can, in a system of morals,
considered in the abstract, separate religion from it, but in the
practical part, even of a book on ethics, there is an unavoidable
necessity of bringing the two into connection. If there is a God,
and it can be made out that He abhors injustice, His opinions, apart
from His penalties, are an efficient motive against injustice, against
falsehood, fraud, and every form of evil. If He is believed to exist,
the relation of the believer must be (according to the law of our
feelings) one of reverence, and laws against blasphemy on our stat-
ute book show that this kind of legislation, on account of the good
of societ}' and of all its members, is almost unavoidable.
6. How shall the books used in schools be selected, and how far
shall the master or mistress go in that which slmll be called real in-
struction, without book? (a) The secretary of a board may select
the books, or the local board may have some originating or concur-
ring power. 1 see no necessity of absolute uniformity, but there is
use, yes, and a necessity, of having among the reading-books such
as will teach the children in some apprehensible way their duties,
including those toward God. I would make this an imperative rule
in all selections. (6) The teacher ought to be able orally to say such
things to the scholars as would help the instructions in morality.
As a friend placed over others, he ought to reprove, rebuke, exhort,
in all moral earnestness and meekness. Especially ought he in pri-
vate, as well as by communications addressed to all the school, to
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128 THE BIBLE IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS. [1877.
prevent the rise of evil by contagion of example. If school is a
place where lewdness, sweating, abuse of the smaller children, ill
manners, can be propagated, the master ought to have the power of
stopping the propagation, not merely by flogging, but in more per-
suasive ways.
7. If other books of morals including the existence of God can
be and ought to be introduced, why not the Bible ? The grand
peculiarity of the religion of the Scriptures is that it is intensely
moral, because religion and morality are united together. Morality
is thus made religious and religion moral. The mythology, art, and
literature of heathen nations divorce morals from religion. The
often-quoted passage iVom the Roman dramatic poet, of the young
man who excused his licentious amours by the picture of Jupiter
and Danai, shows the genius of heathenism. Now, on account of
this taint of the literature derived from mythology, moral writers
like Plato would exclude the poets from influence over the young.
8. There can be no objection to the Bible as a reading-book in
schools as it respects its style of English, its morals, and its religion,
except from two extreme sources. On the one hand stand Jews,
who reject the New Testament, with the infldels who reject the Old
and the New ; on the other, the Roman Catholics. As to the objec-
tion of the flrst two classes, they would not be offered in one out of
fifty school districts, so that the objection is of very little practical
importance. There the rule applies, " De minimis non curat lex,"
If there is any plea against the overthrow of the family faith, or
want of faith, the remedy might be to allow the children of aggrieved
parents to remain away while the Bible is read.
9. But the objections from the Catholics are more serious. If I
understand them, they are coming to amount to this : Not onl}*^ must
no religious books ^including translations from the Scriptures, be
introduced into state schools, but nothing must be said or done by
the teacher in depreciation of Catholicism, no books of history
presenting the Protestant view of the Reformation must be taught or
read in the reading lessons, and logically no prayers or singing of
hymns must be allowed which spring from spontaneous feelings in
which Protestantism mingles. There must be an embargo, as far
as possible, on all Protestant views, on everything that would per-
vert the Catholic youth's mind, or neutralize the existing influences
which aim at keeping the children in the faith of their fathers. This
being so, I cannot see any possibility of a reconciliation between the
views of education which the Catholics take and those which the
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] THE BIBLE IN PUBMO SCHOOLS. 129
Protestants take, or at least the views of the large majority of thera.
But the Catholics cannot stop at the point of demanding mere neu-
trality and absence of all religious influence in schools. If a Catholic
child is to have no influence on him from the master or the school
books, leading him into false doctrine or erroneous liberality, there
remains the power of one child over another. The Protestant child
must not be expected to keep silence on this matter of difference of
doctrine any more than on differences of political opinion. Children
are ardent politicians, fierce for Democracy or Republicanism. I
heard the other day of a boy, j'et in the care of a nurse, crying be-
cause she was a Democrat, What that meant probably neither he
knew nor she knew, but it was something very bad, as he learned
from the conversation of his parents or from some other nursling.
The cries would give place to denunciation or ridicule in a few years,
and the same lapse of time would bring dislike or condemnation of
the Catholics. We should hear perhaps of Bloody Mary and the
massacre of St. Bartholomew ; the inconsistency of the Pope's re-
ligion with free government, the spirit of intolerance toward all
other religions called Christian, would be urged, in children's lan-
guage doubtless, and without any knowledge of the subject, but
with the violence of partisan feeling. The irritation from all this
would be increased by the superior standing of the Protestant fam-
ilies and b}^ the danger of the influence of ministers and of a strong
majority.
I think, taking all these things into view, that the Catholics will
steadily aim to overthrow the mixed schools and to secure the
establishment by the state of schools where their children may be
kept apart from Protestant children. In this, when we look at
things from their position, they are not to be blamed. They start
from the premise that religion is the prime interest of man, and
that no education is of any value which is not fundamentally and
primarily religious. It is needless, here, to say their notion of
religion is partly false and partly deficient ; but it would be false to
say that they do not mean to create, together with attachment to the
church, the spirit of sound morality. If they feel that the connec-
tion between the church and the Catholic child is endangered, they
must, on their principles, seek to remove the danger, and this can
onl}' be done by separate schools. Catholic priests have sometimes
made a compromise between this extreme and that of having the
Bible read in the schools according to King James' version. The
Douay version might be used, or the priest might once a week take
9
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
130 THE BIBLE IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS. [1877.
up an hour or two, perhaps out of school time, in catechising the
Catholic part of the scholars. I should have no more objection to
this than to concessions such as the Apostle Paul would make to
weak consciences yet under bondage to partial falsehoods and vain
scruples. But I am satisfied that the school question has got beyond
these limits. It will really amount, hereafter, to a plea to give up
all mixed schools. The Catholics will join, until that time shall come,
with all infidels and many political interests, in keeping religion out
of schools in whatever form it presents itself and asks for admittance.
But there must be a further point in the progress of this question.
They want education for their children, and they will claim aid from
the state, and this the more because they belong in great measure
to nationalities where the voluntary principle has been discouraged
by institutions civil and religious.
10. We now ask whether this coming demand will be, and whether
it ought to be, granted. That it wiU not be granted I consider certain,
so long as there exists a very strong feeling against any connection
between the state and the churches, and so long as the great gulf is
fixed between a religion so exclusive as the Catholic, and the Prot-
estant sects, which, though they may not entirely harmonize, yet
regard one another as Christian communities, and denounce with
one voice the whole Catholic S3'stem of pope, sacrament, and priestly
power of putting the church on a level with the Bible, with all their
consequences. To allow grants of money from state funds to Cath-
olic schools is so distasteful that all low demagogues, who would
make any sort of pledges and conditions, would be afraid now to
pledge themselves to this. But the question must be asked whether,
if the Catholics make such a demand for public support to separate
schools, under such public supervision as may be judged best, this
demand ought to be granted. If granted, it must be granted also,
as far as I can see, to any denomination of Protestants that wishes
such subvention. Indeed, it may be said that, apart from the ques-
tion of religion, there is involved in our subject another of no small
importance, — that' of companionship. My boy, I may feel, ought
not to be exposed to the hearing of filthy or profane language in the
public school, and I put him into another, where these immoralities,
as far as I can discern, are not practised. May I not urge a claim,
on this ground of conscience, to have at least so much of the school
expenses in the school of my choice remitted as would equal the
dues or the expenses in the public place of instruction ?
1 1 . The reason for such a system and those against it may now
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] THE BIBLE IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 131
he considered. And for one I must declare myself unable, on any
ground or theory, to accept the total separation of church and state.
If a state may foster education, or the fine aits or the industrial,
or even may furnish help to the poor, it may, for aught I see, give aid
to religion, provided only that perfect freedom of opinion and wor-
ship is not invaded. Religion is of as much use to the state as ed-
ucation or the fine arts, and more : if it pervades society, education
will flourish of itself, the number of poor and of criminals will be
greatly reduced. It is, in fact, the principal auxiliary in all conmion
interests. I see no objection even to an established church, if a
eommunit}' is of one way of thinking. The difficulties in regard to
separation of church and state are wholly practical, but are too strong
to be overcome, for they arise from that multiplicity of sects which
is the product of human freedom and human weakness, taking hold
of the great realities of human Christianity and mixing with them
human speculations on points either beyond the domain of practical
religion or touching the nature of the church ; and hence, while re-
ligion is a prime interest of the state, and some way be allied with
it on some plan or other, without injustice, in practice it must be
separated, because men of equal rights cannot agree what is the
truth.
We come, then, to purely practical considerations. And first,
what would be the result if the system were pursued of aiding the
adherents of every church according to their numbers, provided this
could be satisfactor}' to all ? The great objection to this lies in the
separation of the sects and their children so that they will not meet
or have communication until after boyhood is past. This would
iutensif}' existing differences or alienations ; it would almost make
castes in society ; the sectarian schools would aggravate all the evils
from sectarianism. Besides this there would be a large. residuum of
children from irreligious families gathered in schools of their own
within which the same irreligious influence would be felt among the
boys without any chance of counteraction. Such results as the
odium pervading societj- and the tabooing, as it were, of the irre-
ligious families, are not to be endured, and the system would have to
fall on the contemplation of them, without being put to the test of ex-
periment. Or we may make another supposition, — that the Prot-
estants join in the public schools, and the Catholics withdraw from
them, preferring to have their children in ignorance rather than ex-
pose them to the contamination of teaching conducted as it is now.
This would certainly be much to be regretted, but we can scarcely
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132 THE BIBLE IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS. [1877.
doubt that in all large places the Catholics would set up schools of
their own, and in the end get what they wish at a somewhat higher
cost to the members of the denomination. There is no danger, as I
apprehend, that the Catholics, if they wished, could, unaided, succeed
in breaking up the school system, or by uniting with some political
party or other could carry their own ends. For such a proceeding
would unite all Protestants together, and the party would assuredly
work out its own destruction.
12. We come back now, from these possibilities, to the present
state of things, and ask whether the public schools can be maintained,
as they are, if the reading of the Bible should be opposed by a
considerable minority, whether the reading of it as a school book
would, on account of the good it would be likel}' to do, be worth
retaining, and whether any relief ought to be extended to tender
consciences, (a) I question very much whether the formal reading
by rote of the Bible in schools, as a school book, does so much good
as to be justly regarded as essential. The children are not generally
in a state of mind to receive instruction from it. Its meaning cannot
be explained where the style is archaic, or the sense obscure beyond
the comprehension of children. Still something valuable may be
gained by the children through familiarity with the Gospels, and
some influences, even from a perfunctory formal treatment of this
school exercise, ma}' pass over into the child's future life. (&) If
any of the inhabitants of a school district should object to this for
conscience' sake, I would grant every indulgence consistent with
school order, for instance, would allow a lesson from some other
book to be substituted in its place, (c) To cling tenaciously to the
reading of the Bible, against a considerable minority in the school
district, or the state, could be insisted on, I should think, onl}' on
the ground that this exercise is of vast importance for the moral
and spiritual welfare of the children, which I am not prepared to
admit. Thus, as a practical question, I would have this decided
according to the sentiment of people. But if this be so, there can
be little or no objection to a system of training by books on practical
morality, adapted to the capacity of boys and girls. The great evil
in this country now is not that the Bible is not held in honor, but
that children are left to grow up with little moral instruction at home,
and many of them fail to have the want supplied somewhere else.
It certainly cannot be a difficult matter for the sects of Christians
to agree upon a system of teaching, the main object of which will be
to laj' the seed of moral principle in the minds and consciences of
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1877.] THE BIBLE IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 133
the young before life and its straggles shall tempt them to feel that
success and skilful use of means to the procurement of an end are
the great objects to be gained. The chief danger, as it seems to me
now, is, that smartness, adroitness, all the practical qualities which
run along just on the edge of knavery, are so much admired by the
average voters who have had only a school training. The State of
Massachusetts, in one of its constitutions, declares it to be the duty
of all instructors of youth to impress on their minds "the principles
of piety and justice, and a sacred regard for truth ; love of their
country, humanitj^, and universal benevolence ; chastit}"^, moderation,
and temperance ; and those virtues which are the ornaments of hu-
man society, and the basis upon which a republican constitution is
founded." These words are admirable, but I fear that such instruc-
tion is doled out in scanty measures, even in the most intelligent
and cultivated State of the Union, since in one of its most intelligent
districts neither bad reputation nor a general character for falsehood
can injure a smart man when he seeks office.
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134 RECENT EVANGELISTIC MOVEMENTS. [1877.
A PAPER ON THE RECENT EVANGELISTIC MOVE-
MENTS.
BY REV. SAMUEL K. HERRICK, OF BOSTON, MASS.
A SIGNIFICANT and, as it now appears to have been, a prophetic
feature of the last National Council, held at New Haven, was the
presentation of a paper "On the Signs of a General and Speedy
Eflfusion of the Holy Spirit." The author of that paper, the honored
pastor of one of the churches in this city, after surveying the tokens
of promise, reported a cloud upon the horizon like a man's hand.
It was no vain imagination, but a veritable omen. Our Elijahs had
barely time to gird their loins and get them down from the Carmel
where they were sitting, before the cloud had increased in volume
and density, and there was sound of abundance of rain. The cloud
floated in upon us from the sea, and during all these three years
along our Northern seaboard, and at varying distances inland, the
blessing has descended with increasing abundance and undiminished
promise. And now the Committee of Arrangements have laid it
upon me to characterize the work thus far, and indicate the lessons
for the churches with which it has been charged. Of course, in a
work the instrumentality of which is human, albeit the motive power
is divine, the lessons will be twofold, suggestive of errors to be
avoided, as well as excellences to be remembered and emulated in
the fbture.
In responding to this request, I shall limit myself in the main to
the work as it culminated in Boston during the current year, not
only because it fell more immediately under my personal observation,
but because the work throughout the land has been really one. There
have not been sporadic revivals, so much as one great revival. And
to have studied its phenomena, either in New York or in Philadelphia,
either in Chicago or in Boston, would probably have familiarized the
observer with its principal characteristics in any or all these cities.
It. had been thought, indeed, that owing to the peculiar character
which Boston has been supposed to arrogate, as a centre of excep-
tional intelligence, with something more than ordinary claims to
culture, and owing also to the dominance of rationalism in her circles
of religious thought, that the work there would present some peculiar
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1877.] RECENT EVANGELI8TI0 MOVEMENTS. 135
and exceptional features. The coming of Moody, it was expected
by many, would be a repetition of the story of Paul's advent to
Athens ; and the proclamation of Jesus and the resurrection would
be met with the same modicum of success, a similar measure of
critical and curious inquiry, and a like degree of nonchalant disre-
gard or studied contempt. Never, perhaps, was more expectant
interest concentrated over any anticipated human movement. Myr-
iads of eyes were directed from all quarters of the land towards
the great building that stood ready for the advent of the prophet
and the psalmist, and every eye-glance was a sharp and curious
interrogation-point. But I suspect that, after all, Boston nature is
human nature, and there has been no very conspicuous difference
between the revival there and elsewhere. There has been the same
kind of opposition, and in a proportionate degree, — not very differ-
ent from what it was in the Great Awakening of the last century,
when Wigglesworth and Chauncey set themselves against the Moody
of that day, and Foxcroft and Sewall sustained him, and Douglas
declared that every exhortation of Whitefleld was £1,000 damage
to Boston by reason of taking laborers and tradesmen from their
work. No Douglas of to-day, however, has had the temerity to say
how much the city has lost of the world in saving its soul, as the
multitudes could easily leave their business whose business had first
left them.
Your committee, fathers and brethren, in their letter, request me
to give " a critical notice of the prominent characteristics of the revi-
valy and to mention the things worthy to be copied and avoided.'*
It is a most palpable fact at the outset that the work at many
points has strikingly differed from the great revivals of former days.
It has transgressed the cherished notions of the inveterate prayer-
meeting antiquary', who is never wear}*^ of tellinsc how things came
to pass in a former age. It came with observation. Its premoni-
tions were not the soughings of the wind that bloweth where it
listeth, but the ring of the trowel and the stroke of the hammer.
It was understood beforehand where the fire was first expected to
descend. It did not square with the conceptions of those Moham-
medan Christians who expect that revivals will come with a kind of
sovereign indifference to human preparation and material outlay ;
for preparations were made for it upon an unprecedented scale.
The children of light became wise for once with the wisdom of this
world. That shrewd foresight which in the domain of trade counts
it wisdom to lose something that it may win more, by investing in
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136 RECENT EVANGELISTIC MOVEMENTS. [1877.
printers' ink, by the liberal use of the spectacular and dramatic, by
immediate and striking appeals to the eye and the ear, is by no means
to be despised in carrying forward the work of the kingdom. When
a body of men of exceptional intelligence and shrewdness — the
Christian merchants of Chicago or Boston — have given their money
by thousands to raise a vast structure for exclusively religious uses ;
when in the heart of a great city the attention of multitudes has
been drawn for months to its rising walls ; when a grand chorus has
been organized and trained to fill it with music ; when a hundred
churches have banded together to pour through one channel their
social and spiritual energies, as a flume gathers up the waters of a
hundred rills to pour them upon the wheel ; when the prayers of
God's children have been going up throughout a whole Common-
wealth without cessation and without discord for a blessing upon the
enterprise ; when the ministers of half a dozen denominations forget
their differences and make even the claims of their own personal
work for the time subordinate, — it is absolutely certain that here, for
a time at least, the curiosity of the multitude will be focussed. And
when, in addition to all this, we have a Peter ready with his fer\'id,
fiery gospel, the whole city will come together and wonder whereunto
this will grow ; and as the tidings go forth on the wings of the
press, the country will pour in its thousands also. And now the
hosts expectant, the scene spectacular, the sei-vice dramatic, the
music seductive, the hymns emotional, the addresses awakening the
feelings without compelling the toil of thought, — all this within ;
and without, Tabernacle bulletins. Tabernacle bookstores. Taberna-
cle lunch-rooms, Tabernacle horse-cars, — the very '* bells of the
horses " for the time being subsidized to the work of the Lord, —
and we have every possible human condition for a Pentecost. At
least we have such a preconcerted, elaborate, and systematized ar-
rangement of machinery as never before ushered in a revival.
It has been questioned in some quarters — by no means invidi-
ously — whether the returns in blessing to the churches and to the
community have been commensurate with the outlay ; whether the
same expenditure of money and time and energy would not have
accomplished as much or more if turned through the channels of
ordinary church activity. And it is really a practical question
whether the other cities and towns of our country will do well to
repeat the experiment which has been tried in Philadelphia and
New York and Chicago and Boston.
It is quite too soon to think of measuring the returns of this last
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1877.] BEOENT EYANGELISTIO MOVEMEITrS. 137
winter's movement. We cannot see as yet how much, if at all, the
average righteousness of the community has advanced. How much
of the material which has been gathered and builded into the edi-
fice of the church is gold, silver, precious stones, and how much is
only wood, hay, stubble, it is impossible to tell. The Mortons and
Gilmans of to-day were among the converts of a score of years ago.
How much of all this glory of bud and blossom will fall to the
ground under the firat breath of the blast, and how much of it will
bring forth fruit unto perfection, must remain for the present an
unanswered question. It will not be very strange if among these
new-born souls there will be found some fiery prophets, who in years
to come will wear the mantle and inherit the spirit and power of
the great evangelist, even as he is now repeating the labors and the
successes of the beloved Kirk. It will be strange, if, after all pos-
sible discount, there does not remain of the five thousand or more
said to have been gathered into the churches of Boston and its
neighborhood, a very large residuum of substantial and fruitful
piety.
Apart from all increase by accretion to the strength of the
churches, there has been one grand result which we shall be too
likely to overlook. There has been the gain which comes out of
sacrifice, the strength which is born of generous self-expenditure.
Before a sermon had been preached or a hj^mn sung, long enough
before a convict came to seek admission to the church, or an in-
quirer to learn the way of life, a revival had begun in the hearts
of the men who had pledged the money ; in the hearts of the pas-
tors who had committed themselves to the work ; in the hearts of
the Christian youth who had surrendered their usual engagements
for the season to sustain the service of song ; in the hearts of a
great number who had given themselves to the work of the inquiry-
room and personal visitation. There was an education in the sac-
rifices made and in the work performed, which carried very many
Christian men and women far along in the best attainments of
Christian life. A man cannot give generously of his substance and
of his time, out of a desire to promote the interests of the kingdom
of God, without the recompense of being enlarged. He throws
over his sand-bags and rises heavenward. A young disciple can-
not go into an inquiry-room night after night, and sit down to clear
up the difi&cttlties that beset an earnest but ignorant soul, without
having his own right beliefs clarified and confirmed, and without
being denuded and relieved of his false ones. He who undertakes
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138 RECENT EYANGEUSTIO MOVEMENTS. [1877.
to lead another over the way of life, must needs know the way,
nay, must retrace it himself; and like the teacher who reviews the
lesson with his pupils, must become fortified in his faith, confirmed
in his knowledge, and divested of his nebulosity and misconcep-
tion. To help, is to be helped ; to give, more blessed than to re-
ceive. In all this certainly there has been substantial gain.
It is also to be considered with regard to this unparalleled pro-
vision and outlay of material forces, that it is easy to underrate the
geographical extent as well as the dynamic value of their influence.
To have stood by the great Corliss engine at Philadelphia, and to
have gauged with the eye its length and breadth and depth and
height, to have taken in the circumference of its wheel and the
sweep of its beam, and to have gone thence to its furnaces and
witnessed its hourly consumption of coal, and to have gone no fur-
tJier^ would surely have given an observer the impression of a stu-
pendous monstrosity in mechanics, for whose construction there
was no good reason and could be no adequate compensation. But
let him go thence and wander about for a week, or a month if you
please, through the acres of machinery moved by its transmitted
energy ; let him see marshalled around it the myriad industries of
the world, the products of forest and sea and field and mine, eon-
verted by it into the finished fabrics of art, and he will no longer
think of any disproportion between the income and the expendi-
ture. So our hippodromes and tabernacles have been not areas,
but centres, of influence. The throbbings of the power generated
there have been felt at magnificent distances. The sermon and the
song have floated away to stir hearts in lonely places, where no
novelties of fashion, no changes in the monotonies of toil, ever
come. We have heard them on the quiet farm, in the secluded
cabin, and borne over the waves from the fishing-boat of some
newly-called disciple. And where have the echoes died away, and
where and when will they ?
As to the question whether the expenditure might not have been
quite as profitable if made in some other direction, it is enough to
say that it never would have been elicited for any different object.
And it is one grand vindication of the evangelist's mission, as it
seems to me, a seal divinely set upon his ministry, that he has thus
for years held the confidence of the Christian world, and still holds
it to such an extent that he can summon its numbers, its wealth,
its energy, its efforts, up to a work for God, as the highland chief
called around him his tartaned hosts by a single trumpet's blast.
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1877,] RECENT EVANGBLI8TI0 MOVEMENTS. 189
While, therefore, the period of revival has been attended by the
use of measures altogether exceptional in their magnitude, it has
exerted an influence both direct and reflex which none can safely
say is small, compared with the expenditures. Is it wise, then, for
all our cities to adopt this plan, and endeavor to secure revivals in
the same manner? Yes and no. On the one hand, a large,
generous, and loving sacriflce on the part of GTod's people will se-
cure a blessing. He has promised it. "Bring ye all the tithes
into the storehouse, and prove me now herewith." On the other
hand, let us beware of thinking that the gift of God may be pur-
chased with money ; that if we only build a structure big enough,
and have our forces thoroughly oi^anized and our work well adver-
tised before we start ; if we can secure a monstrous chorus and
then get an earnest preacher and a good singer, we shall insure the
gift of the Holy Ghost. You may build a big ship, and launch it
on the tide; she may be splendidly equipped and thoroughly
manned, — you may have the best of masters and the most perfect
discipline, — you may advertise your day of sailing and summon
your passengers aboard, — but you cannot so tempt or coax or hire
the heavenly breath that shall fill her sails and make her voyage a
certainty and a success. One of our great dangers just now is that
we shall be tempted to make a god of our machinery, and to im-
agine that if we can but turn our churches into tabernacles, get
new hymn-books, multiply the volume of our music by fifty, some-
what change the style of our sermons, and appoint an inquiry-
meeting, we shall have a revival. But " not by might nor b}"^
power, but by my Spirit, saith the Lord of hosts."
Another peculiar feature of the work has been the prominence
given to the reclamation of the intemperate. Liberty has been
proclaimed to the captives, and the opening of the prison to them
that are bound. One day in every week has been devoted to this
special work. And as they gathered by hundreds, from the re-
spectable tippler to the common gutter outcast, and listened to the
word, it seemed at last as if a way had been discovered to reach
the most forlorn and hopeless of the race. Multitudes were appar-
ently reclaimed. Some certainly were. But the theory of the
drunkard's recovery, as it was largely understood, was fallacious,
and the results, it is to be feared, were correspondingly transient
and deceptive. That theory, concisely put, was this : No refor^
motion without regeneration : once regenerated^ his appetite removed^
and the drunkard safe. Be converted now ; turn with one ener-
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140 REGENT EYANGEUSTIO MOVEMENTS. [1877.
getic, vigorous act of faith towards Christ Jesus, and the chains of
habit are broken, and you shall go forth a free man. It were a
glorious gospel indeed, if true. The poor man who has been try-
ing for 3'ears to be rid of his enslavement, who has been guarded
bj' friends, bound by pledges, protected by the walls of homes and
retreats, and all in vain, may now look and be free. And multi-
tudes of men have testified, " With the forgiveness of my sins, my
appetite has been taken away." But it is a cruel deception, and in
cases without number has led, and will lead, to a last state worse
than the first. Men have been made to believe that the hi^h
Christian virtue of temperance has come to them, not as all virtues
do come, as the result of patient endurance and self-denial, but that
it has somehow dropped upon them from the skies. Of course one
need not trouble himself to keep what has been so easily acquired.
And so it happens that, like wealth gotten without toil, it speedily
finds its wings. Even if conversion did thus remove the appetite,
what is there worthy the name of virtue in such temperance as that ?
What is there of the old virtiLea^ the heroism which lies now, as it
ever has lain and ever will lie, at the bottom of all real saintliness, —
heroism born in and nurtured by a struggle with the devils of the
world and the fiercer devils of our own nature? But the theorj' is
false : conversion does not remove this appetite any more than it
removes any other appetite. It may divert it for a little, by giving
the man unwonted themes of thought, and introducing him to novel
spiritual experiences. But '^ when the unclean spirit has gone out
of a man, he walKeth through dry places seeking rest ; and finding
none, he saith, I will return unto my house whence I came out.
And when he cometh, he findeth it swept and garnished. Then
goeth he and taketh to him seven other spirits more wicked than
himself, and they enter in and dwell there ; and the last state of that
man is worse than the first."
Pardon and holiness are not synonymous, nor are they simulta-
neously bestowed. The ripened harvests are God's gift resultant
upon the toil of man, but man cannot have them till the earth has
passed beyond the vernal equinox. The theory of instantaneous
and final victory over the power of sin at any particular point of
the believer's history is fraught with boundless mischief. It makes
abortive converts and pithless Christians. When the single act of
faith is regarded not only as beginning the life, but as carrying it
at once to its highest results, the good fight of faith is precluded ;
the resting believer, ' ' sweetlj' resting," " trusting Jesus, that is all,"
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1877.] KECENT EYAKOEUSTIO MOVEMENTS. 141
sinks into the relaxed condition of acquired but sensitive sainthood,
out of place amid the conflicts of this world, and palpably unready
for the coronations of another.
This re\ival has been characterized by a remarkable Absence of
doctrinal and intellectual preaching. It is not necessary, nor would
it be fitting, to enter upon any critical examination here, of that
which has been the principal human factor of the work. We all
know how direct, personal, tender, the great evangelist is in his
methods of address ; how he takes the simplest facts of the gospel
and presses them upon the hearts of his hearers, perhaps awaken-
ing attention by some flash of quaint humor, kindling emotion by
some touching anecdote, sustaining interest by some unexpected
stroke of exegesis, but always going straight forward with the
single aim of producing an immediate result in the conversion of
men to God. In a word, the style of preaching has been direct,
pictorial, and so level to the humblest capacity.
There is unquestionably a lesson here which we ministers should
do well to heed. There is possibly some ground for the modest
strictures of a certain college president upon American preachers
and preaching. We feel hurt, however, that he did not " tell us
our fault between him and us alone," instead of publishing it first
away off in Edinboro*, and at a Pan Presbj'terian Council too. But
it is true that there are few men called upon statedly to address audi-
ences upon sacred themes, that might not with profit go to school to
the minister of the Tabernacle. We may well imitate him in his sim-
ple-hearted reverence for the word of God, in his directness of aim,
and in his simplicity of speech, and, if we can do it unaffectedly, in
his illustrative and pictorial methods of presenting the truth. But
it will be difficult to imitate his peculiar excellences without falling
into peculiar perils which lie close at hand. And it will be a sad
day for our churches when their ministers, with the purpose of
attracting crowds of curious men around their pulpits, relinquish
the researches of the study and the labor of the brain, and give
themselves up to the scrap-book style of sermonizing ; or when they
shall imagine that a mere exegesis of Scripture or Bible-reading can
be put instead of the patient thought in which a man ^^ pours out
his soul." While it is true that every church ought to furnish ser-
vices and sermons which are level to the humblest capacity, — feeble-
minded 3'outh even should not be left out, — it is also true that there
remains a very large class in the community who are not edified with
picture-books and lullabies. If the parables are good, so also are
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142 REGENT EVANGEUSTIO MOVEMENTS- [1877.
the epistles. There is a great deal of talk about the " simple gos-
pel" which is designed to disparage everything but what Pres.
McCosh perhaps would call the Ulster style of preaching. But
there are sqme men to be saved and sanctified who, as it has been
said, are lexical and thoughtful, and ^^ demand a reason which ad-
dresses itself to the pure reason." They w^ill not pocket their
understandings and allow their feelings to be played upon irresi)ec-
tive of any exercise of their intellectual faculties. The}' are the
men who form the solid substratum of our churches and congrega-
tions, and who support our religious and charitable enterprises, — men
who like to think and be made to think, as well as feel, and whose
feelings and characters, if reached at all, are to be reached by way
of their understandings. Two audiences have regularly assembled
in Boston during the past year, each representative and remarkable
in its way, and differing widely from each other, — one in the Tab-
ernacle to listen to Mr. Moody, and one in the Tremont Temple to
listen to Mr. Cook. And it is detracting nothing from the praise
due to either of these men to say that neither of them could have
met the demands of both audiences. And yet it was necessary that
the requirements of both should be met. Now these two audiences
are to be found in miniature sitting side by side in all our congrega-
tions. Probably every minister in the land has before him every
Sunday one audience that has come for instruction, elevation, and
spiritual culture, and another that has come simply to be entertained.
And one of the problems which the pulpit has to solve to-day is how
to preach the gospel without sacrificing one of these audiences to
the other. Every minister will have to solve the problem for himself.
But it will be a fatal solution, if, yielding to a mere popular demand,
the ministry shall substitute the endeavor to amuse for the standard
of a high moral and spiritual education. The only salvation from
either extreme is to be so habitually under the influences of the Di-
vine Spirit and so infused with his wisdom and his strength that
we shall be imitators of no man and given up to no human devices,
but shall use the best we have of thought and feeling and fancy and
speech, for the good of man and the glory of God.
The revival has been a great and blessed work, and nothing
that has been said in this paper is to be construed as detracting in
the least from its unspeakable value. " The Lord hath done great
things for us whereof we are glad." But the work which has thus
been entailed upon us more than ever vindicates the usefulness of
the churches and the value and wisdom of their established methods.
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1877.] BEGENT EVANGEMSTIO MOTEMENTS. 143
The temple must ever supplant the tabernacle. A great multitude
have been converted, but the idea of salvation which they have re-
ceived is exceedingly narrow and inadequate. It is with many of
them essentially selfish. It is centripetal and Ptolemaic. It lies in
the consciousness of a comfortable personal security. Its highest
expression is to be found in the sing-song, " I am happy just now."
The sun shines for me. The stars in their courses wheel about me.
The grand idea of Redemption is a release from some future per-
sonal torment. It is a full remission, signed and sealed and put into
the sinner's hands, the presentation of which at the judgement-seat
will pass him unchallenged into felicity. He has yet to be taught
that his full salvation is only initial and partial, to be " worked out
with fear and trembling."
The Ptolemaic theory is as false in religion as in astronomy, and
ineffably pernicious. The church is to take these new converts in
hand and educate them into the Copernican theory, that not around
self can a true religious life and experience revolve ; that the king-
dom of God does not centre its grand movements upon the happiness
of the individual soul. It is said that a good man, somewhat given
to cant, meeting Wilberforce one day, said to him, " Brother, how
is it now with your soul?" and was greatly shocked at the philan.
throphist*s repl}', " I have been so busj^ about these poor negroes
that I had forgotten that I had a soul."
Here now lies the function of the church. The work of full sal-
vation is no work to be accomplished by the spasm of a moment,
the agony of a week, the experiences of any revival-period. The
heavenly dawn has touched the eyelids of these slumbering souls,
and awakened them to new life. It is only an awakening. The
long day's toil stretches before them. These men are saved and yet
not saved. Out of this pernicious idea that salvation is complete
when once pardon has been accepted, come the sad break-downs^
the dismal wrecks of nominal Christian character which to-day are
filling the church with lamentations and the world with sneers. These
men are not saved till salvation has penetrated to the remotest re-
cesses of heart and life. They are not saved, till, having built into
the structure of character gold, silver, precious stones, they have
withstood in the evil day, and having done all, have stood. They
are not saved till the}' have come to think habitually, " whatsoever
things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are
just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are lovely, and
whatsoever things are of good report." They are not saved till
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144 RECENT EVANGELTSTIO MOVEMENT8. [1877.
their powers have been developed to broad exercise and their lives
expanded to wide ranges of usefulness. They are not saved, these
new-created souls, till they are circling in sharp, clear, steady, un-
swerving, blessed and blessing orbits about the Sun of Righteous-
ness, filled with his light and reflecting it from the whole circumfer-
ence of their lives.
This is the work which the revival has left for the churches to do.
May God help us to be faithful in its accomplishment !
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1877.] PASTORLESS cnURCHES. 145
PASTORLESS CHURCHES.
BY REV. HENRY M. DEXTER, D.D., OF BOSTON, MAS8.
We hold a Christian church to be a company of faithful people
united under God by covenant to do his will. To use the distinc-
tion which our fathers made, since a body must exist before it can
have 'functionaries, pastors and other church officei*s and servants
are not essential to the being, but only to the well-being of
churches ; yet as, without dispute, it is above all things indispen*
sable that the being of a church should be well-being, it is right to
say that a pastor is so far a necessity to a Congregational church
that it cannot be in that state of good order which its own welfare
demands, and its great Head enjoins, without one.
In the beginning both of ancient and modern Congregationalism,
the pastor was simply that member of the body who seemed fittest,
chosen and set apart by his fellows to be their guide (TtoifA^) ,
teacher (diddaxalo^) ^ overseer {tTtusicoTtog) , and (since capacity
for these would olt«nest be found among the gray-haired) their
elder {ni)e<j§vrsQog) ; — four names for one office seen from different
points of view, as proven by the New Testament usage of these
terms themselves, and by the fact that the same qualifications are
divinely assigned to, and the same duties required of, each and all.
Various causes — chief among which was an advance of general
culture which brought about a condition of society, in which, as the
rule, it was felt that no man could usefullj' perform pastoral duty
who had not spent years in general academic and special profes-
sional education for the position — led to the existence of a class
of candidates for the pastorate ; members of churches before under-
taking this course of education, yet, practically, as to entrance
upon their desired work when that course was completed, outside
of all churches. This complexion of affairs raised a new question,
of equal interest to both parties, by what process these churchless
pastors and any pastorless churches might wiselj' be brought
together. Cotton Mather, one hundred and fifty 3'ears ago, de-
scribed the manner in which, in general, that question was answered,
as follows : " When a church wants a pastor, they do first, by
praj'er with fasting, humbly supplicate our ascended Redeemer,
who giveth such gifts unto men, that He would give unto them a
10
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146 PASTORLESS CHURCHES. [1877.
pastor after His own heart. Then (except the Providence of
Heaven have otherwise laid prospects of supplies before them), upon
consultation with the Christian inhabitants of the town, they ask in-
formation from the ministers in their vicinity, or from the Govem-
ours of the college, what young men may be most likely to be
serviceable unto them ; and being thus or otherwise informed, the
committee whom the Church usually have to act on their behalf in
such an affair, invite one or more of these candidates to preach a
few sermons among them." (Ratio DisciplinsB.) Substituting the
term "theological seminary" for the word " college," this very
well indicates what remained usual until within the memory of
many of us here present.
All this is now changed. On the one hand, the permanence of
the pastoral relation has become so impaired that the party seeking
the pastorate has been largely augmented by ministers who have
been settled and dismissed once, twice, thrice, or many times, and
who are thus thrown upon the pastoral market, so to speak, irreg-
ularly and out of course ; while, on the other hand, the churches
are grown so self-competent, so jealous of influence from without,
and so inexact in their conception of what ought to be sought for in
a pastor, that chaos has considerably come to us in this thing.
Without needless statistical particularit}', it is within the knowl-
edge of us all that but few more than one in three of our Congre-
gational churches are now settled with pastors ; while deducting
from the reported sum total of our ministry those pastors, and the
nearlj^ one thousand who are counted out of the pastoral work as
secretaries, college officers, and other teachers, editors, life-insur-
ance agents, genteel drones and dunces, and in one way or another
we have no fewer than from thii-teen to fourteen hundred remain-
ing who are, or are at any moment liable to become, candidates for
the pastorate. That the difficult}', however, is not in ministerial
overproduction becomes obvious when one notices that the grand
total of our ministry, including the thousand who do not seek pas-
toral work, still falls more than one hundred behind our total of
churches. So that, were every so-called Congregational minister —
who wants it and who does n't want it — to be utilized in a pastor-
ate, more than one in every twenty-two of our churches would still
perforce be left in the " vacant" column ; while leaving out those
ministers who appear to have no desire for settlement, that column
would rise, after ever}' "candidate" had been provided for, to
considerably more than one church in every four.\ The difficulty
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1877.] PASTORLESS CHURCHES. l47
clearly lies in the total want of adjustment which now obtains,
resulting in the fact that good churches and worthy ministers, hav-
ing in them the material of useful and satisfactory^ mutual service,
are not brought together, do not find each other, and waste them-
selves apart in vain attempts which come to nothing but discour-
agement and desolation. This is one of the evils incidental to the
freeness of our system. We have no bishop or other dictator to
8&y to this candidate, *' Take thou authorit}' over that church,''
and to that church, *' Submit yourselves in the Lord to this man,"
and we do not want any. We
*• Rather bear those ills we have,
Than fly to others that we know not of,"
but that our fathers knew, and knowing were not able to endure.
To ssij that something cannot be done for the remedy of these
evils, would be to declare that the wisdom of God is powerless for
the help of his children. To say that it is hopeless to expect our
churches to come into an}' prudent arrangement for such remedy,
would be to deny their common-sense as well as piety. And the
one conclusion is as inadmissible as the other. The true view to
be taken is to remember that, as civil liberty, the world over, has
gained clearness and strength only, like new wine, through a stage
of ferment and froth, so Congregationalism, which is religious lib-
erty protected by law, is subject to similar conditions, and may ex-
pect a like deliverance. Our churches are learning a lesson through
an experience which God will by and by make fruitful in their re-
turn to a more just, wholesome, and prolific life. What needs to be
now done is to prepare this way of the Lord, by making clear
to all intelligent minds the principles which underlie the bane, and
must therefore prescribe the antidote.
DiflSdently, and yet with an earnestness bom of the deepest con-
viction, I offer two or three suggestions as to what the difficulty
really is.
I submit that the churches have lost sight of God's own philoso-
phy of evangelizing the world, and of the proper function of the
pastorate, and have taken up a false notion of both. God's way
is a way which he has imaged by salt and leaven, and their charac-
teristic agencies. The salt and the leaven in their utmost unim-
paired intensity are to be put into contact with the matter to be
affected by them, and the vigor of their peculiar vitality is to enter,
per\'ade, transform, and conserve the matter. The salt is not to be
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148 PA8TORLESS CHURCHES. [1877.
freshened until the fVesh matter which needs it loses all antipathy
for, and rather likes it, because of its likeness to itself. God dis-
tinctlj^ remits that kind of salt, which has lost its savor, to a place
under men's contemptuous feet and upon the dunghill. The church
is never, in any sense or form, to unchurch itself toward and into
the world ; but rather courteously to separate itself from it, with
benevolent but distinct and habitual antagonism, until that divine
power, which, when the due conditions have been fulfilled, works
through it, by a law of grace sj'mbolized by the law of science
which gives opposite poles appetite for each other, brings the world
up and into the church, and Christ sees of the travail of his soul,
and is satisfied.
This being trae of the church, the proper function of the pastor-
ate is to be the teacher, guide, and executive oflScer of the church,
instructing it how to grow in grace (how to keep and enhance its
gracious saltness) and directing it how to work the works of Christ
(how most eflectively to bring about the needed saving contact
between itself and the truth, with w^hich it is surcharged, and the
world around it) , to be himself, first in the pulpit « and second out
of it, the conductor through whom the salvator}' magnetism of the
church shall especiallj- pass over into the community, — to '' allure
to brighter worlds and lead the way."
Now all this has so drifted and degenerated that churches seem
to feel it their chief function to dilute the gospel to a degree that
the world shall at least be able to swallow it without a wry face.
They go down into the Egypt of a parish for help to build a great
church, with great social rooms, and a great organ, and all the
modern conveniences, including a great mortgage. And when a
pulpit is now vacant, what is generally done is to make inquiry far
and near for a " smart man," that is to say, for as " smart" a man
as may be presumed to hold his smartness for sale at a price at all
within the means of such a community. This, in the general.
And then, in particular, note is apt to be taken of such personal
preferences as prevail, more particularly among what is called the
" more influential " members of the congregation, which are usu-
ally, in point of fact, those members who really ought to have least
influence in any matter vitally touching the spiritual life of the
church. Colonel A, the manufacturer, intimates that he would n't
mind giving a hundred dollars a year, if they will settle somebody
who is * 'liberal" in his theology; if he smokes and is an Odd
Fellow, 80 much the better. Doctor B will take one of the best
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1877.] PASTORLESS CHURCHES. , 149
pews in the house if they will get a man who has sense enough to
believe in Huxley and homoeopathy. Lawyer C does n't wish to
dictate, but it is well known that he left the last ministry because
it preached too much upon politics, and even squinted in prayer at
the Electoral Commission. He is willing to return. Esquire D has
a cousin whose wife's sister married the brother of a ver}' promis-
ing person now a Methodist minister, but who, it is believed,
might be persuaded to change his denomination, and whom, at any
rate, it would be well to hear before deciding. Shopkeeper E got
acquainted with an exceedingly' nice young man last summer at a
watering-place, — a muscular Christian, — where he heard him
preach a lovely sermon upon '* the great and wide sea" (from Ps.
civ, 25). He thinks he could be had ; has no doubt he would fill
the house; and would be happy to entertain him over Sunday.
Representative F, who is the leading prohibitionist and labor
reformer of the county, cares nothing for what used to be called
theology, but would be pleased to help support a man of some
maturity of mind and some appreciation of the wants of the i^e,
who is not afraid to say what he thinks, and who will make it hot
for rumsellers and aristocrats. Stable-keeper G would seriously
consider the question of taking a pew (for his wife) if the new
minister be a man of advanced views, who appreciates the true
dependence of religion upon recreation, who believes in Bible
wines, and who knows a horse that can go under 2.40 when he
sees him. These are all outside of the church, — parochial gentle-
men, whose " support" it is very desirable to have. Then inside
there is good old Deacon Z, who, after bearing it for j'ears in
silence, — that is, in grumbling silence, — has at last solemnly
crooked his elbow to declare that he will not vote for another
minister who is ashamed or afraid to wear a white cravat ; and
Brother Z, who wants a " highly eddicated man " ; and Dea-
con Y, who is tired of young men, and who has n't had a good
square meal from the pulpit on the Sabbath since the last Hopkin-
sianist left ; and there are half a dozen young men who favor an
evangelist, while the sewing-circle would like somebody with a
good port and bearing in society, and the Maternal Association
•deeply feel that an unmarried pasi or would n't more than half do, —
in which judgment they are more than half right !
The Committee of Supply hold several meetings, a large portion
of the time being devoted to reading and filing away about three
pecks of letters received from candidates, who, " having noticed that
their pulpit is providentially vacant, have taken the liberty to state
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150 FAST0BLE6S CHUKCHES. [1877.
their case and forward their credentials." The first thing really to
be done, however, is to lay out the programme of those preachers
who clearly must be heard in common courtesy to members of the
societ}', and others who might become members, who have sug-
gested their names. This provides for several months, and as
there would be no good in thinking seriously of any one until all
have been before them who thus must take their turn, the exhaus-
tion of the programme usually finds all parties exhausted, and so
split up into little squads favoring one and another that any united
action begins to seem hopeless. Then the reign of haphazard
begins. The old file of applications is looked over, and as likely
as any wa}^ the sauciest letter finds favor, as hinting the possibility
that its author may prove a sensation. Or, somebody hears some-
bod}' aay that somebody else heard that somebody else said that he
saw it in some paper that there was an Englishman just come over,
who would make the fortune of some parish yet, and he is sent for.
He comes. He saws ! He conquers 1 The evening service is
simply jammed. Church and parish are hastily called together,
lest they should miss the chance of him, as he has — that is, he
says he has — several calls impending. The church has grown so
sick of new voices preaching exhibition sermons every Sunday, that
it is willing to try almost anybody, for a change ; while the parish
is for the first time well united. He is invited, and accepts. A
council is called. He has no credentials ; no theology to speak of.
The council hesitate. But the church and parish — especially the
latter — indignantly intimate that they are bound to have him,
council or no council ; and the council hopes for the best, and is
weak enough to settle him, — the end of all of which is not by and
by. If the removal of this pastor, when the time comes, be not
from the parsonage to the penitentiary, the people may thank
something beside their own prudence.
Now, clearl}', the vice at the bottom of all this is the notion that
*' smartness" — which, being interpreted, is the ability somehow
to lease the pews and fill the meeting-house — is the fundamental
qualification of the gospel minister. It is not, of course, denied
that personal piety, and visiting the sick and the fatherless and
widows in their aflliction, and keeping unspotted from the world, .
and all these ancient virtues are good ones to be had in a minister,
when possible, that is, if he be smart besides. But — to use the
words of a parish collector of large experience — ' * he who fancies
that the salaries that have to be paid nowadaj's, and the funds for
music, and all these things that congregations will have, can be got
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1877,] PASTORLE88 CHURCHES. 151
together on old-fashioned Bible ideas simply, had better try to raise
the money."
But the churches are by no means alone to blame for this state of
affairs. The ministers are blameworth}' as well, in having lost sight
of the real business of their office. They are too apt to measure suc-
cess by the size of their congregations, and feel that to be the best
year's work which shows a surplus in the parish treasury. They are
too susceptible to the relation of the extra-church membership to all
their plans of labor, on the theory that the way to save people is to
get them into their congregation. And if this can only be done by
" conciliation," they conciliate. Fancy a missionary of the Ameri-
can Board preaching in Hong-Kong, on " The interesting resem-
blances between the religion of Confucius and the religion of Christ,"
or building his chapel in India, with seats arranged on the caste sj'S-
tem; or a home missionary at Salt Lake City accommodating a
Mormon with a half-dozen family pews, and edifying him with a
discourse on " The polygamy of Abraham and David, as related to
the cnideness of a partially developed but genuine Christianity."
The fact seems to be that people are much more likely to be saved
if they don't come to ministrations conducted on this theory. Colonel
A and Doctor B and Lawyer C and Esquire D and Shopkeeper E
and Representative F and Stable-keeper G, and all these worldly
gentlemen who have come to church because the church has come to
them, and practically invited and allowed them to dictate who shall
be its pastor and what shall be the tone of his preaching, and who
know that were they to withdraw their " support " — as, lucus a non
hicendo, it is called — the church would be brought to its bearings,
and perhaps have its meeting-house sold over its head by the
sheriff in sixty days, — these men unquestionably know enough in
their inmost souls to despise a Christianity so abortive and emascu-
late, and to feel that a self-respect which keeps them from the mawk-
ishness of h^-pocrisj' must be quite as spiritually salubrious as
that can be.
But it is time for me to push these suggestions along toward
their exact bearing upon the special question before us. I can give
you my idea most quickly and easily by carrying the same illustra-
tion further.
Let us suppose that the good Lord sends to this church of which
we have just been speaking, the blessing in disguise of precisely
the crisis I have hinted. The great and shining lights of the par-
ish withdraw. The minister is dismissed for want of funds in the
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152 PA8T0RLESS CHURCHES. [1877.
treasury. The mortgage is foreclosed. The meeting-house is sold,
the church proper losing all they had put into it. They meet the
next Sunday in a school-house, and sadly number the killed, the
wounded, and the missing. One of the deacons, mainly silent here-
tofore (except in praj^er), strangely finds his. tongue, and seems to
be the happiest man in town. He says, " Dear brethren and sis-
ters, that good day for which I have supplicated, as the God of my
closet knows, with strong crying and tears, is come at last. We
are free. We are true. Let us remain so. We have had too
much minister, and too much parish, and too much church. Let
us first of all get down upon the everlasting foundations. I fear
we have too much church still. , ' The Lord said unto Gideon, the
people that are with thee are too many for me to give the Midian-
ites into their hands ' ; and it was only after two-and-thirty thousand
had become ten thousand, and that ten thousand had been sifted
down to three hundred, — all the other people going every man unto
his own place, — that Jehovah, who worketh by many and by few,
delivered the host of Midian into the hand of his servant. My
counsel is, ' Whosoever is fearful and afraid, let him return, and de-
part early from Mount Gilead.' Let those who are willing to sacri-
fice pride and false notions and worldly influences, who are will-
ing to consecrate what they are, and what they have, supremelj^ to
God and to his service here, and in simplicity and godlj' sincerity
carry on his work here, as he shall help us, — let such ones stay, and
let all who are only among us and not of us, depart in peace. Let
us then proceed to build a tabernacle for our God ; such an one,
perhaps lowly but at least honest, convenient (and not therefore
necessarily uncomely) , as we, in our low estate, can afford to build
and to pay for. As the sun shines upon it on the day when we
complete and consecrate this, our simple free-will oflTering, though
it be nothing more than a log-house or even a canvas-tent, the
knowledge which we shall have in our souls that it is the best we
can do for a house for our God to dwell in, with his royal blessing
for us and for our little ones, and that it is really ours to give to
him, will make it more sweetly beautiftil than the high-domed glory
of St. Peter's, or the marble magnificence of Milan, or the Gothic
grandeur of Cologne. And then when we have builded and dedi-
cated it, let us go forward to have a pure gospel purely preached
in it and from it, — preached by the lips of such a pastor as God shall
give us from the pulpit, and by our lips everywhere ; preached
alway by his and our humble and consecrated lives. I fear we
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877,] PASTORLESS CHURCHES. 153
have a great deal to answer for in this community for what, with
good intent but with amazing folly, we have done to mislead our
fellow-citizens as to what religion really is, and what kind of a life
it is which it is fitted to produce. Let us at least confess our sins,
and never repeat them. And so it may be that He who pitifully
taketh measures that his banished be not expelled fVom him, may
have mercy on us and on those whom we have misled, and so our
latter end may be more blessed than our beginning."
The thing pleases the people, and they begin at once to do it,
** With steady step and slow,
Paying as they go."
Meanwhile this deacon whom, somehow, they like exceedingly to
hear, they ask to be acting pastor ; and good times they have in
the school-house. Out of curiosity now and then one and another
of the former parish dignitaries drop in, and if they come to sneer,
remain to listen, and go away to say, " The queer thing about this is,
that they all seem so dreadfully in earnest now. Really, if this keeps
on thus, we shall have to believe that there certainly is more in reli-
gion than has been dreamed of in our philosophy." The poor people
are wonderfully moved, *and Colonel A, the manufacturer, one day
surprises and gladdens this deacon by a note enclosing a cheque for
a hundred dollars toward their new house of worship, sa3'ing, "You
have gotten such hold lately of some of my troublesome mill-hands
that I think you have already fairly saved me this amount, and
ought to have it."
In due time their tabernacle, temple, chapel, church, cathedral,
all in one, is dedicated. When the people rejoice for that they
had offered willingly to the Lord, and the deacon-pastor also re-
joices with great joy. Then he says^ " Beloved, I have led you as
far as my gift extends. I was raised up and called to a special
work, and that work is now accomplished. ' Glory be to the Father,
and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost ; as it was in the beginning,
is now and ever shall be, world without end, Amen ! ' Now let us
seek a pastor trained to the work. Let us have first of all a man
of God, and then a man of men. Let us seek for one of some
maturity and ripeness of Christian character ; one who knows so
much, and feels so much, and manifests so much of the spirit of
Christ, that all the people when he comes shall take knowledge of
him that he has been with Jesus. And if he have been afflicted,
if there be little graves somewhere the memory of which makes
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Ii4 PASTOBLESS CHURCHES- [1877.
even his submissive heart to ache still ; nay, if he have endured
the contradiction of sinners and been driven away from somewhere
because his usefulness has come to an end in his unshrinking
fidelit}'^ to his innermost convictions, he may be so much the more
useful to us. He must live — yes. We are not rich, but we all do
live, and he shall live with us and of us ; he shall have of our best,
be it more or be it less, as Heaven shall ordain ; and the man we
want will not want better- Where we lodge he shall lodge, our
God shall be his and his God ours, and we will hops that where
we are buried, he shall sleep, for it is in our hearts that nothing
but death part him and us. We ought not to ask those who do not
feel toward him, and tlie truth he is to preach for' their salvation,
as we do, to help to support him. Let us not repeat our old mis-
take and surround him with inducements to infidelity to his great
mission. These our friends may not come near us at all: they
will be much more likely to come if they see that, while welcoming,
we do not go out of our way for them. Let us at least save for
ourselves and for religion their respect, and that will prove the first
step in the demonstration that we really have what they need, and
stimulate them to come after it.
»* No, we must not ask for nor expect — I doubt if we want — a
' smart * man. Let us be contented with a good man, and if when
we get him, we find that he is not perfect, let us not find fault with
him until we be first perfect ourselves^ And that we may make no
mistakes, let us, when we have selected him, ask him to come and
live with us a month or two, that he may know us, and we may
know him. And above all let us crj^ mightily unto God to guide
us in this search, to show us whom in his omniscient mind he has se-
lected for this place, and to keep us from all misfortune in our quest."
Now then it is, to my mind, a trivial matter, mere small dust of the
balance, whether this church go to the neighboring ministers, or to
some theological seminary, or to some " bureau of supply," — if any
cabinet furniture of that sort remain in the auction-shops, or else-
where, — to be put on the track of some candidate for their pulpit.
In that state of mind they will find him as the hart findeth the water-
brooks. And the minister who is willing to take their pastorate
will find them ; for the Lord knoweth them that are his, and knoweth
where they live !
It is the being in that state of mind on both sides which will
bring all our pastorless churches and churchless pastors together.
Which may the Lord hasten in his tune I
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1877.] woman's work. 155
WOMAN'S WORK AS A PART OF THE RELIGIOUS
MOVEMENT OF THE TIME.
BY REV. C0NSTAN8 L. GOODELLi D.D., OF ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI.
" Nevertheless, neither is the man tcithout the leoman, neither the woman
without the man in the Lord"^ 1 Cor. xi, 11.
I AM set, b}^ the National Council of Congregational churches, to
grind in this mill of the woman question, concerning which the
opinions of good men differ, while the Philistines look on and make
sport. Public opinion on this subject is so sensitive that I may
bring down the house as Samson did.
The theme is an important one, and touches many interests, both
temporar}' and permanent, connected with the work and influence
of the church.
I desire to know the mind of the Holy Spirit on this subject, and
to get at the truth. We cannot afford to allow prejudice or cus-
tom or false conservatism to bar out from the Lord's vineyard any
helpfulness which Christian women can properly render. To carrj'^
on the Christian work without their aid would be like dragging the
chariot of Israel with one wheel gone.
Nothing could happen to any community more desirable than to
have all its Christian women become active and earnest workers
for Christ according to the spirit and methods of the gospel.
This is not the place to wire up the dry bones of the subject,
but to apply the vital truth of the Bible to practical Christian duty
and work, that there may be movement forward in the church of
God.
Theories may differ, but the Bible is in harmony with the Bible.
Trutli does not contradict truth ; and, in the final statement of Chris-
tian doctrine concerning woman's place and work in the church, all
the different segments of truth will round out into a perfect circle,
and the truest and best will be reached, both for woman and the
church.
The perfect law of Christianity, when it is followed, carries for-
ward all life to its highest bloom. Here, as elsewhere, we are to
follow the Word of God which covers the whole case for all time,
and never grows old or becomes outgrown.
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156 woman's work. [1877.
Woman's work as a part of the religious movement of the time,
— this is the question to be treated.
Thought on this subject gathers itself under two heads.
1. The character of the religious movement of our timey
2. And tooman's part in it.
1. Reflection upon the nature of the Christian work going on
will help us the better to see woman's place in it.
The extension of Christianity is the great characteristic of this
period. The channels of faith are widened without being less deep.
There is new breadth with much of the old intensity. God has
visited again his people. More has been done for the spread of
the Word of the kingdom the present century than for many gener-
ations before.
Gospel tidings have been borne fast and far. Witness-bearing
for Christ is the order of the hour, and active service in the field
the rule of Christian life.
Jesus seems to be standing, as once he did, at the grave of Laza-
rus, and calling the dead to life. The slain of the valleys are
starting up, an exceeding great army of living men. It is a genera-
tion of them who seek the Lord. Generals are not without armies.
The sentinals of Zion do not guard sleeping encampments. Widely
the church is awake, and addressing itself to sernce. The wheel
of Ezekiel's vision " rolls high and dreadful." Its bright rim
has its upper part in the skies ; its lower part, full of e^'es, moves
deeply in the hearts of men, searching the utmost parts.
In missionary labor the reapers, with sharpened sickle, are on
every field. The home-work is a busy hive ; highways and hedges
are sought out for recruits. Dark places in the cit}' are explored.
Bible readers brighten the homes of poverty. Neglected children
are grouped in circles for the stndy of the Word. Young men are
reached. Visiting in Christ's name goes on from house to house.
The naked are clothed. The sick, in asylum and hospital and
prison, are visited. Christianit}'^ permeates every stratum of soci-
ety, and utters its messages of redemption and remedy in all places.
New forces are being liberated, and brought into use. A diversity
of operations has the Holy Spirit.
Communities are alive with prayer and endeavor. Both sexes
and all classes are at service of some sort, and they serve al) together.
There is work at hand for every disciple, and every disciple has a
work. The church is a company of believers, living and praj'ing,
and proclaiming the Word ; and in such a body of faith, it is multi-
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
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plied and spread abroad as a manv-sided crystal reflects the light.
It is grandly true that God is in the world, gathering souls unto
himself. His voice is lifted up in the great congregations. The
shout of a King is among them. Testimony for Christ gathers
momentum and bulk. Many eyes are on the morning star ; and
some watch for the daj'-dawn, saying, " Lord, will Ihou at this
time restore the kingdom unto Israel ? "
Every movement like this is, in some sense, a repetition on the
earth of the acts of the apostles, and throws light upon the methods
of the early church. It draws God's people back from their for-
mality and worldliness toward the simplicity and faith and power
of primitive Christianity, and lays bare the processes of the church
when it was in its most healthy and normal form.
In this quickened state, lay effort always becomes prominent ;
and woman, as well as man, comes to something like her true
place.
In such general activity, her lips are unsealed, her hands are
untied, all her facilities and powers are set free, and she feels after
and finds abundant and legitimate work. As you see her at such
times, 3*ou behold what in the main is the service, outside of home
and household duties, which is mete and good for her in the king-
dom of Christ. To-day, in this country, she is repeating, in sub-
stance, the activities and helpfulness of her sisters in the apostolic
church. In home and hovel, in mission labor and ininquiry-meet-
ing, in Bible work and prayer gatherings, she is not indeed the
throne, but the sweet and all- pervasive power behind the throne.
The love of Christ constraineth her, and impels her on. Her
spiritual character and fitness for such work have suggested to her
her true place, and carried her successfully forward in it. The
Spirit has both endued her, and opened the way. The apostles
might say of many women to-da}', as thej' did eighteen hundred
3'ears ago, " I commend unto you Phebe our sister, who is a
servant of the church ; for she hath been a succorer of many, and
of mj'self also." " Salute Tiyphena and Tryphosa, who labor in
the Lord." " Salute the beloved Persis, who labored much in the
Lord."
Such, I believe, to be the relation of woman to the religious
movement of our time, and the direction of her work. The early
age, full of the Holy Ghost and the light of the Word and the
power of the consecrated life, is the model of all ages. When fire
burns, the flame always goes one way; and, as Christianity ex-
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158 woman's work. [1877.
pands, her character, which is especially fitted to embody and
illustrate its best truths, will become more and more potent for
good, not by working radical changes of method or sphere, but in
direct line of progress, from the seeds dropped moist with heavenly
dew into the soil of the Pentecostal church. The aptitudes of
woman are unmistakable. The channel of her work is cut by the
hand that holds the planets in their courses, and causes the morn-
ing stars to sing.
Having taken some of the beaiings of modern Christian work,
it is easier to see, in the second place, more directly and spe-
cifically.
2. What woman's part is, in the service of the church.
It is fundamentally that of a helper, in the sense which the apos-
tles so often use that word. In the church, as in the home, she is
a helpmeet. It is to the praise of the Gospel, that it reinstated
woman in her original place, as the equal and worth}^ companion
of man, the necessary complement of his being. Through Chris-
tianity she has her rightful position by his side, building the home
and the church and the state with him, he performing one class of
duties, for which by nature he is fitted, and she another, both shar-
ing together the ripening fruit of their mutual toil.
Christianity is a ministiy.
Woman ministered to Christ. Of the male disciples it may
be almost said, *' She labored more abundantly than the}' all."
It was not women that cried concerning Christ, " Crucify him !
crucify him«!" It was not man that gave his greatest treasure
to Christ when he was on earth, an alabaster box of precious
ointment, and rained tears upon his feet. It was man that came to
the sepulchre of Jesus and went away again ; woman came and re-
mained, weeping.
She fell into sin less, and spiritual decline ; and she received from
Christ greater praise than man, but it was as a helper.
Not one of the female disciples was chosen an apostle. Among
'* the seventy," woman's name is not found so far as is known.
Women ministered to the apostles. They were everywhere
abounding in good works, but as helpers. '* Help those women,"
said Paul, " who labored with me in the Gospel."
Aquila and Priscilla instructed even Apollos, an eminent preacher,
expounding the way of God to him more perfectly. So that when
Paul gave them his Christian salutation, he put the name of the wife
before that of the husband, as in spiritual things it often belongs
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1877.] woman's work. 159
there. " Greet Priscilla and Aquila, my helpers in Jesus Christ." •
In this compliment to woman's influence in guiding a great religious
teacher, Paul did not forget himself. It was not by mistake that
he brought a woman's name to the front. This sets Paul right
with the true woman's-rights party. Still, with all his enthusiastic
recognition of her worth and work in the cause of Christ, he did
not ordain a woman over a single church, metropolitan or mission-
arj', in the city or countrj\
Like their Lord, the apostles broke through the customs of their
times, making way for the honorable standing and colabor of
women, acknowledging their inestimable value, but, like their Lord,
they left them helpers.
In the organization of the church of Christ, ofl3cials were ap-
pointed and commissioned from time to time, as they were needed.
Each necessit}', as it occuiTed, brought out a new feature in the
construction of the church, and led to a step forward. So the
church is historic in its origin, growing up into completeness, part
by part, according to the demand of the times.
First the apostles were chosen, and there the organization rested
for a while, nothing more being required. The Lord's supper was
added, and after that, baptism. Then, evangelists were created.
When the churches were formed, another want appeared, and
pastors and teacheVs were elected. By and by, exigency arose,
requiring other officers in the church ; and deacons were appointed.
This position is especially that of a helper, as the name imports, —
a helper in temporal things even. Here, for the .first time in the his-
tory of the church, we touch the place where woman might have
been formally recognized in the official work of the church in her
capacity of helper simply ; but woman's name does not appear in
the list of the seven deacons, selected by the church. These facts
have a weight, which it is always wise to remember. Yet every-
where in the establishment of the early church, woman was God's
angel, omnipresent as the atmosphere, beneficent as the light.
As new demands have arisen, in changing times, she has always
risen to meet them ; but it has been as a helper.
David made his harp greater than his throne. So woman has
lifted the mission of " ministering women" to a place of honor and
power among the moulding influences of the world, equal to that of
prophets and apostles; yet she is simply a helper still. '*The
stars are the common people of heaven."
There is no arbitrary limitation put upon the natural capacity
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160 woman's work. [1877.
and influence of woman, by all this. Woman has a deep religious
character ; and the influence of that, and not of oflScial position in
the church, is the greatest power for good that either man or
woman can exert.
Woman has largely the gift and presence of the Holy Spirit ; and
because God has made her a helper, it does not follow that her
power will be felt the less. Praj-er is hers; and Prof. Phelps
asl^ures us that ^^ the greatest good the Christian ever does is what
he reverently induces God to do by prater."
Visiting in homes of poverty and sickness and sorrow is hers ;
and one of the most fruitful sources of blessing in any pastorate is
the sj'stematic visitation by Christian women of every house in the
parish.
Work in revivals is hers ; and she may lead many to Christ in
the inquiry-room, and from house to house.
Sunday-school work is hers ; and the majority of all who enter
the fold of Christ now come in the church from her classes in the
Sunday-school room.
Inspiring and collecting offerings of benevolence is hers ; and the
church that emplo3'8 her talent most will give most to the Lord.
Missionary work is hers ; and the world feels to-day the impulse
she is giving this cause.
The keys to temperance and education among all classes, and
not the young only, hang in her golden cincture.
To quicken all good work everywhere, to inspire public Christian
gatherings by her presence and sympathy and personal endeavor,
is hers ; and the good cause which fails of her aid often loses the
one incitement which is necessary to make it a success.
This view of wgman's work in the church brings many things
into happy adjustment.
Woman's mission is clearly not that of a preacher. The Bible
teaches this, both by the example of the apostolic church, as we
have seen, and by instruction following.
The laws of her nature as wife and mother through all the best
of her years also certainly forbid it. The decisions of cultivated
Christian taste must always be largely opposed to it. The Holy
Spirit and the providence of God have never brought it to pass as
a measure, in the economy of the church.
The sphere of woman in the church, as in the home, can never
be identical with that of man. Not every member of the body
can have the same function. God has marked them with a differ-
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1877.] woman's work. 161
ence. There are laws limiting woman which she will never pass
over. The same is as true of man. His possibilities of usefulness
are in one direction ; hers in another.
"There are two departments of Christian service," says Dr.
David Brown, of Scotland, " the official and the non-official. One
is provided for by solemn orderly act of ordination ; the other is
spontaneous work for the Master," as the door of Providence daily
opens.
Woman's work is not that of a preacher administering ordi-
nances ; it is that of a spontaneous lay worker. Her position is
that of a helper in the church, rather than that of a talker in the
mixed assemblies of Christ. Of old God led his people by Moses
and Aaron and Miriam. He raises up the Miriams still, but not
to take the place of Moses the law-giver, or Aaron the priest.
Nevertheless, in the matter of speaking and bearing testimony
for Christ in mixed assemblies, tiiere may be exceptions. The
Bible recognizes them. Providence provides for them, and churches
must admit them.
We must not, in our human wisdom, draw a circle and say,
** Outside of this God cannot work."
In all our scriptural theories of woman's service for Christ, we
must leave a place for the cordial rec(^nition of such female
teachers as God does manifestly send. In almost every age there
have been some, and there doubtless will be others. The truth
governing these duties is flexible within certain limits. Circum-
stances do alter cases. Because Paul sought to cure disorder, and
to define and regulate the character of public service in the church
as it relates to woman, let us respect his counsel.
But let us not outdo Paul himself in demanding silence of
woman, and put an iron kettle on her head where he only put on
a veil. God is great ; and his methods are many, and he works by
whom he will. When we say, " No man can preach except he is
ordained," God sends Moody ; and we turn back the pages of his-
tory, and we see that even John Calvin and John Enox were never
ordained. When we take the position that woman does most for
God when she does least for him in public, and that she is remitted
to a perpetual and unqualified dumbness in the churches, then God
sends a woman with exceptional gifts and graces to widen the
thoughts and quicken the heai-ts of his people.
If any man desires to shut up this engine of God's providence,
and sit on the safety-valve, to keep order in the churches, let him ;
II
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162 woman's work. [1877.
he will experience an eariy translation. We must be able to dis-
cern the spirits, and to accept God's gifts as they come, and profit
by them. God is wise and wide. He often employs the weak
things of the worid to confound the mighty, — he certainly does
when he employs some men. We cannot refuse to use and work
with those whom God employs and uses for good. Disorder, even,
is better for Christ's cause than the assumption of self-satisfied
wisdom in religious things, which fails to discern the Messiah in the
Jesus of Nazareth, and forgets that mighty apostles came from
ignorant fishermen rather than from the schools of self-glorious
philosophy.
We must be able to recognize exceptions in God's kingdom, and
make use of exceptional things, without feeling that the ark of God
is to be overturned.
Woman has too often been confined down in the hold of the gos-
pel ship. If she comes on deck, and throws a rope to sinners per-
ishing in the waves, saying, " Come on board and be saved," the
vessel is not going to tip up. If it does, let it tip. The ark of our
salvation is great and strong ; and Christian women, from Mary,
mother of Jesus, to Florence Nightingale, have never endangered
it. There is no occasion for any brother, alarmed at the innova-
tion, to scuttle the ship or run up the flag of distress.
Among the axioms of state it is written that something is to be
pardoned to the spirit of liberty ; something is also due to Chris-
tian women, who constitute two thirds of the members of our
churches, and carry on an important part of the Christian work of
the world.
K the^' go beyond the strict letter sometimes, something is to be
pardoned to the love of souls. A warm heart in the Lord's work is
better than a cold shoulder. This is not a plea for license nor for
the higher law. It is simply asking a place for females who deeply
desire to be useful, as well as a place for the " stuffed specimens "
that often get favor simply because they are males.
We want to put no bars in the way of God's work. Whenever
he anoints a woman to speak, let us accept what he does. Not all
new fire is wildfire, to be stamped out. By their fruits ye shall
know them. We need not decide everything about this matter be-
forehand ; we want to hear and examine a male before we com-
mend him for Christian work. If he has no gift from God, the
fact that he is a man, even who was " not in the transgression,"
does not save him. The same law of conmion-sense and spiritual
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1877.] woman's work. 168
discernment rules as to females. What sign shows that women
desire to speak much in Christian assemblies? The attempted
" reform against nature " which appeared some time ago in politics
has unduly alaimed the church. That movement has already ' ' been
dead four days," and that is why men cry out so stoutly for its
removal. Unwise attempts of women for public attention are only
early suicide. When churches wisely refuse the laying on of hands,
the public at large soon lay on theirs with little ceremony ; and fool-
ish virgins, with no mission for public speech, soon get the oil of
sober wisdom in their lamps.
Men and women, with fresh and jubilant strength, are often like
children let loose from school, trying their liberty, and testing their
powers ; but, in God's plan of discipline, such irregularities settle
themselves speedily, with only as little disorder as one could
expect. When woman has a real mission, it will justify itself.
A call to speak in public includes a call to hear with pleasure and
profit. If none feel called to hear, the effort falls flat at the start.
The public are safe and remorseless judges in all this.
This matter is largely self-regulating. The present religious
movement assists to shape and determine the work of woman, as
she herself helps to shape and determine it. She is carried on the
current which she helps to swell ; and it will safel}' guard her and
limit her and take her to her place, as it does man ; for God is in
it, and his word is the firm shore to all this surging, troubled sea.
The birds will never fly out of the atmosphere, nor will the fish
jump far out of the water.
There is salt in Christian society. Wild fancies are soon sobered
as the years go on ; and disciplined strength and power for service
are often added, in afterlife, to those who have smitten hard against
the rock of truth before they found its living waters.
The world needs the services of all who have been won by the
cross. When souls are going down unsaved, let him help who
will. Cannot one rescue a drowning man till he has had an intro-
duction?
Shall believers wait one for another? Where work for Christ
presses, there is the place for the Christian to be. The desire and
ability to do confer the right and the duty. Be it the sons or
daughters of God who are most alive to these calls, that is the
agent to act. Lord, send by whom thou wilt. Let manhood or
womanhood come to the help of Israel, there is work for all. No
uifwise delicacy should keep them back.
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164 woman's work. [1877.
The queen of England keeps her modesty and sweetness and
charm of womanhood, though she occupies a throne. It is the
spirit actuating the heart which gives the flavor of delicacy and
refinement to the character and bearing. A woman may alwaj s
move in private circles, and still be coarse and masculine and
brazen-faced. One may glide before the eye of all the people, and
still maintain the Christian woman in all its grace and loveliness,
modesty and power being commingled. It is well said that
woman, by seeking to display herself in public, is an unsightly
object. Is it a sight more agreeable to see man flaunt his vanity
and parade his gifts in public, showing ofl" himself instead of lift-
ing up the cross of Christ? In case of man or woman the exhibi-
tion is like lukewarm water in the mouth. Forgetting self, and
sinking one's personality in Christ, there is comeUness, even with
many native defects. When the Spirit of God moves woman in
self-sacrificing service, all the finest qualities of her soul are pre-
served ; and the power of Christian character working in her and
radiant from her sets upon her the signet of Christly beauty. If
publicity such as the New Testament permits may harm woman,
and it may, without right ballast of character, seclusion from
Christian work and fellowship may injure her as much. Woman
is never repulsive, when her culture is truly and thoroughly Chris-
tian. Genuine piety " behaveth itself not unseemly."
I venture to mention another point, since this is the place to speak
honest convictions and solve difllculties. Is it wise and expedient
to organize permanently in the churches separate boards for women ?
If the question were, *' Shall boards be organized for men alone?"
we should at once say, " No ; men need Christian women with them
in their work." Why is it not true of women ? Can we profitably
put upon each church and upon the churches ail the network of two
great organizations to do one common work, however important the
work ? We are fast getting what is, in effect, two foreign mission-
ary boards. Is this the best thing, and does the example lead in
the right direction ? The Woman's Board was born of an earnest
desire to serve Christ. The feeling which underlies it is sacred and
worthy all esteem, and should be carefully fostered. The work of
the Board has been good, and all motives and efforts connected with
it have been in the highest degree worth}' and honorable. Jt has a
record written in the Book of Life. But the principle reaches widely.
It is a point worthy of cousideration whether there is substantial
ground for two societies existing for the same end in the churches
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] woman's work, 165
for any Christian work, sundering Christian workers in spheres of
effori; where thej may be together. We have a Woman's Board or-
ganized. Is the American Board a man's board? Does it decline
to work in connection with women at home, or to send women as
missionaries abroad? Not at all. For half a ^entury men and
women have worked successfully together in it. If the American
Board is not a man's board, but knows neither male nor female in
Christ, why have a Woman's Board to do over again what the Amer-
ican Board was created to do? Or if we may have, to advantage,
two foreign missionary boards, may we not have two home mission-
ary boards ? Already that is being earnestly asked. Is our home
work less deserving the special organized help of women ? If it is
best to have a Woman's Board for foreign work, why not for home
work ? And so on clear around the circle of our benevolent societies.
But are two systems needed to cover the same ground, and can they
work well together year after year? The tendency to multiply
church boards is not good, and we are seeking to combine and unify
rather than extend the number.
Creating organizations for one sex apart from the other, control-
ling large sums of money and great interests, without mutual co-op-
eration, disturbs God's order in the house and in the church. It
separates work that should be done together, and divides workers
on the same field where they ought to glean in unison. Unless there
is some corresponding benefit, we should look to see where we are
going. But if there are great advantages in it, other causes require
this help of women not less than the foreign work ; and if a valua-
ble point has been gained for this in the organization of the Woman's
Board, let all boards share it.
What does the Woman's Board accomplish which the American
Board ought not to do ? The Woman's Board had its Justification
in the hope that it would increase missionary interest among ladies
and add to the revenues of missions. That is certainly also one of
the purposes of the American Board to be accomplished without
adding to its present machinery. It is commissioned to use men
and women in the churches, in Christian gatherings, and in all kinds
of Christian effort, to stir up interest in community and gain recruits
and means. There is now in some degree separation in all this.
Is it successfiil? That is, does the Woman's Board increase the
money raised for the foreign work, in proportion to the additional
outlay of time and expense ?
The Woman's Board divides the stream of benevolence. Does it
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166 woman's wobk. [1877.
greatl}' enlarge it? Might we not consider whether the same earnest
pra^^er and effort on the part of women, exercised over the whole
ground, diffusing information and collecting funds from house to
house and from each member of the family and throughout the en-
tire church and neighborhood, might not effect more than both
boards now do ? The American Board was organized for men and
women, and needs woman's help in it. If there is separation, must
not one board eventually increase and the other decrease from the
very nature of the case ?
Women now go over the surface of the churches and gather up
some money for their board. The conscience of the churches is in
danger of being satisfied there. " We have done something for
foreign missions through our women," they say, " and now we will
pass on to do something for other objects that press upon us, and
so divide our help around," when, had the one great board for the one
great cause been presented with faithfulness for one united effort of
all the church together, might not more be given ?
We must not keep our eye on foreign missions alone in consider-
ing this principle, but look to the good of the entire cause of Christ.
Do we desire to have women's boards extended to the other benev-
olent organization? Yet without it they are, as it now is, cut off
in a measure from woman's help. The symmetry' and balance of
woman's work is not kept. What God has joined together in mutual
helpfulness is so far forth put asunder. These questions may be
fully answered. If they are, the Woman's Board will be stronger
than before. If they are not, it is not wrong to ask them.
This line of thought we have gone over may be summed up in a
word : Christianity does not contract the sphere of woman, nor cur-
tail the legitimate exercises of her powers and privileges. At crea-
tion she was made in her moral nature, one with man. God's image
is alike on them both.
In the Jewish economy, the place she held and the influence she
exerted in religious things was important. When the Jewish dis-
pensation was superseded by Christianity, her influence was potent
and pervasive. In the inauguration of the Messiah's work, woman
appears as one of the most prominent figures. In the great move-
ment which planted the Christian church, she is everywhere influen-
tial and helpful. And it is evident that in the development and
unfolding of the kingdom of grace, her worth and work must be
increasingl}' desirable, for the qualities most conspicuous in Chris-
tianity are those most in line with her character and endowments.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] woman's woek. 167
While the kingdoms of the world and the glory of them decrease,
her realm in the world's regenerated life will increase. Chris-
tianity speaks to all that God has planted in her nature, and under
its sway, she will gain all that is good and lose nothing that is
evil.
Christianity has done away with ancient customs and prejudices,
opening new doors of effort as society has advanced.
This age, through the constant raising of the standards of edu-
cation, has secured benefits and privileges for her which no other
age ever liad, but to which they all contribute.
The extension of her influence in present moral and religious
movements is the normal development of forces which have been
working and waiting from St. Paul's day to this.
The world is riper than ever before, in its iron ages of war and
lust, for her passive virtues and the sweet graces of her Christian
womanhood. She brings her priceless gifts to a rising market.
The old valuations of man as a fighting animal are passing away,
and the gentler spiritual elements of the New Testament are com-
ing to their place.
There are springs in some countries which, when the water rises
to a certain point, begin to flow abundantly and do not cease.
The influence of woman in the world, the living water of Chris-
tianity having risen to the requisite height, is flowing out in service
more beneficent than ever before, and, as the kingdom of God
advances, will increase in volume and deepen in power unto the
end.
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168 FELLOWSHIP AND UNION MEETINGS. [1877.
FELLOWSHIP AND UNION MEETINGS.
BT BEV. ABTHUB LITTLE, 70ND DU LAC, WISCONSIN.
One sign of a vital, aggressive Christianity is its inventiveness.
Eager for new conquests, intent on fresh victories, it will find
new lines of march, discover new points of attack, forge new
weapons, venture upon new combinations, try new experiments,
cut out new channels, through which the healing waters may has-
ten on their blessed errand of cleansing and cure to the diseased
millions of earth.
It is the glory of our gospel that, while it is essentially one and
the same in its nature and adaptation to human needs in all ages,
it is still flexible and free in its methods, dependent, for its exten-
sion and diffusion among men, upon no stereotyped methods, no
particular form of visible organization.
In attitude expectant, in spirit untrammelled, in methods tenta-
tive, it is ever watchful for new opportunity, ready for fresh
adaptations to new conditions.
Charged with the grand mission of universal prevalence, it waits
for no other preparation than an open door before it goes, consents
to take passage by steam or sail, to Journey by land or sea, to
enter city or town, palace or hut, is willing to be preached by an
ordained minister or a layman, a Paul or a Philip, less intent upon
the order of its going than upon the fact of going in some way.
Vigorous, energetic life will always find appropriate modes of
manifestation and expression, always make itself felt and multiply
its power. A living gospel is no exception to this universal law.
It is, therefore, a most hopeful sign, auspicious of the coming of
the kingdom, where we find ourselves, as now, encompassed by
so many new methods and developments of Christian activity,
when we see this old gospel of power, so pronounced, self-assert-
ing, and aggressive in spirit, as to be satisfied no longer with old
ways and methods, though divinely sanctioned and well approved,
but rather trying fresh experiments, originating and employing new
agencies for the salvation of the lost.
It ought to fill our souls with unceasing joy and hope that we
are brought face to face with so many unfamiliar forms of Christian
activity, " devices of holy ingenuity," suited to arrest the thought
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1877,] FELLOWSHIP Ain> UNION MEETINGS. 169
and tarn the attention of sinfnl men toward the ever-pressing
claims of the gospel, and especially as we remember that the aim
is not to discredit or supplant, but rather to supplement and rein-
force the old.
One oannot study recent developments, observe the new combi-
nations, the grand marshalling of the armies, the gradual unifica-
tion of the forces, the work of preparation and achievement along
the entire line, without feeling that the sacramental host is at
length in earnest, and that before many years, with unfaltering
and soldierly devotion, the highway will be cast up, and the ever-
lasting doors opened that the King of Glory may come in.
Forces and agencies, too long latent, are now active, and vindi-
cating their legitimacy and utility by their results.
It is more and more clearly seen, as the vision becomes clari-
fied, that while there are "diversities of gifts," "differences of
administrations," " diversities of operations," it is still the same
spirit, the same Lord, *' the same God which worketh all in all."
Contributions to the great work are gladly welcomed from every
source. Among the manifold agencies, owned and blessed of God
in the promotion of his cause, the Christian public has been made
more or less familiar, during the last three years, with a form of
activity to which current religious history has given the name of
** Fellowship Meetings."
It is of these that it now belongs to me to speak.
A natural treatment of this topic would be a consideration of the
origin, character, object, and results of these meetings.
I. So far as I know, their origin is involved in some ob-
scurity.
According to the Advance, they grew out of the movement
in the Oberlin Council for the organization of Home Missionary
Societies in the West. Their genesis may, very likely, be thus
explained.
Meetings of this sort were first held in the State of Illinois, and
may fairly be reckoned as a phase of home-missionary effort.
They belong in that department of religious activity, and had their
conception and birth, no doubt, in the minds and hearts of men
burdened with the great question of home evangelization. It is
probable that they were started with the distinct purpose of
creating new interest in home-missionary work, and doing some-
thing towi^rd the practical solution of the problem, which weighs
more heavily than almost any other upon every sensitive Christian
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170 FELLOWSHIP AND UNION MEETINGS. [1877.
soul in the great, wealthy interior, viz., that of self-supportj and
emancipation from the overtaxed but generous parent society.
The history of fellowship meetings, when permanently written,
will doubtless find its place in the Home Missionary records.
Their careful study and inspection will disclose little absolutely
new in them except the name. That is their happy distinction,
and apart from that, it may well be doubted whether they are
entitled to classification as a new, original method of activity.
The costume is new, the idea old ; and for that matter, the
germ, if not the substantial form, of most of our recent religions
activity may be found in that matchless treatise on evangelization,
the New Testament, and, therefore, more or less employed
during the ages by the church. The protracted meetings of other
3'ears, those historic four-days' meetings, usually productive, the
well-known '* Circular Conference" of Northern New York, the
Gospel and Bible meetings held by the young men in many States,
and other forms of associated and continuous eifort for the salva-
tion of men, have resembled, in their main features, these gather-
ings which have recently been found so useful in the West.
They have been the product of existing conditions, and found
their vindication in their timeliness, spontaneity, adaptation to the
demand of the people, and the heartiness of the response awakened.
ir. Their character. They have generally been projected and
managed either by the missionary committees of the district asso-
ciations and conventions, or by the Home Missionary superin-
tendents ; in Wisconsin, the latter.
No uniform mode has been pursued, the aim having been to
adapt them as wisely as possible to the circumstances of time and
place.
In Illinois the three following methods have been adopted : —
1. An afternoon meeting has been given to each church in the
local association, and a schedule printed announcing the time and
place. This has usually developed a desire for a more extended
service, and resulted in the appointment of a series of four-days'
meetings for each of the churches.
2. A second method has been to group the churches of a given
association, and hold a meeting for each of these groups at a ppeci-
fied time and place, with a general meeting at the end of the series
for all the churches.
3. A third way has been to hold meetings only with such churches
as have desired them, and with the request, named the time, the
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1877.] TELLOWSHIP AND UNION MEETINGS. 171
place, invited other churches, and given shape, in general, to the
order of exercises. This has been the method usually adopted in
Wisconsin.
Other denominations, though thej' would have been gladly wel-
comed as a rule, have not attended them, excepting those in the
community where the meeting is held. In that case, the co-opera-
tion has usually been cordial and fraternal.
Printed programmes are furnished, containing two or three closely
related and practical topics, which are to be informally and famil-
iarly discussed by brethren previously named and so somewhat pre-
pared.
Devotional exercises, Bible readings, prayer, song, confession,
exhortation, testimony in which all are urged to participate, and
whatever else will kindle the flame, intensify spiritual desire, make
spiritual impression, are freely intermingled, the sweet thought and
fact of fellowship, the while, made central as the nucleus around
which all else shall crystallize. Honest, sincere, natural expression •
of real needs and experiences is sought, w^hile conventionalisms,
formalism, and pious platitudes are studiously avoided, and unless
there be warmth and power enough to overcome these, failure is
inevitable.
And while there is no particular machinery to be regulated and
run, yet good leadership is just as needful here as in the manage-
ment of any other religious movement. Indeed, very much depends
upon this.
In a gathering of this sort where strangers meet, where the ele-
ments are diverse and various, and where there are generally two
or three irrepressible characters, who, unless wisely restrained, are
sure to spoil the whole thing, the presence of a warm-heai-ted, clear-
headed, versatile Christian man, who is fully alive to the end in
view, and gifted with tact and skill in the management of such
assemblies, at the place of command, with the feeling that the forces
are well in hand, is absolutely indispensable to efficienc}' and suc-
cess. In a scattered, miscellaneous, desultory effort, there will be
neither productiveness, nor power.
Running through all the sessions, from first to last, there must
be some thread of unity, or there will be no abiding impression.
In securing this unity much will depend upon the choice and
arrangement of topics, the leader, and the end to be accomplished.
Properly begun and conducted, these meetings have usually
grown in intensity and power to the end.
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172 FELLOWSHIP AND UNION MEETINGS. [1877.
III. Their object. This the name very well describes, — fellow-
ship meetings. Their primary purpose is, not revival work, but to
create and give practical expression to the sentiment of Christian
fellowship and fraternal sympathy among neighboring churches,
with a view to mutual heipfblness in spiritual things. And the
secret of the success is largel}*^ in the name. There is kindling
power in the very mention of the word " fellowship." It has an
apostolic and pentecostal flavor in it, and carries one back in
thought to the early time, when Christian fellowship — Koirwria —
was not a theory alone, but a blessed, helpful fact ; to the time wh^
it cost the little, hated sect something to come together ; when it
was a thing ftiU of hazard to be found in groups ; when community
of suffering begat community of sympathy and love, and drew
them, despite the suspicion and peril involved, into close contact
for mutual comfort and aid.
It is, in short, a sweet gospel word, tremulous with life and mean-
ing, and not only assuring sorely pressed and tempted disciples of
a place among the choicest companionships of earth, but also mak-
ing them know, in addition to this, what none could ever dare hope
or claim, — that their fellowship is with the Father, and with his
Son, Jesus Christ.
That knowledge lightens the burden, and gives fresh courage in
the fight.
It will be evident that the very announcement of such a meeting
will be pleasantly received, disarm criticism, create enthusiasm, and
excite expectation in the minds of all, rich and poor, high and low,
hot and cold, of a religious gathering where all distinctions are to
be forgotten, and where all may meet on terms of brotherly equality
for the promotion of each other's spiritual good. It is an attempt
to realize, imperfectly perhaps, one of the grandest conceptions of
the Christian church, that of a Christian brotherhood.
Of conferences, conventions, councils, associations, protracted,
revival, and gospel meetings the people have possibly often heard
before, but of a fellowship meeting never.
It starts them on a new train of thought, and awakens a new
interest, illustrating the value of the principle of novelty even in
Christian work. And it is germane to my subject to refer here to
the great demand, even among the churches of our own faith, for a
more fi*equent and fuller expression of this sentiment.
How it does need fresh emphasis ! Christian hearts are yearning
for it. The churches are languishing for want of it ; single-handed
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1877.] FELLOWSHIP AND UNION MEETINGS. 173
and alone, many of them are fighting the battle for a doubtfal exist-
ence.
This great gospel fact is one of the fundamental principles of our
]X)lity. It is this alone which differences us from Independency,
which we affect to repudiate. And yet, though so vital and essen-
tial in our economy, it fails of adequate practical recognition.
It sometimes seems to me that we are so afraid we shall be one,
one in creed, one in spirit, one in substantial methods, swayed .by
one common impulse, so afraid that free enough play will not be
given to every peculiarity and idiosyncrasy of individual thought
and belief, so afraid of regularity and consolidation, organic union,
ecclesiastical domination, centraKzation, or some other spectre or
phantom of the past, or jealous for the honor and integrity of the
great principle of the autonomy of the local church, that we are in
danger of allowing the centrifugal force to get the mastery, destroy
whatever of coherence and unity the body now has, and even par-
alyze, if not kill, any denominational esprit du corps. Indeed, we
are not quite clear whether it is right for us to be here, enjoying
this sweet and blessed communion of a national fellowship meet-
ing, lest some precious theory of our polity be trampled upon, or
some abstract principle in Congregationalism be put in jeopardy
thereby.
In our very laudable desire to avoid meddlesome interference,
we are in danger of going to the other extreme of holding ourselves
entirely aloof, and not even taking the pains to ask or answer the
question, " Who is my neighbor? "
The affirmation cannot be too boldly made that the churches of
our denomination need more fully to prize and freely to avail them-
selves of this great privilege of Christian fellowship. It is espe-
cially needed at the West, where churches are remote from each
other, isolated ; where a memory stirs the heart far less than a hope ;
where historic Congregationalism goes for almost nothing, and
Plymouth Rock fails to strike fire ; where actual Congregationalism,
as it lies in the average mind, is somewhat fragmentary, ill-defined,
vague, and variable, and where a little more drawing together,
concord, agreement, fusion, cohesion, compactness, and consolida-
tion could possibly result in no injury.
" Each one for himself" is not the best motto for a Christian
church, though the practical watchword of too many west of the
Lakes ; and as to the ^^ hindermost," it is easy enough to guess what
becomes of that. The need of fellowship among us is emphasized,
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174 FELLOWSHIP AND UNION MEETrNGS. [1877.
moreover, from the fact that the interchange of pulpits is much less
frequent than in the older States, while installations are so rare that
many churches seldom see a council or witness the impressive cere-
mon}' of a right hand of fellowship extended to a pastor.
It will be seen that, in the midst of such conditions, meetings of
the character described will be peculiarly opportune and valuable.
These separate households of faith must, in some way, be brought
into acquaintance and co-operation. Not only must the fellowship
of saints, but the fellowship of churches, be made evident.
To do preciselj' this thhig is the first object of these meetings.
And one condition of success is a good volunteer attendance from
the neighboring churches. There is inspiration in numbers.
It is a touching scene and not soon forgotten, which one may
witness in connection with a meeting of this sort, in response to an
invitation from some small, struggling church, out in the woods or
upon the open prairie.
It is midwinter, the notice has been duly given, the programmes
circulated, and a number of the neighboring churches been sum-
moned to *' come and help."
The snow is two feet deep, and the thermometer sufficiently low,
but with genuine Western pluck, under the inspiration of the occa-
sion, hungry for the promised feast, the pastors and volunteer dele-
gates — usually the most active and enterprising of the church —
start for the meeting.
Double sleighs, more commodious than elegant, containing six,
eight, ten, twelve, closely packed, come pouring in at the appointed
hour from every direction, the bells upon the horses echoing prelim-
inar}' notes of praise. The people of the village or settlement are
there. The weather cold, but the reception warm. The capacious
stoves, all aglow with heat, are the fitting symbols of hearts which
wait to speak the word of welcome. Now come the salutations,
familiar greetings, introductions, hand-shakings, expressions of in-
terest, outbursts of hearty Christian fellowship, the long-pent-up
joy that must have vent, the speedy acquaintance, the rapid inter-
change of thought and overflow of feeling. These more demonstra-
tive expressions 'spon yield to modulated tones and tremulous utter-
ance, while, with moistened e3'e and answering glance, in gentle
whisper, inquiry is made after the spiritual health, the soul pros-
perity, and the condition and prospects of the Lord's work in the
region around.
Akeady a communit}' of interest is developed, common S3'mpathies
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1877.] FELLOwsrap akd union meetings. 175
are stirred, hearts are knit together in love, and the unspoken wish
of each one is that these new-born desires maj' find reverent utterance
in prayer, that universal solvent, around one common merc^'-seat
This done, hearts, at once so full and so joyous, must find furthe
vent in song, and the familiar old hymn, so serviceable in the promo
tion of these sacred bonds of brotherhood, —
Blest be the tie that binds
Our hearts in Christian love ;
The fellowship of kindred minds
Is like to that above, —
furnishes the fitting channel of expression for the unwonted joy.
The meeting is now fairly begun, and, pitched in this kej' and car-
ried forward with a crescendo movement, it will be no marvel if, at
its close, there should be meaning in that other stanza of the same
hymn, —
When we asunder port,
It gives us inward pain ;
But we shall still be joined in heart,
And hope to meet again.
The morning session ends, and to save time, right there in the
sanctuary the tables are spread, and the guests, with appetites
sharpened by the long ride, are invited to that sort of fellowship
and acquaintance which come in the breaking of bread ; and there
are times when no other appeals are so potent and irresistible as
those presented bj' an ample collation.
All things are in common. The sandwiches, coffee, cold meats,
doughnuts, cake, apples, appetizing viands of all sorts, — how abun-
dant and how delicious ! They are eaten with gladness, and, it is
hoped, with singleness of heart.
If 3-ou were in doubt about the warmth of your welcome before,
there is room for doubt no longer. Hospitality without grudging
has been shown, and if the friends tarry overnight, a blessing goes
with them into the scattered homes. They mean it all. They are
glad j'ou came. They are rejoiced to see 3'ou and wish you to stay as
long as possible. The meeting has done them great good. It has
been an inspiration, a benediction. With firmer step and gladder
heart, they take up the burden and go forth to their appointed work.
Now they know they are not alone, are not forgotten.
They not only find that the bond of union among themselves has
been strengthened, but also that they have been linked in helpful
league with the great brotherhood of Christians.
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176 FELLOWSHIP AND UNION MEETINGS. [1877.
Hencefoi'th they know something of the blessedness of the fellow-
ship of the churches by actual experience.
And the benefit has been reciprocal. The reflex influence has
been great; the visitors bring away more than they carried with
them when they went ; they have stolen a Promethean spark which
will kindle the fire anew upon the altar of their own communions ;
then they have learned, by their free interchange of thought and
feeling, how much, in the way of joy and sorrow, they have in com-
mon.
There is hardly a church anywhere which does not feel that it has
some exceptional hardship, trial, experience, which others do not
have, and which seriously retard its progress. A full acquaintance
will disclose the fact that all are exceptional and peculiar, and essen-
tially much alike.
And so it comes about that, when ministers seek new fields of
labor with the hope of escaping these peculiar hardships, they gen-
erally " change the place and keep the pain."
It may be added that these meetings have been verj'^ useful in
overcoming spiritual inertia. It is common to find churches at the
dead point, motionless, needing some new measure, some sudden
impulse, some unusual pressure, to push them out of the ruts and
waken them into life. A gathering of this sort will sometimes fur-
nish the necessary impact and set the helpless wheels in motion.
It is also common to find churches which have been faithfully
laboring and praying, until they seem to have reached the revival
point, — the point of productiveness and power, — when, for some
reason, there comes a halt and all is stationary. If they could only
rise a little higher, accumulate a little more force, results would
follow. Under such circumstances, a meeting thus summoned will
often swell the tide enough, with God's help, to carry the halting
church out into a large place, to glorious achievement. In many,
if not most instances, the outcome of these meetings has been a
revival. Of course to secure this the advantage must be wisely
pushed.
"Fellowship meetings," writes Rev. B. F. Doe, "opened the
revival campaign in the Chippewa and Eau Claire valleys, two or
three years ago." And a glorious campaign it was. And here I
may add Mr. Doe's estimate of the value of these meetings, in con-
nection with which he has had large experience : " They have pro-
moted union in general ; brought us closer together as a denomina-
tion, the stronger churches into closer s^^mpathy with the weaker
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1877.] FELLOWSHIP ATTO UXION SCEETIITOS. 177
ones ; deepened the sense of Christian brotherhood ; unsealed the
lips of many hitherto silent Christians, and led many souls to Christ."
'My topic includes other forms of union effort. Upon these I need
not dwell.
. The great religious movements, East and West, of the last three
years under Moody, Whittle, Needham, Hammond, and other evan-
gelists, is a practical illustration of the need and value of union
effort between the different denominations. Without such co-opera-
tion, manifestly these great results would have been impossible.
The ideal fellowship meeting would embrace all the evangelical
denominations. We have learned, I think, that the success of a
union movement in any city or town depends very much upon a wise
and experienced leader, who, as a rule, must be a non-resident of
the place, though not necessarilj^ an evangelist of great repute. A
pastor may conduct successfully a series of union meetings elsewhere,
when he might not hope to do the same at his own home.
There is absolute need of one directing mind, one controlling
hand, to give efficiency to this kind of work. It is hardly to be
expected that resident pastors will surrender the entire leadership
to one of their own number, while a distribution of this service is
likel}' to weaken, if not to thwart, the undertaking. It is one of
the great elements of power and success in these beloved evangelists
that they know the secret of securing such hearty co-operation and
alliance of pastors and people with them in their campaigns, that
they can stir up such a conspiracy in love and good works among
brethren and churches, in many respects so variant. So far as hu-
man conditions go, the right kind of leadership is a most essential
factor in any productive union meetings.
My confidence is that we have only seen the beginning of this
form of Christian endeavor, and that it will become more and more
frequent, until it shall be clearly seen that denominational lines are
maintained, not to weaken, hinder, and divide, but rather to strength-
en, help, and,' if it be not a contradiction to say it, to promote a
deeper, more essential union in all that pertains to the upbuilding of
Christ's kingdom. There is still one other form of union effort not
enough valued or emploj'ed, viz., that of neighboring pastors uniting
to help each other in an occasional series of meetings, practically
exchanging work, — doubling the force in harvest time, — or that of
the pastors of different denominatioQS, generally not more than
two, in the same citj'^ or town, joining hands and hearts in an
aggressive movement.
12
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178 FELLOWSHIP AND UNION AIEETINGS. [1877.
Many of the best results which it has ever been my joj' to share
in or to see have been the product, under God, of this kind of labor.
There are times when two pastors, who are in substantial agreement,
in doctrine and method, will do more than twice as much together
as either can hope to do in the same time alone.
It would seem to me that special effort along this line might be
undertaken more often than it is, with large expectation of the
Divine favor and good results.
The question may come whether these various forms of Christian
activity now under discussion, and particularly fellowship meetings,
are likely to have permanent value. This I cannot answer. They
will be useful as long as demanded and until succeeded by something
that can make a better claim. Whatever else the future may unfold,
of this we may be perfectly sure, that the great gospel fact of Chris-
tian fellowship, so amply and beautifully illustrated in the early church,
so clearly and explicitly recognized in the frequent salutations and
greetings of the apostle Paul, so sweetly and impressively exhibited
in the writings of the apostle John, and so touchingly and tenderly,
breathed forth in the last prayer of the Lord Jesus, will live as long
as the church lives and human hearts hunger for companionship and
communion, and become more and more assertive and dominant in
the lives of Christians of every name and nation and kindred and
people and tongue, '' till we all come, in the unity of the faith and
of the knowledge of the Son of God, unto a perfect man, unto the
measure of the stature of the fulness of Christ," and any best
fellowship of earth be exchanged for the sweeter, fuller, holier fel-
owship of the saints in glory.
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1877,] 8UNDAT-8CHOOL WORK. 179
SUNDAY-SCHOOL WORK: ITS SPHERE AND TYS
METHODS.
BY 1XEX, H. CLAT TRUMBULL, OF PHILADELPHIA, PA.
Ix coming before this National Council, at the request of its
Provisional Committee, to read a paper upon Sunda^'-school work, I
wish to have it distinctly understood that I am here not as a " Snn-
da^'-school man," but as a church-man. *' I believe in the Holy
Catholic Church " ; and if the intensity of my conviction that the
church of Christ is the one i^ency which God has ordained for the
evangelizing of the world, and for the upbuilding of his people in
faith and knowledge, is to be accepted as an index of my relative
standing among lovers of that all-inclusive agency for good to a
fallen race, then I am glad to be known as a very high church-man.
*' Christ is the head of the church." The church " is his body."
He " loved " it, and " gave himself for it." It is that '' which he
hath purchased with his own blood," and which he " nourisheth
and cherisheth." Unto it are ** committed the oracles of God."
To it are the commands, " Preach the gospel to every creature,"
and " Teach all nations," the encouragement, '* Lo, I am with
you alwa}*," and the promise, ^^ The gates of hell shall not prevail
against it." The church shares its responsibility and its work
with none. It brooks no rival as the '* Bride of Christ." The
Bridegroom himself has said, " If thy brother . . . neglect to hear
the church, let him be unto thee as a heathen man and a publican."
Unless, therefore, the Sunday school could be fairly recognized as
a duly constituted department of the church of Christ, I would
turn from it at once, and give my strength and energies to some
l^itimate sphere of church influence and activity.
But believing, as I do, that the Sunday school is a divinely
ordained and approved department of the church of Christ, of
equal validity and antiquity with pulpit preaching, I am glad to
stand here and urge upon these brethren and fathers in the minis-
try, and these Christian laymen, the dutj* of rendering the Sunday
school more widely and wisely efficient for the service to which it
was originally set of God. And to guard against possible miscon-
ceptions of my meaning just here, it may be well for ma to state
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
180 SUNDAY-SCHOOL WORK, [1877.
what I mean by the Sunday school, and how I understand it to
have been divinely ordained and approved.
By the Sunday school I mean that department of the church
in which Bible truth is taught by form of question and answer,
to scholars gathered in groups under intelligent and disciplined
teachers. To say nothing of the earlier centuries of this teaching,
from the days of Abraham to the coming of our Lord Jesus, it is
sufficient now to say that at the birth of Jesus it prevailed in all
the Jewish s3'nagogues. The mornipg service of the synagogue
was a service of worship supplemented by promiscuous woi-ds of
exhortation. This was followed by a religious school session, — a
Bible school, a divinity school, — where the teachers sat raised
above their scholars on cushions or benches, and their classes gath-
ered below and about them — Saul and his fellow-pupils at the feet
of Gamaliel — for the full discussion of religious truth, in the course
of which questions were asked and answered with the utmost free-
dom alike by the young and the old. In so high esteem was this
school session held among the godly Jews that, as the Talmud
informs us, the}' had it for a common proverb concerning the duty
of the true Israelite, " From the synagogue to the divinity school,"
or, in modern parlance, " From the forenoon church service to the
Sunda}* school.
That Jesus was himself a member of the Sunday school of his
day hardly admits of an intelligent doubt. Indeed, the single glimpse
which is given to us out of all his boyhood life shows him in one
of these ^^divinitj^-school" gatherings at Jerusalem; and when his
anxious mother, finding him there, tells how long and in how many
places she has sought him, sorrowing, his prompt answer, '*Howis
it that ye sought me ? Wist ye not that I must be about mj' Father's
business ? " to me seems to say, "Why did you look elsewhere ? Did
you not know I would be in the Sunday school?" There he was,
with, perchance, " the now aged Ilillel the looser, and Shammai the
binder, and the wise sons of Betirah, and Rabban Simeon, Hillel's
son, and Jonathan the paraphrast, the greatest of his pupils," sit-
ting among them, questioning and being questioned, according to
the method which prevailed in such schools throughout the Holy
Land.
And when Jesus commissioned his disciples to the formation and
guidance of his church, he enjoined it upon them not onl}' to preach
the gospel everywhere, and to receive new members into the church
by administering the rite of baptism, but to do the work of train-
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] SUNDAY-SCHOOL WOBK, 181
ing the converts by "teaching them to obsen'e all things whatso-
ever" he had commanded. This term ** teaching" was, I am con-
fident, understood by the disciples to mean instructing through the
method of question and answer. In other words, Jesus, in the
"Great Commission," commanded his disciples to win converts
through preaching, and to train converts by the Sunday school, by
the church school in which teachers gather the scholars in groups,
and instruct them catechetically.
At once this teaching work was begun in the Christian church.
The term " instructed," as applied to Theophilus and Apollos and
the representative Jew in Romans, means literally " catechised," as
Alford saj's ; the original term (katekeo) signifying, according to
Melancthon and more recent scholars, "that method of teaching in
which the utterances of the Master are called forth by questions."
As the church extended its area, Mosheim declares, " Schools were
erected everywhere from the beginning " ; and of the days of Clem-
ent and Origen — the second and third centuries — Dr. Proudfit con-
cludes, "In such high estimation was the business of catechetical
instruction tlien held as to command the whole time and labor of
the greatest minds of the church. . . . And in like estimation
it continued to be held so long as truth was looked upon as the
proper glory and power of Christianity, and the teaching of truth
as the great means of converting souls, and rearing up a holy pos-
terity to perpetuate the church. But when the ecclesiastical spirit
overcame the evangelical, . . . catechetical instruction, of course,
declined." From the earlier centuries down to the present time, ail
the history of the Christian church goes to show that only when the
church school — the Sunday school, as we now call it — has been
given the place which our Lord assigned to it in the original plan of
his church, has there been substantial progress made in the upbuild-
ing of any body of Christian believers in the knowledge of God's
Word and in the practice of its precepts. As Bishop Jebb affirmed,
" In exact proportion as catechising has been practised or neglected,
in the same propoii;ion have the public faith or morals been seen to
flourish or decline."
Do not misunderstand me. Every great reform has been brought
about through preaching. Christendom has been aroused from its
sloth and stimulated to new life and activity by the trumpet voice
of the faith- filled preacher. Inspiration to achievement and prog-
ress has come, not by the schools, but by the pulpit. Preaching
has been and is to be the pre-eminent agency to convict and win
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182 SUNDAY-SCHOOL WORK. [1877.
sinners and to exhort and guide saints, but the religious training
of an}' people has been attained, and the results of any reformation
have been made pennanent, only through a process of teaching, by
the Sunday school or its substantial equivalent. As the decline of
catechetical instruction presaged the dark ages of the middle cen-
turies, so, on the other hand, every revival of true church life has
been accompanied and made effective by a return to the catechet-
ical mode of instruction ; and those branches of the church which
have retained their spiritual vitality in seasons of general religious
declension have invariably given prominence to this method of
teaching.
The New England religious record is a striking illustration of
this universal truth. Our pilgrim fathers had no thought of build-
ing up a Christian commonwealth through the family and the pulpit
alone. They gave large prominence to the teaching idea. Their
religion covered seven days in the week, and they practically gave
five days to the Sundaj'- school idea by having religious truth
taught catechetically, although by an imperfect plan, in the pub-
lic school. No wonder, then, that they wanted all of Sunday for
preaching ! But the vicious element in their system was the union
of Church and State, and the trouble with their form of Sunday
school was, that it was turned over to the civil authorities. When
the public schools were gradually secularized, the people were left
without the Sunday school, and the religious decline of the com-
munity was a consequence, as it is sure to be with any people who
have only the family and the pulpit as the means of religious instruc-
tion. Error and unbelief came in like a flood, and all things pure
and lovely and of good report were being swept away from the face
of New England, when in the good providence of God a new bar-
rier was reared against the devastating forces bj" the introduction
of the modem Sunday school, of the original church school of
Christianity^ in its new and improved form. And from that day to
this the religious elevation and progress of New England have kept
pace with the extension and improvement of the Sunday school.
In any examination inlo the rise and decline of scepticism in New
England, it is giving prominence to the secondary rather than the
primary causes which emphasizes the particular forms of error
which made their appearance in the pulpits of that region, and the
subsequent new presentations of truth by the preachers which met
successfully the popular heresies. Scepticism and error were inev-
itable in New England when a generation arose with no training in
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1877.] SUNDAY-SCHOOL WORK. 183
the Sunday school. It is never safe to leave the membership of
the church so. uninstructed in Bible truth as to render it possible
for false doctrine to be proclaimed unnoticed in the pulpit. Scep-
ticism and error again lost their hold in New England when the
children and their parents were brought through the Sunday school
to search the Scriptures dail}'-, whether the things affirmed by their
ministers were true. This is, in substance, the. story of religious
progress and decline everywhere.
That the Sunday school has not been commonly recognized as a
formal department of the church, doing a work specifically com-
manded of God, is as undeniable as that it ought to be thus
accepted. That it is more and more widely looked upon in this light
is one of tlie hopeful signs of progress. A church without its teach-
ing service is surely a sadly imperfect church. If a church prose-
cutes its work of teaching through the Sunday school in its present
form, then its Sunday school is a department of its organization of
like legitimacy with its pulpit. If, however, a church refuses to
accept the Sunda}' school as now constituted for the doing of its
teaching work, then it is bound to employ some other method of
conforming to the command of the Great Commission, by teaching
God's Word catechetically to the people of its charge. At all
events, the Sunday school as it is, or the Sunday school reorgan-
ized and improved, must be counted an essential and a divinel}'
sanctioned department of every duly constituted local church.
And the recognition of this fact brings into immediate prominence
certain important church duties toward the Sunday school which
have been too often overlooked or ignored.
(1.) Each church must hold itself responsible for the teaching
given in its Sunday school ; and this of course involves the duty
of choosing its teachers and of training them for and in their work.
The superintendent of the school should be a recognized church
officer in charge of the school management, subject, of course, to
church oversight. His assisting teachers, selected by himself as
"faithful men [and women] who shall be able to teach others
also," should be approved by the church ; and they as well as he
should be formally and publicly inducted into station. Those who
are already teachers and those who are candidates for this position
should have the advantage of thorough instruction in both the mat-
ter and manner of teaching, that they may become "apt to teach,"
and may speak " the things which become sound doctrine."
(2.) Time enough, and at proper hours, must be given to the
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184 SUNDAY-SCHOOL WOBK. [1877.
Sunda}- school in the arrangement by the church of its Lord*s-day
services. The Sunday school should not be ground between the
. upper and nether mill-stones of assumed '' regular services." It is
itself a " regular" service, as valid and as clearly commanded of
God as any other church service. It ought not to be thrust aside
for preaching or prajing or singing or Bible-reading. The ques-
tion is not whether there shall be one sermon or two each Lord's
day : it is whether God's agency of teaching shall be denied to his
people. If two sermons or four can be given and heard in a day
to advantage, let them be so ; but let no church shut out or unduly
cramp and stint its teaching service in order to multiply other
services.
(3.) The Sunday school must have a proper place to meet in.
In building a new house of worship a church ought to plan for its
Sunday school as surely as for its congregation of passive hearers.
It is not enough to arrange for a lecture-room or a prayer-meeting
room, with the understanding that the Sunday school can meet
in it for an hour on Sunday. Rooms for the Sunday school, Bible-
class rooms, and primary class rooms, as well as the main school
room, should be provided with sliding doors or windows to sepa-
rate them from each other, or to throw them together on occasions,
and with circular or movable or graduated seats, so that school
instruction may be carried on to advantage. Then if these rooms
will answer for the weekl}'^ prayer-meeting, so much the better.
At all events the Sunday school will be thus far provided for.
(4.) All necessary expenses of the Sunday school should be
met by the church. Besides the permanent outlay for school-rooms
and their furniture, — including maps and blackboards, and Bibles
and hymn-books, — there should be ample provision for a supply
of lesson helps and teachers' periodicals, and for a fair amount of
printing b}*^ the superintendent. A library of reference books for
the teachers will in many schools be a necessity ; a library for the
scholars will in others be deemed desirable. Whatever is needed
to give the school greatest efflciencj' and to keep up and advance
its standard of instmction should be provided ungrudgingly at
church charge. Those who do the work of teaching gratuitously
ought not to be called on to pay the bills of those whom they
represent in this service. The amount of needed outlay for the
Sunday school will depend, of course, very much upon its size and
surroundings, and must necessaril}- be measured by the resources
of the particular church. It would seem, however, as if from one
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] SUNDAY-SCHOOL WOBK. 185
dollar to five dollars per annum for each scholar in the school
would be a very moderate outla}' for the work devolved on this
department of church activit}'.
It is pleasant to be able to say that there has been gain in the
direction of all these desirable attainments, among the churches of
our faith, within the past few years. Sunday schools which were
long conducted as independent organizations have been formally
adopted as an integral portion of the churches whose names they
before bore by courtesy. The installation of Sunday-school
oflScers and teachers, by a service which recognizes these laborers
as representatives of the church, is no longer an untried experi-
ment. An annual report by the superintendent to the church, in
the presence of the congregation, detailing the condition and prog-
ress of the Sunday school, is a custom in growing favor. Normal
classes for the training of teachers have been started here and there
in the churches, — in some cases as a regular department of the
Sunday school, in others as an occasional agency. Institutes for
the instruction of those already in the work have multiplied.
Teachers' meetings are now looked upon as a necessity, where a
little while ago they were called an impossibility. Competitive
examinations, to show the scholars* attainment in their lessons,
are now common. The time for holding the Sunday-school has, in
many churches, been changed fVom the noon hour to the hour of
the second preaching service of olden time, and its session is now
dignified by the name of '* Bible service," as an indication of the
new esteem in which it is held as a regular service of the church.
JThere are more good Sunday-school rooms in our churches than
ever before, and attention to Sunday-school architecture is now
demanded of every intelligent church-building committee in city or
country. And steadily the wise custom obtains of including a
liberal appropriation for the Sunday school in the estimate of
church or parish expenses for the year. No longer is it universally
the case that provision is made for the pastor's salary, for the
sexton's wages, for the cost of coal or wood, and of gas or kero-
sene, for the pay of the chorister and the bellows-boy, but not for
periodicals and printing, for books and reward cards, for certificates
and examination papers, and for other essential or desirable aids
in the line of Sundaj'-school work. Progress in all these particu-
lars is evident, and in the same direction the path of the just
" shineth more and more unto the perfect day."
But thus far I have spoken only of the Sunday school as a depart-
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186 SUNDAY-SCHOOL WORK. [1877.
ment of the local church. The undenominational " neighborhood
Sunday' school," as a pioneer agency of evangelizing, ought, cer-
tainlj^ not to be overlooked or undervalued. This is in some sense
an American agency, an adaptation of the church teaching service
to the character and necessities of this country. With our rapidly
extending population, and the sparse settlements on our steadily
advancing frontiers, it is quite impracticable to have & settled min-
istry with every local community. Moreover, with the large influx
of immigrants from the various countries of Europe, including
rationalists and errorists of every name, — and of none, — our border
populations could not be met most effectively by pulpit appeals to
those already in mature life, with fixed prejudices ngainst everything
in the shape of evangelical religion. The children are the hopeful
class of our new settlements. They can be won into the Sunday
school, when their parents could not be drawn into the sanctuary.
As a practical matter, they have commonly been thus reached ; and
now for more than fifty years the undenominational neighborhood
Sunday school has moved forward with the advancing wave of migra-
tion. West and South, and this agency, followed up, as it has been,
by efficient labors in the line of church organization on the part of
the several evangelical denominations, has been the means, under
God, of preserving our nation to civil and religious libert}^
A large share of all the Protestant churches formed in America
within the last half-century had their beginning in undenominational
Sunda}^ schools ; and no denomination owes a greater percentage
of its new churches within that period to this agency than the Con-
gregational. The character and polity of Congregationalism give^
to it an advantage in this particular. Unreached by strictly denom-
inational pressure, a union Sunday school is likely to become a
union, or what is much the same thing, a Congregational churcli.
If denominational agencies, however, compete for the permanent oc-
cupation of ground where a union Sunday school is in bivouac, it ought
to be no barrier to the representatives of our order, and it would
be hardly prudent for any other branch of the church to admit that
it was to theirs, that the people of that community had been for
some time engaged in the diligent study of the Bible. In point ox
fact, in those fields where Congregationalism has obtained any sub-
stantial foothold, the union Sunday school has been the common
est beginning of Congregational churches.
This truth seems to have been recognized by the last National
Council, at New Haven, in its recommendations of new measures for
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877,] BUKDAT-SGHOOL WORK. 187
the promotion of " missionary Sunday-school work " by the Amer-
ican Home lilissionary Society. The report of plans and progress
of the past three ye&rsy in this direction, have been laid before the
present Council by those who have the matter in charge. It is
enough for me to simply suggest, in addition,' one or two points
which ought to be borne in mind in the prosecution of all work of
this soi*t.
1. The living missionary rather than the printed page must
be depended on for the first gathering of a pioneer neighborhood
Sunday school. It would be folly to pile libraries on the prairies,
or to scatter them in the forests, in the hope that the wilderness
and the solitary place would promptly become glad for them, and
that the desert would through their agency quickly rejoice and blos-
som as the rose. A Sunday school can be formed, and can pros-
per, without a library ; but there is no hope for a Sundaj' school
without scholars. Scholars must be looked up in their homes,
reached one by one, or in family clusters, in their log-cabins or sod-
houses, and drawn by personal invitations and entreaties to the
place of the proposed Sunday school. Children are not to be won
as subscribers to a new Sunday school by any sj'stem of chromo
premiums, especially while there is as yet no advertising medium
through which to inform them of the distribution of awards With-
out the labors of the living missionary the neediest fields will be
without the Sundaj" school, even though the best books and papers
in the world are as free as air, and are " as the sand which is by
the sea-shore, innumerable."
2. The missionary who is set to the work of organizing pio-
neer Sunday schools ought to be a Sunday-school expert, and have
his time free from other obligations, that he may devote himself
unreservedly to this service. A training for his work and famil-
iarity with its methods is as important to a Sunday school mission-
ary as to a preacher, a house-carpenter, a farmer, or a horse-doc-
tor. And in addition to all the volunteer Sundaj-school work done
by pastors and Christian laymen, there is need all over our country
of special service by men fitted for and devoted to the forming and
establishing of neighborhood Sunday schools. Ministers who have
charge of pioneer churches among a sparse population may do
something in this line in their own immediate fields ; but with their
other pastoral duties demanding attention, they can hardly find
more time for such service than is available to the ordinary clergj'-
man settled over a compact congregation. If it were true that dis-
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188 SUNDAY-SCHOOL WORK. [1877.
tributing libraries was doing Sundaj^-school missionary work, then
indeed an}- settled pastor could be an efficient Sunday-school mis-
sionarj' ; so, for all that, a postmaster or an express agent could
be : but as the locating of libraries, however laudable that may be
in itself, is not doing true Sunday-school missionary work, the
man who is set to organizing neighborhood Sunday schools must
have time for his work, and must be trained to use that time to
advantage.
Just so far as those having a responsibility for the Sunday-school
missionary work of the churches represented in this Council, have
put trained men into the field, for the specific purpose of organiz-
ing and quickening Sunday schools in pioneer communities and in
the outlying neighborhoods of the older States, have they done
well, and can they appeal confidently for aid in carrj-ing forward
this good work. Just so far as they have come short of this, have
they failed to do that which is demanded by the necessities of our
peculiar population, and which has by the experience of the past
fifty 3'ear8 been found so generally effective and hopeful.
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1877,] THE PARISH 8TSTB1C. 189
THE PARISH SYSTEM.
APPOINTMENT OP COMMITTEE.
Berun, Conn., Oct. 21, 1874.
At the National Council at New Haven, the following action was
taken : —
** Resolved^ That a special committee of seven members be appointed to
inquire Into the facts, and to report to the next National Council, whether
the best interests of Congregationalism do not require the disuse of the
society (or parish) system, in which the ministry are made largely depend-
ent for their temporal support upon the pecuniary subscriptions of those
who lack vital sympathy with practical godliness ; and whether it be not
the duty of the churches, as such, to assume the responsibility of seeing
that those who labor in the gospel live of the gospel."
The following were appointed said committee : —
Rev. Samuel Wolcott, d. d., Cleveland, O.
Rev. Zachary Eddy, d. d., Detroit, Mich.
Rev. George B. Bacon, d. d.. Orange Valley, N. J.
Rev. William H. Moore, Berlin, Conn.
Rev. James W. Strong, d. d., Northfleld, Minn.
Gen. Charles H. Howard, Chicago, 111.
Edward Buck, Andover, Mass.
The resolution came from Rev. Henry M. Dexter, d. d.. New Bedford,
Mass.
W. H. MOORE,
Jiegistrar,
REPORT.
The undersigned have attended to the duty imposed upon them
by the preceding appointment, and now respectfully submit to the
Council their report.
The committee have been bereaved of two of their number by
death. Edward Buck, Esq., by his treatise on *' The Ecclesiastical
Law of Massachusetts," had shown his special fitness for a depart-
ment of this service, and our hopes of important aid in that direc-
tion have been disappointed by his illness and decease. Rev.
George B. Bacon, d. d., had written a single letter, indicating the
general drift of his thoughts ; but in the shaping of our conclu-
sions we have been deprived of his rare gifts. We have proceeded
to our work, and would now present the result, mindful of the
lesson suggested to us by the removal of our valued associates.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
190 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
We regret to miss at our meeting another associate, Gen. Howard,
who is detained by illness.
As soon as we commenced our researches, we discovered that we
had engaged in a service which demanded extensive correspond-
ence and investigation in an untrodden field. It was necessary
for us to ascertain the actual workings of the parish system, as it
existed among our churches throughout the land. We could not
carry out the resolution under which we were appointed, without
learning, as far as practicable, to what extent the ministry were
dependent on the subscriptions of those outside of the churches ; on
what conditions and by what inducements the co-operation of this
class was procured; in what forms it was enlisted through the
agency of the parish or society- ; what were the mutual relations of
the church and parish thus united, and what their methods of pro-
cedure ; and how far this joint administration was consonant with
the spirit of the Christian religion and conducive to the best inter-
ests of the kingdom of Christ. The facts had never been gathered
and collated, and could only be reached through returns from indi-
vidual churches. By letters and circulars we invited the aid of
registrars and scribes, and have most gratefully availed ourselves
of it in every instance in which it has been rendered. By far the
larger portion of the information needed, it has been left for us to
obtain direct I3' from the churches. We have been persevering in
this direction ; it being obvious that the wider our induction of
facts, the more satisfactory would be our conclusions.
Besides the facts which are essential, we appreciated the value
of the opinions of ministers and lajTnen who have given thought to
the subject, and whose observation and experience had been such
as to give weight to their judgments. We have sought from such
persons views and reasons, and from all sources have gleaned
incidents and narratives which might further our inquiries and
assist our decisions.
The laws of the different States respecting religious societies
differ in many particulars ; and through prevalent ignorance of
legal forms, there has been not a little confusion and irregularity
in the organization of both churches and parishes. It seemed
very desirable to present a brief sj^nopsis of the parochial laws of
each State, which might serve to rectify the irregularity and obviate
the conAision. Before this branch of our work had been completed,
it was happil}' superseded bj' the publication of Hunt's '* Laws
relating to Keligious Corporations," a compilation of the statutes
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
W77.] THE PABI8H 8Y8TEH. 191
of the several States on this subject, an early copy of which was
kindly sent us bj- Judge Holmes, of Lockport.^
The records of the various parishes are often instructive in regard
to the question before us ; we have examined such as were accessi-
ble, and have gathered from them useful hints.
The preceding points relate to the existing condition, as bearing
on the question before us, of the more than three thousand churches
represented in the Council. After traversing, as far as practicable,
this almost interminable field of correspondence and investigation,
our work was but half done. The parish is not a foreign ingredient
in our ecclesiastical s^'stem. Not belonging to the spiritual organ-
ism of our churches, it has been so blended with their corporate life
that it could not be dissociated from vital issues. Its history is an
integral part of our church history. To give this great topic anj'-
thing like the exhaustive treatment which the Council that assigned
it to us contemplated, to prepare a document which may be of per-
manent, or even of present value, required us to go over the entire
historical ground. In the briefest possible compass, it was neces-
sary to point out clearly the genesis of the sj'stem, its introduction
into the administration of our churches, and its natural growth,
together with the results which it has wrought out in the spheres,
both civil and ecclesiastical, in which it has prominently figured.
The facts which enable us to do this lie scattered through the rec-
ords and annals which, fortunately, illustrate so fully the days of our
fathers. In attempting to group them, and sketch the unwritten
histon*, contributing what we can, within our limits, to that reposi-
tory of fact, testimony, and ailment, from which must ultimately
be drawn the materials for a satisfactory settlement of the question,
the committee may have occasion to invoke the patience of the
Council. We shall need to ask but little, compared with what we
have had to exercise.
CIVIL AXD ECCLESIASTICAL CONSTITUTION.
Our theme cannot be adequately stated without showing the pe-
culiar constitution of society, of which the parish was the natural out-
1 Published by Nelson & Phillips, New York, 1876, pp. 273; price $1.50. We
are none the less under grateful obligations to the eminent gentlemen who had
already reMpunded to our call with carefully prepared papers: Judge Sargent, New
Hampshire; Ex-Governor Emory Washburn, Massachusetts; John Eddy, Esq.,
Bhode Inland; Judge Holmes, New York; R. D. Weeks, Esq., New Jersey;
Judge Withey, Michigan; Hon. B. C. Cook, Illinois; Judge Allen, Wisconsin;
Judge Currier, Missouri; Judge Young, Minnesota; Judge Brewer, Kansas;
L. Bumham, Esq., Nebraska.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
192 THE PARISH 8T8TEM. [1877.
growth, in the companies which plante^l New England, and in the
first generations of its settlers. The clear comprehension of this
is the first requisite to the proper understanding of the question
before us ; and to this let us first give our attention.
The New World was not thrown open promiscuously to emigrants
from the Old ; and the first settlers of New England did not come
as irresponsible companies. They were chartered colonies, with
separate territory and exclusive jurisdiction assigned to each, deriv-
ing their authority from the Crown of Great Britain, and indepen-
dent of one another. The Plymouth Colony was planted in 1620 ;
the Massachusetts, in 1628 ; the Connecticut, in 1636 ; and the New
Haven, in 1638. The Plymouth was founded by the Pilgrims, who
had separated from the Church of England, and formed a new
organization, embodying the primitive conception of the Christian
church as a body of believers, associated by mutual covenant for
Christian worship and work, not subject to the state in spiritual
matters, and accountable only to Christ their head, but sustaining
relations of fraternal fellowship to all other Christian churches and
their pastors. The other three colonies were founded by the Puri-
tans, who had remained in the Church of England, engaged in the
ineflectual attempt to reform it by eradicating ritualistic ceremonies
and customs, which were drawing it towards Rome. Pilgrim and
Puritan have become blended in our history ; but it should be borne
in mind that they were distinct in their origin.
The Plymouth Colony. — The Pilgrims, when weighing in Holland
the reasons for attempting a settlement in the New World, accord-
to their own chronicler, gave a pre-eminent place to the following :
** Lastly (and which was not least) , a great hope and inward zeal they
hod of laying some good foandation, or at least to make some way there-
untOy for the propagating and advancing the gospel of the kingdom of
Christ in those remote parts of the world ; yea, thoagh they should be but
even as stepping-stones unto others for the performing of so great a
work." »
The compact signed in the cabin of the " Mayflower," on the day
that she anchored, and before her passengers had landed, which
historians have proclaimed " the birth of popular, constitutional
liberty"^ and '*the foundation of American liberty," ^ while rec-
ognizing "the honor of their king and country" as one of the
motives which had impelled them, gives the first place to the con-
1 Bradford's Hist New Plymouth, Mass., Coll. 4, UI, 24.
« Bancroft's Hist. U. 8., I, 310.
• Baylies's Hist. New Plymouth, I, 30.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. 193
sideration that the enterprise was " undertaken for the glor^^ of
God and the advancement of the Christian faith," ^ consecrating to
these spiritual ends the new civil government.
The milder spirit towards others with which this colony is justly
credited did not prevent the rigorous maintenance among its mem-
bers of the theocratic feature of their government.
** June 10, 1660. It was ordered, That forasmuch as there are risen up
amongst ns many scandalous practices which are likely to prove destruc^
tive to our churches and common peace ; Tliat whosoever shall hereafter
set up any churches or public meetings diverse from those already set up
and approved, without the consent and approbation of the government, or
shall continue any otherwise set up without consent as aforesaid, shall be
suspended fVom having any voice in town meetings, and presented to the
next General Court to receive such punishment as the Court shall think
meet to inflict. ^
** June 6, 1651. It is ordered. That if any, in any lazy, slothftil, or pro-
fane way, doth neglect to come to the public worship of God, shall forfeit
for every such default ten shillings, or be publicly whipt." •
The admission of freemen, though carefully guarded, — one of the
early regulations reqnmng candidates to stand propounded one year,^
— did not rest on the basis of church membership. Later, in the
Revised Laws of 1671,
'*It is enacted that none shall be admitted a IPreeman of this corpora-
tion, but such as are one and twenty years of age, at the least, and have
the testimony of their neighbors that they are of sober and peaceable con-
versation, orthodox in the fundamentals of religion, and such as have also
twenty pounds ratable estate, at the least, in the government."^
A property test, impracticable at first, had at this stage of their
history become available.
The MassacJivsetts Colony. — Under date of May 18, 1631, we find
the following statute enacted by the General Court of this colony : —
" And to the end the body of the commons may be preserved of honest
and good men, it was likewise ordered and agreed that for time to come
no man shall be admitted to the fircedom of this body politic, but such as
are members of some of the churches within the limits of the same."^
The reason assigned, it will be observed, was not of a religious,
but of a civil, nature. It was not a church ordinance ; it was an
eoactment for the security of the state, an element of civil con-
servatism. Their two years' experience, and the longer experience
of their sister colony, had shown them the necessity of some safe-
1 Bradford's Hist. The 2 Booke. > Plym. Col. Laws, 93.
* Plym. Col. Laws, 106. « Plym. Col. Laws, 268. « Mass. Bee, I, 67.
13
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
194 THE PABISH SYSTEM. [1877.
gnard. Adventurers and aliens might come in, and deprive them
of the privileges which they had so dearl}- purchased. They might
be dragged back to the ecclesiastical bondage from which they had
escaped, and they were jealous of their acquired liberties. They
were a chaiiiered colony; a jurisdiction had been committed to
them ; as proprietors and trustees, they were clothed with vested
rights, and had a sacred trust to administer. Without their free
consent, none could claim admission to their privileges. In look-
ing around them for some security for the elective franchise, wliich
every free government lias found necessary, in order to exclude
from civil functions unsafe men, thej' were cut off from the usual
tests. In their circumstances, no term of residence and no prop-
erty qualification could be imposed. Some moral test must be
chosen ; and the most feasible one was that of church membership.
This point was forcibly stated by the Rev. John Cotton, in a
document prepared in 1636 : —
" If it.be a divine truth that none are to be trusted with public perma-
nent authority but godly men, who are fit materials for church fellowship,
then from the same grounds it will appear, that none are so fit to be
trusted with the liberties of the commonwealth as church members ; for
the liberties of the freemen of this common wealth are such as require
men of faithAiI integrity to God and the State to preserve the same." *
In adopting this requirement, while taking an advanced moral
position, they would exclude from citizenship dangerous and unfit
men. Their puipose has been most happil}' expressed by the Be v.
Dr. Ellis, of Boston : —
"Their lofty and soul-enthralling aim — the condition and reward of
aU their severe sufferings and arduous efforts — was the establishment
and administration here of a religious and civil commonwealth, which
should bear the same relation to the spirit and letter of the whole Bible,
that the Jewish commonwealth bore to the law of Moses." '
This accords with the declaration of the first Gov. Winthrop, in
1637: —
'* And so whereas the way of God hath always been to gather his
churches out of the world ; now the world, or civil State, must be raised
out of the churches."'
The prophetic time had come when the kingdom and dominion
were to be given to the people of the saints of the Most High.
•
^ Answer to proposals of Lord Say, Lord Brooke, etc, Hutchinson's Mass., I»
* LoweU Ins. Lect. 18G9, p. 00. < Hutchinson's Coll. Papers, 8S.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. 195
And in consonance with these principles was an enactment which
was called for two or three j-ears later, March 4, 1634-35, requir-
ing attendance upon public worship on the Lord's da}', on penalty
of a limited fine, or imprisonment, at the discretion of the magis-
trates. Similar laws were enacted and enforced in all the colonies,
those of Connecticut and New Haven adding to the specification of
the Lord's day that of Fast day and Thanksgiving day.
In "An Abstract of the Laws of New England as the}' are now
established," published in London, in 1641, we find the following:
" Forasmuch as all civil affairs are to be administered and ordered, so as
best may conduce to the apholdiug and setting forward of the worslilp of
God in charch fellowship. ' It is, tlierefore, ordered that wheresoever the
lands of any man's inlieritance shall fall ; yet no man shall set his dwelling
place above the distance of half a mile or a mile at the furthest ft'om the
meeting of the congregation, where the charch doth usually assemble for
the worship of God." *
It should be borne in mind that in the beginning, citizenship was
looked upon by many less in the light of a privilege to be enjoyed
than of a duty to be discharged or a burden to be borne.' So far
were those who were excluded from regarding the exclusion as an
injustice or hardship, that church discipline was invoked and civil
penalties were resorted to by the General Court, to compel some
of those to whom it was granted to meet its responsibilities.
*'May 10, 1643, it is ordered concerning members that refuse to tako
their freedom, the churches should be wri4;unto to deal with them/"
**Nov. 11, 1647, There bein:; within this jurisdiction many mombers of
churches, who, to exempt themselves fro.n all public service in the com-
monwealth, will not come in to be made freemen, it is therefore ordered by
this Court and the authority thereof, that all such members of churches in
the several towns in this jurisdiction shall not be exempted ftom such
public service, etc. , a fine * not exceeding twenty shillings ' being imposed
for every such refusal."*
Hie Connectiait Colony. — The Connecticut Colony was the most
interior of the three, and the least exposed to the moral dangers^
against which the others sought to guard. The leading object is
avowed in the preamble of its original constitution, framed in 1639,
dififering in no essential feature from a church covenant : —
''Forasmuch as it hath pleased the Almighty God, by the wise disposi-
tion of his divine providence, so to order and dispose of things, tliat we,
the inhabitants of Windsor, Hartford, and Weathersfield, are now dwelling
1 Chap. IV, p. G, Reprint Force'd Coll. Hist Tracts, III, IX, S.
s MaiM. Bee, U, 38.] « lb., II, '^3.
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196 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877,
apon the river Connecticut and the lands thereanto a4Jo!ningf and well
knowing, when a people are gathered together, the Word of God reqnireth
that to maintain the peace and union of such a people there should be an
orderly and decent government established according to God, to order and
dispose of the affairs of the people at all seasons, as occasion should require ;
do, therefore, consociate and conjoin ourselves to be one public state or
commonwealth ; and do for ourselves and our successors, and such as shall
be adjoined to us at any time hereafter, enter Into combination and confed-
eration together, to maintain and preserve the liberty and purity of the
gospel of our Lord Jesus, which we now profess, as also the discipline of
the churches, which, according to the truth of said gospel, is now practised
amongst us ; as also in our civil affairs to be guided and governed accord-
ing to such laws, rules, orders and decrees as shall be made, ordered, and
decreed." *
This colony also guarded its electoral franchise by special provis-
ions, but did not introduce the church-membership test.
The New Haven Colony, — In the records of the New Haven Col-
ony, the first words are these : —
'' The fourth day of the fourth month, called June, 1639, all the flree plant-
ers assembled together in a general meeting, to consult about settling civil
government according to God." *
Some fundamental queries were propounded and answered, among
them the following : —
** Whether the Scriptures do hold forth a perfect rule for the direction
and government of all men, in all duties which they are to perform to God
and men, as well in families and commonwealth as in matters of the church.
This was assented unto by all, no man dissenting, as was expressed by
holding up of hands."'
Their response to another querj' was : —
'*That church members only shall be free burgesses, and that they only
shall choose magistrates and officers among themselves to have the power
of transacting all the public civil affairs of this plantation, of making and
repealing laws, dividing of inheritances, deciding of differences that may
arise, and doing all things or business of like nature."^
The last step was in harmonj' with the preceding, and whether
wise or unwise, there was no hardship in an act to which all fi'eely
assented. Like their Massachusetts brethren, they chose to keep
their dearly earned freedom in their own hands, and guard against
the possible risk of being brought again under the power of the
oppressive ecclesiasticism from which they had been delivered.
> Conn. Col. Rec , I, 21; Trumbiill's Hist. Coon., 1, 498.
s New Uaveu Col. Ilea, 1, 11, 12. < lb. < lb., I, 15.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. 197
Moreover, as the Bible was to be their common law, onlj the Lord's
freemen could consistently administer the new commonwealth.^
MAINTENANCE OF THE MINISTRY.
With this statement of the basis, civil and ecclesiastical, on which
all the colonies rested, we shall find that the support of the minis-
ters, through the parish system, falls into its natural place, as one
of the agencies adopted by our fathers for the building up of Christ's
kingdom in this land.
The Parish. — The parish had long been known in English eccle-
siastical law, as a certain extent of territory, under the spiritual
jurisdiction of some ecclesiastic of the Established Church. All per-
sons who resided within its limits were under his oversight in
respect to their religious interests, and were required to defray
their share of his support. The origin of the s^'stem is disputed ;
it had existed for centuries, and all England had been divided into
parishes.
In the settlements of New England, the town was the primary
organization. The word " parish " was not introduced into our
early vocabulary ; but the ecclesiastical usage which had obtained
in England, though modified, as we shall see, in man}^ particulars,
was adopted in this country. Town and church were regarded as
coterminous ; the common territory belonged to the one for civil
puri>oses, and to the other for ecclesiastical purposes. With a
church in each town, which was the original plan, the towns were,
> '* It did not occur to those free planters that they were not to manage the aifain
of their partnership in their own way. They had purchased a certain tract of
land for their own use, and they intended not to lose the control of it. They had
purchased the soil, and were intending to live upon it and to he buried in it, for
the purpose of founding and perpetuating here a church, which should not be
under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of London, nor subject in any way to the
ecclesiastical laws and courts with which their experience in their native country
had made them weU acquainted. Therefore they determined, unanimouttly, that
the government which they were setting up should not, by any negligence of theirs,
pass into the hands of their enemies, — the enemies of their great religions enter-
prise. Let us remember that what they most feared, and had most reason to fear,
was that, in some way, the ecclesiastical government of England, with its bishops'
courts and bishops' prisons, it<« High Commission for causes ecclesiastical, and its
whole body of canon law, would follow them into their retreat, and be obtruded
upon their plantation in this wilderness; and we can understand why it was that
those planters, in full assembly, without a dissenting vote, resolved that none but
members of the church which they were forming, or of other approved churches,
should participate in the government of their plantation." — Reo. Dr. Bacon, Cen-
ten. Papers, Gen, Conf,^ Conn., 1876, p. 157.
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198 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
for religious purposes, parishes, — the same persons acting as a
town in civil matters, and as a parish in ecclesiastical affairs. All
who resided within the limits of the town were under the spiritual
care of the minister of the church, and were all required to attend
its public worship and to bear a part in the erection of the sanctu-
ary and the support of the preacher. ^ Taxes, or assessments, were
imposed for these objects, as for town expenses ; and while volun-
tariness was preferred and recommended, payment was enforced,
if necessary, in the one case as \n the other, by civil process. The
system of tithes, however, which existed in England, was never es-
tablished here. The office of ^^ tithing-man," who figures in our
early parish history as a sort of moral policeman and the special
terror of juvenile offenders, was also borrowed from England, but
in neither country had it any connection with the payment of
tithes.a
Voluntary and Compulsory. — It has been repeatedly stated by
writers of great respectability that compulsion in the support of
the gospel was unheard of in the first generation of the colonists.
Our investigations do not sustain this view. While compulsion
was largely unnecessary, most of the inhabitants being ready
to pay their dues voluntariij^, the right to require payment, the
actual requirement', and the resort to compulsion when necessary,
were never waived by the civil authority. The principle belonged
to the very structure of civil government, as understood by our
fathers, — was regarded as one of its most sacred functions. The
records of the several colonies are not equally full, but they
indicate no other than concurrent views and practices in the mat-
ter before us. Territorial divisions or districts, called towns or
precincts, in which all who held property were required to sup-
1 PoU Parishes. — Before the close of the last century, poll parishes, as they were
called, consisting of individuals with their *' estates and polls,'* without reference
to town limits or contiguous residence, had sprung up in various parts of New
England, and had obtained legal recognition by the side of the ancient territorial
parishes.
* The office had its origin in the ancient enactment in England, that all resi-
dents should be gathered into tithings^ or companies of ten families each, who
were responsible for one another. The discretest man was selected as the tithing-
man, or head of the borough. With the early practice of our fathers, in their
SabbaUi worship in this country, of seating the men on one side of the house and
the women on the other, with the boys by themselves, below or in the gallery,
this office was given to the man who was clothed with the responsibility of keep-
ing the latter in order. In some localities, this office has survived its secondary,
as well as its original, purposes.
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1877.] THE PABISH STSTEM. 199
port the gospel, was the rule of the colonies from the start ; and
with important modifications of the English system, it was one of
the bequests of the Old England to the New. We will give the
early colonial enactments on this point in chronological order.
Massachusetts y 1630. — The records of this colony properly ante-
date its settlement. The governor and company in London, in
1628, made generous outfit for the ministers whom they had invited
to go, the word ^^ministers" standing at the head of the list of com-
modities to be provided for New England ; and their motive in send-
ing them is thus stated in their first letter of instructions, April 17,
1629 : —
'* And for that the propagating of the gospel is the thing we do profess
above all to be our aim in settling this plantation, we have been careAil to
make plentiful provision of godly ministers, by whose faithfhl preaching,
godly conversation, and exemplary life we trast not only those of our
own nation will be built up in the knowledge of God, but also the Indians
may, In God*s appointed time, be reduced to the obedience of the gospel
of Christ." >
The same year, Oct. 15, 1629, the company passed an order: —
** That the charge of the ministers now there, or that shall hereafter go
to reside there, as also the charge of building convenient churches, and
all other public works upon the Plantation be indifferently borne, the one
half by the company's Joint stock, for the term of seven years, and the
other half by the planters."'
It may be observed in passing, that in this early document of the
English Puritans, the word ^^ church" is used to designate a sanc-
tuary, or house of worship ; the term ^* meeting-house," though
early introduced, being a later colonial compound.
We come now to the colony itself, and the first entry in the
records of its first Court, held in Charlestown, Aug. 23, 1630, is
as follows : —
" Imprimis J it was propounded how the ministers (Mr. Wilson and Mr.
Phillips) should be maintained." •
The mode is then stated, including the building of houses for
them, with convenient speed, at the public charge, together with a
specified amount of provisions or its equivalent in money. A
recent writer, quoted by Chief Justice Joel Parker, cites this as
" the first dangerous act performed bj' the rulers of this incipient
government, which led to innumerable evils," and in an excited
strain stigmatizes it as ^^ the viper in embryo," and as ^' an impor-
^ Young's Chron. MaiS., 142. * Mass. Bee., I, 66. • lb., I, 73.
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200 THE PABISH SYSTEM. [1877.
tation and establishment of the odious doctrine of church and
state," to all which the judge replies with judicial calmness : —
" On the contrary, It was the most natural, consistent, and jnst pro-
ceeding that coald be imagined. The people who adopted this measure
were a small company who had come here with their families, their relig-
ious teachers, and their household goods, to form a settlement. We will
leave out of our consideration here their expatriation, their desire to enjoy
the worship of God unmolested, and their sacrifices for the accomplish-
ment of their purposes. They were religious persons, deeply impressed
with the importance of supporting the institutions of religion. They
revered their teachers, looked to their wisdom for advice In temporal as
well as spiritual things, and were bound to provide for them a support.
If they had not done so, they would have been worse than the infidels.
What more just, what less exceptionable measure could they have adopted
than to assess, in such manner as to them seemed best, a tax upon them-
selves for that purpose? If they were content, there were no others who
should object." '
At a Court held thrce months later, Nov. 30, 1630, —
"It is ordered that there shall be £60 collected out of the several plan-
tations following, for the maintenance of Mr. Wilson and Mr. Phillips,
viz. : out of Boston, £20; Watertown, £20; Charlestown, £10; Boxbury,
£6; Wlnnlssimet, £1."«
It is thus evident that the support of the ministers bj legal
assessment and authorit}' was regarded, in this colony, from the
beginning, as a prime duty of government. How faithAilly its
General Court enforced from the delinquent the pa3Tnents of their
dues, both for church building and for ministerial support, is indi-
cated in its records, which we have not space to cite. The pre-
amble to one of its measures, 1654, exactly defines its position : —
''Forasmuch as It highly tends to the advancement of the gospel that
the ministry thereof be comfortably maintained, and it being the duty of
the civil power to use all lawfUl means for the attaining of that end," etc'
The Court had issued a circular letter to the churches, Nov. 20,
1637, upon a formal ^^ complaint that some ministers are not so
comfortably provided as were fitting /' and upon similar complaints
twenty years later, it issued an order, the last which we will quote,
and which, like the preceding, embodies, perhaps, more distinctly
than can elsewhere be found in the annals of Christendom, the
ideal of a Christian government : —
' LoweU Inst. Lect., 1869, p. 406. > Mass. Bee, 1, 168, 216. < lb.. Ill, 35i.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. 201
" Forasmuch as there are many complaints of the great snfferin^s of the
families of divers reverend ministers of 6od*s word within this Jurisdic-
tion, for want of such suitable supply as their state and condition do
require, the which thing, if real, tend^th, not only to the reproach of the
churches of Christ planted in these parts, but also to the scandal of the
profession and the loss of the Lord's favorable presence with us, this
Court doth therefore order that [twelve men named] be committees
empowered, respectively, within the several counties, to Inquire concerning
the truth of said complafnt, and if any be of the ground and cause thereof,
as also where they shall find any defect, to inquire into the state and con-
dition of the people to whom such minister doth belong, and make return
thereof to the next session of this Court, that so this Court, which are, by
God's promise, nursing fathers to the churches, may see that there be
meat in God*s house, and the Lord may still delight in us to dwell amongst
us, and to bless both us and our poor posterity, and the said scandal
prevented for the ftiture."'
The lai^e folios of ecclesiastical manuscripts preserved in the
archives of the State House at Boston might be referred to as a
further memorial of their zeal in the discharge, not only of this
duty, but of every sen'ice pertaining to the churches, including,
among others, the guarding of those which had been regularly
oiiganized with a view to the actual wants of the community,
against being weakened by the needless organization of others.
New Haven, 1640. — The General Court of this colony, Nov. 25,
1639, levied a rate upon the inhabitants for the erection of a house
of worship ; » and Sept. 23, 1640, —
** It is ordered that our pastor shall have his farm where he shall desire
it, with all the conveniences of uplands and meadows and creeks which
the place where he pitches will afford, though above his proportion,
according to his desire"; ' and subsequently, that his lot <^ be fenced at a
common charge."*
The first ministers of the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies,
as of the Massachusetts, came with the communities which provided
for them ; and the allotment of a portion of land to the minister
continued to be the custom in all. It was called his " settlemeot,"
and as the arrangement was understood to be for life, there was
some meaning in the term.
From the records of New Haven it appears that the ministry
w|re suffering, a few years later, the evils of a depreciated currency,
1 Mass. Rec, in, 423. * New Haven Col. Bee. , I, 2&.
» New Haven CoL Rec, 1, 42. * lb., 1, 183.
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202 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
or the lack of a proper " legal tender," and the town took action
for their relief.^
" At a General Court held at New Haven, May 6, 1650, the Court wa«
informed that the contributions for the church treasury are by degrees so
much abated that they afford not any considerable maintenance to the
teaching officers, and that much of the wampum brought Is such and so
faulty, that the officers can hardly, or not at all, pass it away in any of
their occasions: the Court thought the matter weighty and worthy of
speedy and serious consideration; if men from a corrupt frame with-
draw from so bounden a duty, it will be necessary to order and settle
some other course, according to the jurisdiction of the General Court.
They then chose as a committee, the magistrates of this plantation, the
deputies for the particular Court, the ruling elder, and the two deacons,
to consider and order how, and by what means, comfortable and sufficient
maintenance may be raised and duly paid to uphold the ordinances and
encourage the officers." ^
The collection of ministerial dues in the way already indicated —
moral and legal combined — was enjoined in the earliest laws of
this colon}', published in 1656, with the prefatory explanation, —
" And that the ordinances of Christ may be upheld, and comfortable
provision made and continued for a due maintenance of the ministry
according to the rule 1 Cor. Ix, 6-15; Gal. vl, 6."'
The ministers and chnrches of this cdlony cordially adopted the
Cambridge platform, and in no part of New England did the civil
government charge itself more fully with the oversight of the peace
and order of the churches ; not only, as in other colonies, requiring
the support of the gospel in towns that were disposed to neglect it,
and exacting of those who formed a new church without the con-
sent of the General Court, the continued support of the old, but
punishing by fine, banishment, or imprisonment the preacher who
might minister to such an irregular asserobl}*.^
United Culoniea^ 1644. —The four colonies formed a federation
in 1643, under the title, " The United Colonies of New England,"
and annually appointed a board of commissioners, two from each,
who were to look after the common interests. At their meeting in
Hartford, the next year, Sept. 5, 1644, the full board being pres-
. ent, they unanimously adopted the following oixier : —
r-
1 The town moeting in the early day was called a General Court. For the
item which follows we are indebted to C. J. Hoadley, Esq., State librariau,
Hartford.
3 MS. copy, State LUi., p. 25. < New Haven CoL Rec, II, 588.
4 Contiib. £ccl. Hitft. Conn. 52, 120.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. 203
" Whereas the most considerable persons in these colonies came into
these parts of America, that they might enjoy Christ in his ordinances
without disturbance ; and whereas among other precious mercies, the
ordinances have been, and are, dispensed among us with much purity and
power.
** The commissioners took it Into serious consideration how some due
maintenance, according to God, might be provided and settled both for the
present and ftiture, for the encouragement of the ministers who labor
therein, and concluded to propound and commend It to each General Court.
".That those that are taught in the word in the several plantations be
called together, that every man voluntarily set down what he is willing to
allow to that end and use ; and if any man reflise to pay a meet proportion,
that then he be rated by authority in some just and equal way ; and if after
this any man withhold or delay due payment, the civil power to be exer-
cised as in other just debts." *
Twelve 3'ears later, Sept. 4, 1656, they took up the subject again
at a meeting held in Plymouth, and passed upon it at considerable
length. We have space for but two of their positions : —
"The reference or relation of a minister being to the whole society
jointly, whether in church order or not, his expectation of maintenance
and the debt of justice is from the whole society jointly.
" If any society or township shall be wanting, either out of neglect or
opinion, to procure and maintain, as abovesaid, an orthodox ministry
according to the gospel, we conceive by the rules of Scripture and practice
not only of Christian governments, but even of heathen, who not only
held their sacra in veneration, but took care of those that had the keeping
of them and the charge of making known their mysteries, the several
General Courts stand charged with the care that the people professing
Christianity own and live according to the rules of their profession, and
that the dispensers thereof be encouraged as aforesaid ; the maintenance
of the ministers being a debt of justice from the society, and the society
being empowered to discharge It ; if any particular person shall be defec-
tive to the society, they ought to be ordered by the ordinary course of
Justice.*"
Connecticut^ 1644. — The General Court of this colony responded,
Oct. 25, 1644, to the recommendation just quoted : —
"It is ordered that the propositions concerning the maintenance of
ministers, made by the Commissioners of the United Colonies, shall stand
as an order for this jurisdiction, to be executed accordingly when there
shall be cause."'
The Cambridge platform was approved ; the payment, voluntary
or enforced, of contributions " tp all charges, both in church and
commonwealth," was also embodied in the code of laws in 1650, and
1 AcU of Com. Unit. Col. N. £., I, 2a > lb., U, 157. • Conn. Col. Sec., I, 111 .
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
204 THB PABISH SYSTEM. [1877.
the usual rale was enacted against the organization of any new
church, " without consent of the General Court and approbation
of the neighbor churches." ^
The civil supervision of the churches was direct and decisive.
The two following cases are a fair illustration : —
" May 11, 1665. Upon the motion and desire of the people of Green-
wich, this Court doth declare that Greenwich shall be a township entire of
itself, provided they procure and maintain an orthodox minister, and in the
mean time, and until that be effected, they are to attend the ministry at
Stamford, and to contribute proportionally with Stamford to the mainte-
nance of the ministry there." •
" Oct. 10, 1G67. This Court doth desire and require the town of Wind-
sor to meet on Monday next, at the meeting-house, by sun an hour high In
the morning, and all the freemen and householders within the limits of
said town are to bring in their votes to Mr. Henry Wolcott ; those that
would have Mr. Chauncy to be the settled minister for Windsor, are to
bring in a paper with some writing on it; those that are against his contin-
uance, are to bring in a white paper. And this Court doth hereby require
and command all and every the inhabitants of Windsor, that daring this
meeting they forbear all discussion and agitation of any matter as may pro-
voke or disturb the spirit of each other ; and at the Issue of the work that
they repair to their several occasions, as they will answer the contrary."'
The magistrate authorized to receive the votes reported the re-
sult to the General Asscmblj*, which took action upon it.^
It appears that the General Court of this colony attempted to
regulate by law the value of some of the commodities in which the
ministers were paid : —
<* Oct. 10, 1C97. Ordered by this Court that good and marketable grain
and pork, In payment of the ministers* rate, shall pass at the prices fol-
lowing." 6
The prices did not suit the ministers, and some of the Fairfield
County brethren sent in a protest, the tone of which gave offence.
Thereupon they sent in another address to the General Court,
which we find in manuscript, in the archives at the State House,
Hartford, dated Sept. 1, 1698, from which ve can give but a sen-
tence or two : —
" Another objection is, that we were too sharp. To that we answer,
first: It might well be expected that the Courts of May and Oct., '97,
holding us so hard to the grindstone, would bring us to an edge if we
> Conn. Col. Rec, I, 811. « lb., II, 17. » lb., II, 73. < lb., II, Td
< MS. State Lib., Hartford.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] THE PARISH 6TSTEM. 205
had any capable metal, and it is no wonder that they speak feelingly,
who feel before they speak. . . .
•* We add no more, but only to request to this General Court, unto
whose determination this matter is referred, that you would please so far
to consider what is most for the honor of God and religion, the credit of
this colony, and the comfort and encouragement of ministers in their
work, either to give us relief In that which is so gravamlnous, or liberty
without offence to remove the subject of the question." *
Cambridge Synods 1648. — The Cambridge ISynod issued its Dec-
laration of Faith and Platform of Discipline in 1648, and it was
accepted as a sort of common law by the churches. Respecting the
maintenance of ministers, besides enforcing the duties of church-
members, it adds : —
" Not only members of churches, but * all that are taught in the word,*
are to contribute unto him that teacheth in all good things. In case
that congregations are defective In their contributions, the deacons are to
call upon them to do their duty ; if their call sufflceth not, the church by
her power is to require it of their members ; and where church power^
though the corruption of man, doth not, or cannot, attain the end, the
magistrate is to see that the ministry be duly provided for, as appears flrom
the commended example of Nehemiah. The magistrates are nursing
fathers and nursing mothers, and stand charged with the custody of both
tables." 2
Plymouth^ J 655. — There is no evidence of any early legislation in
this colon}- on the subject of ministerial support ; but its early rec-
ords are scant, the first twelve jears covering but two octavo pages.
On this point there seems to have been less pressure in this colony
than in the others. They had left their minister in Holland, and it
was several years before his place was supplied. His assistant,
Elder William Brewster, their ruling, not their teaching elder,
served them acceptably in a kind of pastoral relation, but was not
an ordained minister, and did not administer the sacraments. Gov.
Bradford, in his brief memoir of him, r&jq that he cheerfully bore,
with the rest, the burden of unaccustomed toil, and '* would labor
with his hands in the field as long as he was able ; 3'et when the
church bad no other minister, he taught them twice every Sabbath,
and that both powerfully and profitably, to the great contentment
of the hearers and their comfortable edification." ^ He was taxed
with the other citizens, and in the tax-list of 1633, among the
names of eighty -one whose property is " rated for public use,"
i MS. Stite Library, Hartford. * Ch. xl 4, Mather's Mag., II, 225.
• Young's Chron. Pil , 467.
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206 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
■
there are but four whose estates are reckoned higher than his,
though six are rated the same.^
Gov. Edward Winslow was one of the Board of Commissioners
for the United Colonies in 1644, and Gov. William Bradford in
1656, the dates of the recommendations quoted above, which thej
both signed respectively ; showing that the principle there embodied
was held by the men of the '* Maj flower," the leaders of the colony,
at an early day.^
Moreover, when in 1648 the Cambridge Synod issued its deliver-
ance on this point as on others, John Cotton, Esq., a member of
this church and familiar with its histor}', writing in 1760, affirms : —
** The platform of church discipline and government agreed upon by the
venerable ISynod was entirely agreeable to their sentiments, and accord-
ing to the model long before laid down by their pastor, Mr. Robinson, in
his printed works." ^
From these collateral sources, which, as bearing on this point,
historical writers appear to have overlooked, we conclude that its
early position did not differ essentially from that of the younger
colonies. Its later action was not in spirit a new departure, but
embodied a sentiment which had alwaj's existed in all the colonies,
a principle which was interwoven with the texture of their civil
state.
The first recorded enactment of the General Court of this colony
respecting ministerial support, which we have bears date June 5,
1G55, and is based on ^' niauj- complaints of the want of due main-
tenance of the ministers." It directs the magistrate to *'use all
gentle means to persuade'* the delinquent ^^ to do their duty here-
in."
** But if any of them shall not hereby be reclaimed, bat shall persist
throagh plain obstinacy against an ordinance of God, that then it shall be
in the power of the magistrate to use such other means as may put them
upon their duty." *
We have, in one order, a humorous illustration of their desire to
secure for the ministry a share in common providential supplies : —
"June, 1GC2. The Court proposeth it as a thing they Judge would be
very commendable and beneficial to the towns where God's providence
shall cast any whales, if they should agree to set apart some part of every
such fish or oil for the encouragement of an able, godly ministry amongst
them."»
^ Hazard'^ Hint. Coll., I. 326. ^ Acts Com. Unit. Coll. N. E., I, IG; II, 153.
« MttiM. Hint. Coll., l8t, IV, 133. * Plym. Coll. Laws, iW. « lb. 135.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] THE PABISH SYSTEM. 207
Gov. Thomas Hinckley, of this colony, addressed a petition to
King James II, of England, October, 1667, asking, —
" That according to former law and usage of this colony, due care be
taken for the maintenance of an able and pious minhtter in each town-
ship"; *' inasmuch as sundry persons, who love their own carnals more
than the minister's spirituals, in instructing them in the way of virtue and
good living, begin to persuade themselves that they have liberty to pay
anything, or nothing, as they please, to the minister, notwithstanding any
previous contracts between the respective towns and their minister. The
constables, also, think they are not bound, as in times past, to gather the
rate made for the minister." '
Further legal provision was made for the enforcement of the act
already given.
<* June, 1670. It is enacted by this Court, That at June Courts yearly
two meet persons be appointed by the said Court, unless the towns have
already provided, who shall take care for the gathering In of their minis-
ter's maintenance for the year, by Inciting of the people to do their duty
in that respect, and demanding it when due, if need be, by procuring
distraints upon the estate of any that shall neglect or refuse to pay their
rates or proportions towards bis support, according to order of Court in
that case provided ; and in case any minister shall scruple to receive what
is so raised, it shall nevertheless be gathered as above said, and be dis-
posed as the Court shall rule or advise for the good of the place." «
Whether the '' scmple" were prompted b}' objection to the rule,
or by sympathy with occasional distress, the insisting on the oixier
shows how fully the principle had become lodged in the public
mind. In the revision of the laws of the colonj-, June, 1671, the
maintenance of the ministry was based on the necessit}' to each
township of ''an able, godly, teaching ministry"; and on the
ground that lauds had been granted with the view that each
" might receive such a number of families as might comfortably main-
tain the public worship of God," it was ordered that au equitable
rate be levied for the purpose upon the inhabitants.
" But in case any town, either by a tree contribution, or other good and
honorable way, do effect the end aforementioned, this law not to be bind-
ing to them." *
Aims and Principles identiccU. — With some variation in local
laws and usages, and with a spirit of broader toleration in the
Plymouth Colon}', it is evident, we think, that the aims of the
founders of New England were identical, with substantial agree-
» M*»8. HiuL Coll., 4th, V, 179, 180. « Tlym. Col. Laws, 130.
• Plym. Col. Ljlw», 2f5S-270.
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208 THE PARISH 8TSTE3I. [1877.
men! in their methods, the maintenance of the ministry' includedi
Voluntar}' subscriptions (so called) were solicited, with official
notice that if they were not forthcoming in fair measure, legal
assessments would be made ; and that these, if not paid, would be
collected by the constable. The scheme may justlj' be termed
voluntary under compulsion.
It should be specially noted that while the colonists established
a civil State and an ecclesiastical State, they assigned a separate
sphere to each, and there was no intentional encroachment of the
one on the province of the other. They did not draw the bounda-
ries where we draw them, but they respected their own limits, and
sought to administer each polity according to Christ's laws. There
existed a cordial understanding between ministers and magistrates ;
and in doubtful cases they sought counsel of each other. In the
records of the General Court of Massachusetts, March 4, 1634-35,
we find the following overture to the churches : —
"This Court doth entreat of the elders and brethren of every church
withlD this Jarisdiction, that they will coDsult and advise of one uniform
order of discipline in the churches, agreeable to the Scriptures, aud then
to consider how far the magistrates are bound to interpose for the preser-
vation of that uniformity and peace of the churches." ^
The first code established in New England, *' The Body of Lib-
erties of the Massachusetts Colony," enacted in 1641, a code of
rare excellence, embraces the following provisions : —
" Civil authority hath power and liberty to see the peace, ordinances,
and rules of Christ observed in every church according to his word; so it
be done in a civil, and not in an ecclesiastical way. ... No church censure
shall degrade or depose any man ft'om any civil dignity, office, or authority
he shall have in the commonwealth." '
The collection also embraces " A Declaration of the Liberties the
Lord Jesus hath given to the Churches," in eleven particulars, all
upholding the spiritual autonomy of the local church. Within her
sphere the church was absolute, and not in bondage to the state.
The functions of the minister were spiritual, and he was clothed
with no political power. It was the same in Connecticut, and the
above principles were re-enacted in its code.^ Churches were estab-
lished and regulated by law ; but the law did not touch their inter-
nal economy. The government could punish a man for a civil
offence, but it could not disturb his church relations. The church
I Mass. Rec, I, 472. a Mans. Hist. Coll., 3d, VIII, 216 pq.
* CouQ. CoU Laws, I, 024.
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1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. 209
could discipline him for an}- offence, but it could not invalidate his
civil rights. A close alliance was established between the church
and the state, and it is often called, somewhat ignorantly and
thoughtlessh*, a union of church and state ; but the phrase cannot
be allowed in such a connection, except as meaning something very
different from what it designates in papal and hierarchical lands, —
vastly different from the church-and-state tyranny from which our
fathers fled. Measured by the judgments and practices of the age,
there was no aggression or usurpation in their legislation ; and on
this point we quote the testimony of New England's latest, impar-
tial, and most accomplished historian, Dr. Palfrey : —
"Not birth, nor wealth, nor learning, nor skill in war, was to confer
political power; but personal character, goodness of the highest type,
l^oodness of that purity and force which only the faith of the Lord Jesus
Christ is competent to create. The conception, if a delusive and impractica-
ble, was a noble one. Nothing better can be imagined for the welfare of a
country than that it shall be ruled on Christian principles ; in other words,
that its rulers shall be Christian men, men of disinterestedness and integrity
of the choicest quality that the world knows, men whose fear of God exalts
them above every other fear, and whose controlling love of God and of
man consecrates them to the most generous aims." *
'* In Massachusetts, not only the support of the ministrations of relig-
ion, but personal attendance upon them was enforced by law.* This was
no local peculiarity. It was law in Virginia, and had been so, before New
England had an Euglish inhabitant. In its theory, the theory of a right to
control the individual not only for his neighbor's protection, but for his own
improvement, it was law after the universal traditions of Christendom." *
The City of Boston an Exception. — Our citations have shown
that while the courts did not hesitate to enforce the payment of min-
isterial dues, when necessary, they uniformly recommended what
they were pleased to term the voluntary sj'stem. In Boston this
was the sole method, and it was most successfdl.
In 1632, Governor Winthrop writes in his Journal that Boston and
Charlestown *' had made a voluntary contribution of about £120,"
for the meeting-house and the minister's house.^ In 1680, Gov-
ernor Bradstreet reports to the privy council : —
** As to the maintenance of ministers, it is by a voluntary weekly offer-
ing, well-pleasing to ministers and people, but in the rest of the towns,
generally, by a yearly assessment of all the inhabitants of the place ; which
' Palfrey's Hist. N. B., I, 315.
s *'Ma88. Bee., 1, 140. This legislation of Massachusetts was imitated in the
other oolonies, probably, as soon as occasiou aro8e for it."
• lb. n, 34* < Winthrop's N. B., 1, 87.
14
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210 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
they freely assent unto, the several courts taking special care that all min-
isters have comfortable maintenance allowed them, according to the poor
ability of the place and people." *
And in 1760, Gov. Hutchinson records in his History : —
** The ministers of the several churches in the town of Boston have ever
oeen supported by a ft-ee weekly contribution. I have seen a letter from
one of the principal men of the colony, expressing some doubts of the
lawfulness of receiving a support in any other way. In the countrt
towns, compulsory laws were found necessary."*
The scruple above expressed had been forcibly uttered by Rev,
John Cotton, May 2, 1639, in a discourse from the text, '* Take
a present in thine hand, and go, meet the man of God."
** Mr. Cotton, preaching out of the 8 of Kings, 8, taught that when magis-
trates are forced to provide for the maintenance of ministers, etc., then
the churches are in a declining condition. Then he showed that the min-
isters' maintenance should be by voluntary contributions, not by lands, or
revenue, or tithes, etc., for these have always been accompanied with pride,
contention, and sloth." '
Winthrop, who makes record of this, also has this entry, Jan.
5, 1644 : —
" The churches held a different course in raising the ministers' mainte-
nance. Some did it by way of taxation, which was very offensive to some." *
Weekly Offering, — Tliese *' different courses'* have been already
indicated ; and they appear in the report of the usual weekly offer-
ing, which we have from two witnesses, neither of them friendly to
the colonists, but on this point probably correct. The first is
Thomas Lechford, in his " Plain-dealing, or News from New Eng-
land," who, in his account of the public worship in Massachusetts
Bay, 1641, says: —
** Which ended, follows the contribution, one of the Deacons saying:
Brethren of the congregation, now there is time left for contribution,
wherefore, as God hath prospered you, so freely offer. The Magistrates and
chief Gentlemen first, and then the elders, and all the congregation of men,
and most of them that are not of the church, all single persons, widows,
and women in the absence of their husbands, come up one after another
oiie way, and bring their offerings to the Deacon in his seat, and put it
into a box of wood for the purpose, if it be money, or papers promising
so much money ; if it be any other chattel, they set it or lay.lt down t>efore
the Deacons, and so pass another way to their seats again. I have seen a
fair gilt cup with a cover offered there by one, which is still used at the
1 3 Mass. Hist Coll., VII I, 340. « Hii»t Mass., T, 376.
« Wiuthrop'8 Hist. N. E., I, 295. * Hist, N. E., II, 93.
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1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. 211
communion, which money and goods the Deacons dispose towards the
maintenance of the Ministers, and the poor of the Church, and the
Church's occasions, without making account, ordinarily.
" But in Salem Church, those only that are of the Church offer in public ;
the rest are required to give to the Ministry by collection at their houses.
At some other places they make a rate upon every man, as well within as
not of the Church, towards the Church's occasions ; and others are behold-
ing, now and then, to the General Court, to study ways to enforce the
maintenance of the Ministry." *
The other witness is John Josselyn, in ** A Relation of Two
Voyages to New England," the last in 1663 : —
** On Sundays in the afternoon, when the sermon is ended, the people in
the galleries come down and march two abreast up one aisle and down the
other, until they come before the desk — for pulpit they have none; before
the desk is a long pew where the elders and deacons sit, one of them with
a money box in his hand, into w^hich the people, as they pass, put their
oiTering ; some a shilling, some two shillings, half a crown, five shillings,
according to their ability and good- will ; after this they conclude with a
psalm." ■
It appears from the preceding, that the system of voluntar}'^
offerings, or what were regarded as such, though not universal and
adequate, was practised to an extent which must have taxed the
time and the best judgment of the deacons, who were the ofllcial
treasurers and trustees of the churches, investing their office with a
dignity and responsibilit}', from which, under a different system, it
has partially receded. In a rare pamphlet entitled " A Brief
Narrative of the Practices of the Church in New England," pub-
lished in 1645, the only allusion to the support of the minister is
what is implied in the statement of the deacon's office, which is
defined to be : —
**To collect diligently, keep faithfully, distribute carefliUy the church's
treasure that so he may serve the tables, which is his proper work, — the
Lord's table, the minister's table, and the poor's table." *
It also appears that contributions, public or private, for the sup-
port of the ministry, corresponding in amount with the circum-
stances of the individuals, were expected and demanded of all
non-communicants, as well as church members, and that if they
did not come as contributions they came as assessments and taxes ;
if not " willingly," then by " constraint."
And we have seen still further, that the system which they estab*
lished was not, on their part, a surrender to the world or a. com*
> 3 Maas. Hist. Coll., Ill, 78. « lb. , UI, 831. « Cong. Quart., XVU, 256.
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212 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
promise with the world. The statement which we have given of
their pecaliar civil and ecclesiastical constitution is due to their
memories in the present discussion, as an exhibition of this truth.
The men who insisted that the state should be controlled by Chris-
tian men, placing civil government on a new basis, were not chai^e-
able with the incredible foil}' of ordaining at the same time that the
church should, in her spiritual functions, be controlled bj' tlie state.
That the spiritual kingdom which they had crossed the ocean to
establish on this continent should come into subjection to the world
or the civil power, through a provision which they had embodied in
the mutual relations of the two, did not enter into their thoughts
as a possibility.
CHOICE OF THE MINISTER.
We have seen that the four colonies had essentially the same
constitution, and were in substantial agreement as to their methods,
both civil and ecclesiastical. On one important point, however,
— the choice of a minister, — we find the development of a differ-
ence between the early practice of the churches in Massachusetts
and in Connecticut.
Early Practice in Massachusetts . — Mr. Buck has stated : —
** If there was anything settled In the ecclesiastical polity of Massachu-
setts, it was the mode of settling the minister. Early in the colonial his-
tory, the church, without asking the concurrence of the parish, elected
the minister." *
This earliest usage was enacted into a statute when the " Body
of Liberties " was adopted in 1641.
•• Every chnrch hath ftree liberty of election and ordination of aU their
officers A*om time to time, provided they be able, pious, and orthodox." *
It was incorporated in the Cambridge platform, 1648, as a vital
part of the polity : —
** Officers are to be called by such churches, whereunto they are to minis-
ter. Of such moment is the preservation of this power, that the churches
exercised it in the presence of the apostles." '
Near the close of the century it began to be customary for the
church to choose the minister, and the parish to sanction the choice
by a subsequent vote, and he was officially styled, '* The pastor of
the church and the minister of the people." *
1 Mass. Eeoies. Law, 49. * 3 Mass. Uist. Coll., VIII, 234.
< Kather'fl Mag., U, 190. * Maiu. Eocles. Law, 40.
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1877.] THE PARISH SYStEM. 213
Massachusetts received its proxance charter in 1691 ; and among
the province laws enacted, October, 1692, two of the four sections
of one chapter, which relate to the churches and the ministry, pro-
vide, —
" That the respective churches in the several towns shall, at all time8
hereafter, use, exercise, and enjoy all their privileges and freedoms
respecting divine worship, church order, and discipline, and shall be en-
couraged in the peaceable and regular profession and practice thereof.
"That every minister, being a person of good conversation, able,
learned, and orthodox, that shall be chosen by the major part of the inhab-
itants of any town, at a town meeting duly warned for that purpose, shall
be the minister of such town, and the whole town shall be obliged to pay
towards his settlement and maintenance, each man his several proportion
thereof." »
This record is startling. Of little avail was the assertion in one
section of the general rights and liberties of the churches, if in
another their dearest right and privilege — the choice of their
spiritual guide — were committed to the town, the church, as such,
having no voice in the selection. If the radical and subversive
character of this legislation was not recognized at the time, it was
soon after, and the act never fairly went into operation. At the
session, February, 1693, this section was "repealed and utterly
made void forever." Its appearance on the s.tatute book was,
doubtless, a fair indication of the general tendency, but its prompt
and decisive repeal was a truer criterion of the prevalent senti-
ment. In place of it, it was enacted : —
" That each respective church gathered in any town or place within this
province, that at any time shall be in want of a minister, such church
shall have power, according to the directions given in the word of God,
to choose their own minister. And the major part of such inhabitants as
do there usually attend on the worship of Qod, and are by law duly qual-
ified for voting in town affairs, concurring with the church's act, the per-
son thus elected and approved accepting thereof and settling with them,
shall be the minister towards whose settlement and maintenance all the
Inhabitants and ratable estates lying within such town, or place limited
by law for upholding the public worship of God, shall be obliged to pay
in proportion ; provided that nothing herein contained is intended or shall
be construed, to extend to abridge the inhabitants of Boston of their
accustomed way and practice as to the choice and maintenance of their
ministers."*
Among the manuscript in the archives at the State House,
* Acts And Res. of Prov. of Maps. Bay, I, 62.
> Acta and Res. of Prov. Mass. Bay, L, 102.
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214 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
Boston, we iBnd the following order of the General Court, June 1 1 ,
1695, which reveals, with the preceding, the continual drift of that
period ; and our only surprise is that this kind of legislative super-
vision should have taken a century and more to complete its
course and reach its natural conclusion : —
" Be it enacted that when at any time a church shall make choice of a
minister, and present their choice tmto the Inhabitants of the town or
precinct in a public meeting duly warned and assembled for that purpose,
to have their consideration thereon, and the inhabitants so assembled
shall by a major vote deny their approbation of the church's choice, the
church may call in the help of a Council consisting of the elders and man-
agers of three or five neighboring churches, which Council are hereby
empowered to hear, examine, and consider the exceptions and allegations
made against the church's election. And in case the Council shall, not-
withstanding, approve of the said election, such ministers accepting the
choice and settling with them shall be the minister of the town or pre-
cinct, who shall be in all respects supported and maintained as by tlie said
Act is provided ; but if otherwise, the church shall proceed to the election
of another minister. And it is fUrther declared that no person, by reason
of his voting in the church, shall be precluded ft-om voting as an inhabi-
tant of the town, any law, usage, or custom to the contrary, notwith-
standing." >
The effect of such a statute was to take the council out of its
time-honored moral province, and impart to its decisions the force
of a legal tribunal. Cotton Mather, in his ** Ratio Discipline, —
A Faithful Account of the Discipline professed and practised in
the Churches of New England," refers to the existing usage
with guarded criticism, but with evident regret at the tendency
which had then set in : —
" Though the law of the place about the choosing and settling of a
minister (which has had the royal sanction) be a very wholesome law,
and have much of the gospel in it, yet there grows too much upon the
inhabitants, who are not yet come into the communion of the churches, a
disposition to supersede it, and overrule It. Many people would not allow
the church any privilege to go before them in the choice of a pastor. The
clamor is : We must maintain him.
" Some of our divines having been on such an occasion consulted withal,
have exhibited their sentiments in these conclusions : * A body of Clirls-
tlans associated for all the ordinances of the gospel, are a church of our
glorious Lord, which have, among other precious privileges, a right firom
Him to choose their own pastors. The churches which have recovered
the exercise of this right ftrom the oppression of man, under which many
churches are to this day groaning, ought to keep the precepts and the
» Mass. Archives, XI, 91.
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1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. 215
favors of the Lord, and not easily part with what He has given them. To
introduce a practice in the choice of a pastor, which being followed, mav
soon bring a pastor to be chosen for a church which few, yea none, of the
church have ever voted for, would be to betray, and even destroy, a most
valuable right, that such a society has a claim unto, and many evil conse-
quences are to be expected from it. Nevertheless, a church in the exer-
cise of Its right ought In all possible ways consistent therewithal, to
consult the edification and satisfaction of their neighbors ; especially of
those on whose assistance to carry on their affairs, they may have much
dependence.* " *
Mr. Cotton, of the Plymouth church, in the account from which
we have already quoted, refers to the early custom, with the plain
intimation that in his day (1760) Christian courtesy, law, and
long-standing usage on this point had given way still further : —
** Previous to Mr. Little's settlement (1699) both church and town Joined
in inviting him to preach as a candidate, as well as afterwards in giving
him a call. None, it seems, in that day, pleaded for the society's righl
of supplying the pulpit without the church's leading in the matter. And
in more ancient days, by some hints in the church records, it may be
gathered that' the church managed the whole affair, both of inviting and
calling, there being no mention of the congregation." •
Early Practice in Connecticut, — We turn now to the ecclesiastical
history of Connecticut, for the corresponding early period, and we
find the reverse of this practice, the society acting first, and often
solely. The case of Windsor has already been cited. From the
sketches of the churches which are given in the " Contributions to
the Ecclesiastical History of Connecticut," ' it appears that, as a
general rule, the societies, or parishes, were formed first, often
some years previously. The object seems to have been to make,
in advance, such secular arrangements and provisions as would be
needful for the eflScient administration of the church, when organ-
ized ; the Connecticut brethren acting, apparently, in this matter,
on the apostolic declaration that "that was not first which is
spiritual, but that which is natural, and afterward that which is
spiritual." This practice is referred to in a letter from our friend,
J. H. Trumbull, ll. d., etc., of Hartford, who is the highest living
aiithoritj' in matters of this kind : —
You are, of course, aware thaj; in many Connecticut towns, in the
seventeenth century, ministers were settled long before the organization
of a church. In the town of Stonington, for example, a meeting-house
> Mather's Ratio Die , 15-17. * 1 Masa. Hist. Coll , V* 13J
« 1860, pi^. 340-O16.
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216 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
was built early in 1661, and several ministers preached there, for longer or
shorter periods, before the coming of the Rev. James Noyes (afterwards
the senior trustee of Yale) in 1664. In 1668 the town voted to settle Mr.
Noyes, and engaged to pay his salary. In 1669 the inhabitants asked
leave of the General Court "to settle themselves in church order"; but
the first church was not formed until 1674, when Mr. Noyes was called to
the pastorate.
In New London County, the order of call was, so far as I know, never
varied. The Society voted to invite the minister, and fixed his salary, —
contingent upon his being called to office by the Church. The action of
the Society preceded the call of the Church, if a church was already or-
ganized. >
Mr. Noyes, above mentioned, served the Stonington church
thirty-four years, in addition to the ten years of his parish ministry.
His brother, Rev. Moses Noyes, was the minister of Old Lyme for
twenty-seven years before a church was organized, when he became
its pastor, and sustained the pastoral ofllce fifteen years longer,
the people having, for nearly a generation, enjoyed his pulpit min-
istration through the society, but destitute of church ordinances.^
CONFLICTING ELEMENTS.
Nothing can now be plainer than that our fathers had gathered
into their civil and ecclesiastical system the elements of unavoid-
able commotion and conflict. When the colonies outgrew their
original proportions, and ceased to be manageable as companies and
corporations, when they took on the dimensions of a popular com-
monwealth, there was no alternative but the violent agitation
which ensued. Rules which had been originally proper and need-
ful had become un advisable and impossible. The New World at-
tracted to its shores, as bj- a law of elective affinity, restless and
fearless spirits, the victims of proscription, exiles for conscience'
sake, — men who had earned the right to think for themselves, and
who, on a new continent, broad and free, could not be repressed
and trammelled. The colonial codes .embraced impositions and re-
strictions, against which they were sure to chafe ; and among these
was the compulsory support of the ministry and of public worahip.
The colonies had all been planted in the interest of freedom ;
and this, happily, remained the central and controlling sentiment,
shaping the issues botii of their external and internal life. The
'MS., July 24, 1876.
3 In some localities in Connecticnt the early usage appears to linger. Thus in
Norwich, in 1841, au Ecclesiastical Society was fully organized, in advance of the
Broadway church; and again in 1874, in advance of the Park church.
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1877.] THE PAK18H SYSTEM. 217
tendency towards a stronger church government, which in some
quarters had existed from the first, and which in Connecticut,
in 1 708, crystallized in the Saybrook Platform and the system of
consociated churches, did not realize the hope, if such were enter-
tained, of a dominant establishment. Liberal interpretations pre-
vailed ; the purer types of the polity retained their sway, and the
practical freedom of all onr churches is a settled and admitted fact.
In parochial and outward relations, as well as in the internal
economy, the whole drill of discussion and legislation was towards
toleration and liberty. The movement was steady, though it took
a century after the question was fairly opened to reach the goal.
I'he progress of the contest is a legitimate part of the parish his-
tory, but it cannot be given here. The controversy extended over
Massachusetts and Connecticut.# Some of the points, as the}'
appeared in the legislation of the former State, during the earlier
period referred to, may be found in a valuable group of historical
notes on the Province Laws, by A. C. Goodell, Esq , of Salem,
one of the State Commissioners, who prepared the compilation.^
The more pivotal points of a later day will be stated presently.
Question in Connecticut. — The public agitation of the question in
Connecticut was carried into politics, and became vehement. The
platform of perfect liberty was reached in 1818, in an ordinance of
the new Constitution : —
" It being the duty of all men to worship the Supreme Being, the great
creator and preserver of the universe, and their right to render that wor-
ship in the mode most consistent with the dictates of their conscience, no
person shall, by law, be compelled to join or support, nor be classed with,
or associated to, any congregation, church, or religious association. But
every person now belonging to such congregation, church, or religious asso-
ciation shall remain a member thereof until he shall have separated himself
thereArom, in the manner hereinafter provided And each and every society
or denomination of Christians in this State shall have and enjoy the same
and equal powers, rights, and privileges ; and shall have power and author-
ity to support and maintain the ministers or teachers of their respective
denominations, and to build and repair houses for public worship, by a tax
on the members of any such society only, to be laid by a major vote of the
legal voters assembled at any society meeting, warned and held according
to law, or in any other manner. If any person shall choose to separate
himself ft*om the society or denomination of Christians to which he may
belong, and shall leave a written notice thereof with the clerk of such so-
ciety, he shall thereupon be no longer liable for any future expenses
which may be incurred by said society."'
Acts and Bes. ProT. Mass. Bay, JI, 269*280. ' Art. VII, Stat. Goud., 29.
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218 THE PAUISH SYSTEM, [1877.
A lucid historical statement of the question in Connecticut may
be found in the '' Quarterly Christian Spectator," 1836, from the pen
of Rev. Leonard Bacon, d. d., who calls attention to the fact that
it was through the votes of persons belonging to *' the standing
order," as it was called, which comprised a lai^e majority of the
population, that this consummation was gradually effected.^
Issue in Massachusetts. — The issue which was reached in Connec-
ticut through the channel of moral and political discussion, not
always calm, or candid, or Christian, would have been gained, at
length, in Massachusetts through a similar f^ency (of which we
find many tokens), had not the parish question in this State
assumed an unexpected phase, attended with developments which
have made that portion of our ecclesiastical history memorable.
The laws, originally enacted by clfurch members, unwisely imposed
upon non-communicants who had become restive under them the
duty of supporting the minister, and freely taxed them for the pur-
pose. In Connecticut the repeal of these laws had been effected
through the ballots of freemen ;.in Massachusetts, they were turned
b}^ judicial decisions to ends which had not been anticipated. The
electoral franchise had been broadened, but the parish rates were
not remitted. The Bill of Rights, adopted in 1780, retained this
ecclesiastical supervision by the State : —
** As the happiness of a people, and the good order and preservation of
civil government, essentially depend upon piety, religion, and morality ;
and as these cannot be generally diffused through a community but by the
institution of the public worship of God, and of public instruction in
piety, religion, and morality ; therefore, to promote their happiness, and
to secure the good order and preservation of their government, the people
of this commonwealth have a right to Invest this legislature with power
to authorize and require the several towns, parishes, provinces, and other
bodies politic, or religious societies, to make suitable provision, at their
own expense, for the institution of the public worship of Ood, and for the
support and maintenance of public Protestant teachers of piety, religion,
and morality, in all cases where such provision shall not be made vol-
untarily." 2
On this declaration the legislation was based ; and it was natural
that those who were required by law to pay for the minister's ser-
vices should wish to have a voice in his election and to choose
without dictation. It was equally natural that they should inquire
what rights they had in this relation under the Constitution and
laws of the State.
Quart. Christ. Spect., VIII, 488. « Mass. Gen. Court, Mass., 1876, 40.
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1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. 219
This inquiry was prompted and intensified, in many cases, by
the gradual defection of ministers from the early faith of the
churches, resulting often in the alienation from the minister of a
majorit}' of the church, while he retained the sympathy of a major-
ity of the parish The legal discovery which both parties made
precipitated the crisis to which we have referred. Any statement
of the parish system, which did not include the salient points of
this decisive period, would be so exceedingly imperfect that we
must give them, although in the briefest space that we can
command.
The Trojan horse appears to have been carried into the Massachu-
setts churches in a sentence in the article in the Bill of Rights, which is
partly quoted above, — carried in without warning, for neither friend
nor foe had the suspicion that any danger was lurking within it. The
concluding paragraph is as' follows : —
" Provided, notwithstanding, that the several towns, parishes, precincts,
and other bodies politic, or religious societies, shall at all times have the
exclusive right of electing their public teachers, and of contracting with
them for their support and maintenance." ^
On a cursory perusal, this seems to be a suitable provision, harm-
less and beneficent ; the churches at the time so regarded it, and
reposed in that security for thirt}' years. From this dream of safety
they were then suddenly aroused. The word " churches," it will
be noticed, is not embraced in this enumeration of organizations ;
"parishes" and " religious societies" are; and the couits were
appealed to to decide on the legal status of the churches. Two or
three ecclesiastical questions had already come before the civil
courts, and had elicited decisions, which, as we all now read them,
might properly have been regarded as a warning bell. They were
not so read in their da}', and our churches were wholly unprepared
for the shock. The judgment of the Supreme Court of Massachu-
setts, in the Dedham case, was delivered by Chief Justice Isaac
Parker, November, 1820. The following are its main points : —
"Where the majority of the members of a Congregational church separ-
ate ftom the majority of the parish, the members who remain, although a
minority, constitute the church in such parish, and retain the rights and
property belonging thereto.
** As to all civil purposes, the secession of a whole church flrom the par-
ish would be an extinction of the church ; and it is competent to the mem-
bers of the parish to institute a new church, or to engraft one upon the old
* Jouni . of Conven . , 1 779-80, 323.
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THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
Stock, should any remain ; and this new church would succeed to all the
rights of the old, in relation to the parish.
" The only circumstance which gives a church any legal character is its
connection with some regularly constituted society ; and those who with-
draw from the society cease to be members of the church, and the remain-
ing members continue to be the identical church.
'* The non-concurrence of the church in the choice of the minister, and in
the invitation to the ordaining council, in nd degree impairs the couBtitu-
tional right of the parish. That council might have refused to proceed,
but the parish could not, by that, have been deprived of their minister.** '
This doctilne, of course, makes the church the mere dependence
of the parish, having legallj* no separate organic life. Through the
application of their own laws, as interpreted by the court, the eccle-
siastical superstructure, which the pious founders of New England
had reared with such infinite pains, was by this decision smitten and
shattered. Instead of "the world, or civil state raised oiU of the
churches," which had been the vision of the elder Winthrop, it was
the world or civil state raised over the churches. The sceptre had
departed from Judah : —
'* At this distance of time, we can hardly understand the powerful relig-
ious, as well as legal, effects of this decision, and the discussions It gave
rise t#. The burning of a minister on Boston Common might have attracted
the eyes of Christendom more ; more tears would have been shed ; but for
searching the faith of the Massachusetts man, for making martyrs in all
towns, precincts, and parishes, nothing could be devised superior to thii«
far-reaching decision."*
It took our bewildered churches some time to comprehend fhlly
the situation. They were slow to believe that as churches they were
powerless, having no claims t<» their sanctuaries, their records, their
parsonages, their communion furniture, the gifts of the pious dead,
with whom they and their fathers had communed, except as they
derived it through parishes, with which, in some cases, they had
ceased to have any affinity. The attempt, in two or three instances,
to retain the records, or communion-plate, brough't the question
again into the courts, and the previous decision was confirmed. In
the Brookfield case, the opinion of the Supreme Court was delivered
by Chief Justice Shaw, October, 1830 : —
** Where a parish or religious society is by its constitution limited to
any place, the church of such society is equally limited, being indissolubly
connected with such society ; so that an adhering minority of the church,
> 16 Mass. Bep., 488. * Buck's Mass. Eccles. Law, 54.
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1877.] THfi PARISH SYSTEM. 221
ADd not a seceding majority, constitutes the church of such parish or
religious society, to all civil purposes.
'* A church connected with a parish is not a corporation, or quasi corpo-
ration, for the purpose of holding property.
" The body of communicants gathered into church order, according to
established usage, in any town, parish, precinct, or religious society, estab-
lished according to law, and actually connected and associated therewith
for religious purposes, for the time being, is to be regarded as the church
of such society as to all questions of property depending upon that rela-
tion.
'* Upon the dissolution of the connection between a minister and a parish,
he ceases to be the pastor of the church in such society ; and a reserva-
tion, with the assent of the church and the society, of the right to retain
his relation as pastor of such church is nugatory and void." ^
We can give but one more decision of the Supreme Court, that
in the Hollis Street Church case, delivered by Shaw, C. J., March,
1850. For the first time since the new issue was opened, a case is
brought into court in which the church, as such, has rights to be
protected against the encroachment of the parish.
**The church is a voluntary organization, not a corporation nor a quasi
corporation, in the usual sense in which those terms are used ; but like a
corporation in respect to its power to act by votes and by majorities.
** The fltnds of a Congregational church, derived A-om the voluntary con-
tributions of members on communion-days, Arom other donations not spe-
cifically appropriated by the donors, and ft*om accumulations of interest,
are held by the church in their own right, to be appropriated at their dis-
cretion both as to principal and interest, and not by the deacons in trust
for the society connected with the church, or for any purpose of general
charity, to be enforced by an information filed by the public prosecutor." •
There is here no relaxing of the previous decision. It only
decides that while a church remains connected with the society, it can
have the control of purely church funds. Should it withdraw, the
step would be construed as the act of individuals, and it could not
take the communion cintributions with it ; but while it remains it
can appropriate them at its discretion.
Still other points relating to the internal economy of the churches
came up for judicial settlement. The scope and force of ecclesias-
tical councils were swept within the purview of the courts, and
legal decisions were announced, defining the functions of councils,
both mutual and ex parte.^ Important pecuniary settlements, as
notably in the instance of the venerable pastor of Bedford, hinged
upon the construction by the courts of the results of council.*
» 10 Pickering, 172. « 5 Cu>hing, 345.
* 3 Mau., 182; 9 Mass., 277. « 21 Piokerlug, 114.
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222 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
This was the outcome, in one direction, of the parish sj'stem, as
legalized in Massachusetts. History records that the Moors were
invited into Spain to expel an enemy, and remained on the soil as
lords and oppressors. A somewhat similar experience had befallen
the Congregational churches of Massachusetts. The parishes, or
societies, which in their early days they had summoned to their
side as servitors and helpers, had become their masters. About
eight}' of these churches became exiles from the ancient altars and
homes of their worship, associated with saintly memories and
traditions. More than half of them were driven out as churches,
by parish or town votes, gathered often largely from the ranks and
the resorts of the notoriously ungodly.^ The rest were compelled
b}' conscientious convictions to secede individually, and form new
churches. The movement was not attended with any outward dem-
onstration, as when, on a similar issue, at a later day, hundrecls
of the honored ministry of Scotland, with Chalmers at their head,
went forth in solemn procession, amid the applause of Christendom,
leaving behind them the establishment, with its churches and
manses and stipends, and launched the Free Church of Scotland upon
its noble career. 'But in a more solitary way, these churches, one
by one, gave rare proof of their fidelity to principle, " and took
joyfully the spoiling of their goods."
We have a curious illustration of the adage, that " The whirligig
of Time brings in his revenges," as we turn to the early records of
the Plymouth Court, and find that under date of Oct. 1, 1658, a
graceless lieutenant, —
"Being presented for speaking reproachfully of the Court, and saying
the law enacted about ministers' maintenance was a wicked and a devilish
law, and that the Devil sat at the stern when it was enacted, the words
being proved, he referring himself to the Bench, they censure him to be
lined fifty shilUugs." * g
Upon this Mr. Buck has well remarked : —
" In 1830 any man might have said it anywhere in Massachusetts
without fine or contradiction. So unanimous had the dissatisfaction be-
come, that in 1833 an amendment of the Third Article of the Bill of Rights
was adopted, by which the ancient policy of the Commonwealth, derived
fi'om the mother country, and steadily maintained for two hundred years,
was abandoned." *
The amended article, which constitutes the present basis, reads
thus : —
' Cong. Quart., V, 216. « Pl^m. Col. Rec, UI, 160. » Eccla. Law, 6^
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM, 223
" As the public worship of God, and instructions in purity, religion, and
morality, promote the happiness and prosperity of a people, and the secur-
ity of a republican government ; therefore, the several religious societies
of the < oramonwealth, whether corporate or unincorporate, at any meet-
ing legally warned and holden for that purpose, shall ever have the right
to elect their pastors, or religious teachers, to contract with them for their
support, to raise money for erecting and repairing houses for public wor-
ship, for the maintenance of religious instruction, and for the payment of
necessary expenses ; and all persons belonging to any religious society
shall be taken and held to be members, until they shall file with the clerk
of said society a written notice declaring the dissolution of their member-
ship, and thenceforth shall not be liable for any grant or contract which
may thereafter be made or entered into by such society ; and all religions
sects and denominations, demeaning themselves peaceably, and as good
citizens of the Commonwealth, shall be equally under the provision of the
law ; and no subordination of any one sect or denomination to another
shall ever be established by law." *
We cast DO reflection od the judiciary of Massachusetts. The
judges are only the interpreters of the laws ; and in the long roll
of those who have adorned the office in that State, those whom we
have quoted rank among the most honored. There has always
been a doubt, in legal circles, of the correctness of the decision.
To common minds, the elaborate argument of the Hon. Lewis
Strong, of Northampton, as presented in Pickering's reports,^ and
as analyzed and arranged, evidently by some legal hand, in the
'' Spirit of the Pilgrims," ^ appears to be conclusive ; but jurists, as
learned and pure-minded as any among the living, accept the
decision to-day as the only fair interpretation. That a case
should have come into court which made such a legal judgment
possible, is proof that our fathers had introduced into their S3'stem
of church administration a false principle, an element of weakness
and of danger.
A very able '' Report on the Rights of the Congregational
Churches of Massachusetts " was drawn up for the Congregational
Library Association, in 1858, by the Rev. Enoch Pond, d. d., of
Bangor, Me., and was published in the "Congregational Quarterljs"
1863.4
After presenting what seems to be decisive arguments, adverse
to the judicial decision, the report passes to another, which it
pronounces, " il possible, more conclusive." From the reports of
the discussions in the convention, given in the contemporary press,
» Jour, of Maw. Oonven., 384. " 10 PickerinK, 176-81.
» Spir. of Pil;j., V, 402, aq. * Ooug. Quar., V, 428.
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224 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877. i
i
from the . editorial comments in the papers of the day, and from
the recollections of venerable men who were living at the date of
the convention, some of whom attended its sessions as spectators,
an array of testimony is adduced to show that " the religious
societies spoken of in the third article were understood to mean
churches " ; and the conclusion is thus stated : -^
" We have proved, we think, with abundant evidence, that the churches
were then understood as being in the number of those bodies who were to
have ' the exclusive right of electing their public teachers, and of contract-
ing with them * (if they so pleased) * for their support and maintenance.' *' ^
If this position is admitted, one result follows, so patent that it
does not seem possible the venerable author of the report, and
those at whose order it was drawn up, could have overlooked it,
and at the same time so unwelcome that it seems equally impossible
they could have taken any pains to establish it. We do not re-
member to have seen any reference to the point ; it is this : The
phrase in question • occurs in two paragraphs of the third article,
both of which we have quoted. (1.) It invests "the legislature
with power to authorize and require the several towns, parishes,
precincts, and other bodies politic, or religious societies," to pro-
vide public worship at their own expense, and support the minis-
ters. (2.) It grants to '' the several towns, parishes, precincts,
and other bodies politic, or religious societies," the exclusive right
of choosing their ministers and contracting for their support.
' Now if this list includes the churches in the one case, it includes
them in the other case. If it concedes to the churches, in the one
case, the right to elect their own pastors, it concedes to the legis-
lature, in the other case, the right to compel the churches to choose
and support their ministers. In this particular, it passes the
churches over to the control of the State ; it subjects them to the
State. It does not appear that the churches of Massachusetts
would have gained an3'thing, in the way of liberty or fi*eedom from
subjection to the State, so far as organic provision of the constitu-
tion is concerned, had they obtained a reversal, on this point, of
the construction placed upon this article by the Supreme Court, in
successive decisions.
We do not discuss this question ; but one of our correspondents,
Charles E. Stevens, Esq., whose paper, adverse to the parish sys-
tem, we have given elsewhere, and whose attention we called to
this point, has favored us with the following remarks upon it : —
>Gonf(. Qaar., y, 335.
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1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. 225
"To establish the position that the phrase * religious societies ' in the
Constitution means, or includes, churches, Dr Pond's Report relies on this
consideration as decisive, namely, that * in the statute of 1754, re-enacted
in 1786, only a few years after the adoption of the Constitution', the
churches are expressly denominated " bodies politic " * I think that a
carefkil consideration of those statutes will show that in this the Report is
mistaken. In the act of 1786, the only place where the phrase * body pol-
itic * occurs is in the second section, which is as follows : * Be it further
enacted, That the income of the grants made, or to be made, to any one
such body politic,* etc. The reference is, of course, to some body politic
mentioned in the first section of the act. But to what body? Obviously
to the body which the act itself creates, in these words : 'Be it enacted,
etc. That the deacons of all the several Protestant churches . . . are, and
shall J^e, deemed so far bodies corporate, as to take in succession all
grants, etc. Now, the terms * body corporate ' anA * bodies politic ' are
interchangeable. ' Artificial persops,' says Blackstone, * are called bodies
politic, bodies corporate, or corporations.' When, therefore, the second
section speaks of ' one such body politic,' it is the same as if it had spoken
of one such body corporate, i. e., the incorporate deacons, — the only bod^^
corporate named in the act. And when it* is farther considered that the
act creates the deacons a body corporate, or body politic, to take grants
in succession. Just because the church is not such a body, and therefore
cannot take in succession, there would seem to be no room for flirther
argument. This reasoning applies equally to the act of 1754.
'' But if the position that the phrase 'religious societies ' in the Constitu-
tion means churches, gets no support flrom these acts, neither does it fh>m
the U8US loquendi of the laws prior to the Constitution, or from the usage
after the Constitution. Still farther to the same conclusion is the use of
the phrase in the amendment to the third article, and in the act of 1834,
for in these it means, and can only mean, parishes, and not churches.
Indeed, I conceive that nothing is better established, and mora familiar, •
than this latter use, both in common speech and in legal phrase. We
must conclude, therefore, that the Court was right in its construction.
But this only strengthens the argument against the parish system, since
\\ shows that the disastrous consequences to the churches were the legiti-
mate, and not the illegitimate, results of the state of the law " '
Incorp crated Churches. — A natural effect of the judicial decis-
ions which we have quoted was to prompt churches in Massachu-
setts to seek the protection of special acts of incorporation ; and
for some 3'ears the legislature was burdened with applications of
this nature, many of which were granted. But these charters were
often found attended, in practice, with legal embarrassments which
impaired or destroyed their value ; and few have of late been
asked for. We have before us one of the latest, that of one of our
most active and prosperous churches, which was incorporated in
'MS.
15
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226 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
1871 ; and as a representative case, we point out briefly some of
the difficulties which it involves.
** Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives, in General
Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows: —
** Section 1. — Edward Kendall, John N. Meriam, James H. Sparrow,
and all other members of the Stearns Chapel Congregational Church, in
Cambridgeport, so called, in Cambridge, and their successors, as members
of said church, are hereby made a corporation, with all the powers and
privileges, and subject to all the duties, restrictions, and liabilities set
forth in all general laws which now are, or hereafter may be, in force
applicable to religious societies.
" Sect. 2. ~ Said church * shall be called * The Pilgrim Congregational
Church.*
" Sect. 3. — Said corporation may hold real and personal estate to an
amount not exceeding a hundred thousand dollars, for parochial and relig-
ious purposes.
^* Sect. 4. — This act shall take effect upon its passage."
■
In the judgment of the church, —
** This act empowered the church to hold property, and transact all its
business as a church, without the usual adjunct, — an ecclesiastical so-
ciety."*
And among the " Ecclesiastical Principles " enumerated by the
church, the following stand foremost : —
**I. This church is an independent ecclesiastical body in all matters of
faith, order, and discipline.
** II. Believing that no other organization is necessary, or warranted in
the Scripture, this church is associated with no ecclesiastical society, but
of itself conducts all its affairs." '
Passing by the enacted restriction of the stewardship of this
church for the Master, in holding propert}' as a corporation, — which,
as compared with the discretion of sister parochial churches, is limi-
tation, and not liberty, — we remark that the belief which underlies
these quotations is a mistaken impression.* There is not here a
single body, in place of the dual organization ; but there are a
church and a society, each with distinct functions, as in other cases.
If this act could be construed to have merged the church in the
corporation which it creates, blending the two, there would be
a complete union of church and state ; it would be a church estab-
lished by law, — the violation of a fundamental principle of the Con-
stitution. The charter takes notice of two distinct bodies, namely*,
* Printed iu the Manual " Said Corporation." We follow the authorized edition
of the Hta lutes.
3 Manual. * lb.
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1877.] THE PAKISH SYSTEM. 227
the church, or ecclesiastical organization, which it recognizes as
alread3' existing ; and the religious society, or corporation, which it
creates. The latter body lies within the sphere of the State ; the
former lies without that sphere.
We should not presume to express a confident 0|)}nion on legal
points, on which the courts have not pronounced authoritative judg-.
ment, if we were not supported by the most eminent legal author-
ity. We have taken pains to have this church charter submitted
to some of the most learned counsellors of the Bar and Bench, in
Massachusetts ; and from the opinions kindly furnished, we are per-
mitted to state the following points, which are entitled to. as much
weight as extra-judicial opinions can be : —
1. This act recognizes two bodies, — the church and the relig-
ious society.
2. Although the act expressly confirms membership in the cor-
poration, in the first instance^ to membership in the church, there is
nothing in the act to prevent the corporation, after its organiza-
tion, from admitting to its membership, if it sees fit, persons not
members of that chnrch, or of any church.
3. No person, once a member of the society, can cease to be
such, except by written notice to the clerk of the society ; unless a
decision of the Supreme Court in 1849' should be construed by the
court as giving to a by-law power to terminate membership by
some other process than this constitutional provision. In any
event, this church, having no such by-law at present, is subject to
the above provision.
4. No member of the church can be made a member of the relig-
ious society, against his consent. An}'' member of the church, at
the time of the passage of the act, who dissented from the policy,
and refused to come into the arrangement, would not, probabl3% be
held to liabilities as a member of the society, the presumption be-
ing that the State would not make a man a tax payer in a religious
society, against his consent.
5. It is not the church itself, but individual members of the
church, that are made a corporation.
6. To illustrate clearly the duality, if this church has occasion
to elect deacons, she meets as a- church, not as a religious society ;
the general laws relating to religious societies make no provision for
the election of deacons ; these offices do not belong to the church as
^ 4 Cashing, 526.
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228 THE PARISH 8Y8TBM. ' [1877.
a corporation. On the other hand, if this church wishes to raise
money for the snpport of the minister, it^meets as a religious soci-
et}^ not as a church ; the church, as such, having no corporate
capacity. As a corporation, to whose province exclusively this
matter belongs, there must be a warrant for the meeting, a modei-
ator, a clerk, and a vote, — all according to law.
If these positions, which have the sanction of some of the best
legal minds in Massachusetts, are correct, this church would seem
to have gained no advantage from this charter. There are still two
bodies, an ecclesiastical and a legal ; and not, as she supposes, one
alone ; and the membership of the two is not, as she imagines^, ne-
cessarily identical. If a member of the corporation becomes a non-
resident or a member of another church, if this church excommuni-
cates him, and he becomes to her as a heathen man and a publican,
he can still, as the matter now stands, retain his place and his vote
in the corporation. If there be no Scripture warrant for an eccle-
siastical society, is there a Scripture warrant for this?
The excellent brethren of this church have acted with the best
intentions; but emindht jurists, attendants • on Congregational
churches, who have been asked to give their attention to this char-
ter, concui* in pronouncing it bad legislation, contrary to the gen-
eral policy of the State. This church has accepted it subject to
liabilities ; and one of these gentlemen significantly observed that
if the case should come into Court, any number of legal questions
would arise, and the church might not find her status to be what
she supposes it to be. The decision in the Dedham case, which is
still Massachusetts law, was that tiiose who withdrew from the
society ceased to be members of the associated church. ^ The rule,
of course, applies to those who may withdraw from this corpora-
tion, in accordance with the legal provision, which is, '* filing with
the clerk a written notice, declaring a dissolution of their member-
ship." ^ And we see what a legal license this charter would coq-
vey to the members of this church, if it were not a dual organiza-
tion, enabling a disaffected member to dissolve the relation bj his
own act, — a construction of the church covenant against which our
churches have emphasized their protest.
New Hampshire Decision. — The recent decision of the Supreme
Court of New Hampshire, in the case of the church at Frances-
town, involving a suit at law for a communion-service, has not yet
gone into the judicial reports ; but the following statement, it has
* 16 Mass. Rep., 438. * Mass. G^en. Stat, 1S60-66, Ch. 30, Sect &
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1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. • 229
been certified to us, is authorized by Chief Justice Doeii» giving
*' the substance of the decision " : —
'* The old chnrch, to which the plate was given, has a right to dissolve
a union between itself and the parish, and retain the plate. (On that point
the decision is in conflict with the Massachusetts decisions. ) Each of th«
parties claiming to be a church is, in law, a church to this extent. Its dei^
cons may hold the property given to it. The majority of a church is not
necessarily a church. It appears that each party has kept up a church
organization. It does not appear whether either of them has kept up the
organization of the old church. The question of which of the two, if
either, is the church to which the plate was given, is a question of iden-
tity ; a question of fact to be tried and decided at the trial term." ^
This, it is here conceded, differs from the Massachusetts decis-
ions ; and the question is, In what does the difference consist ? On
this point we are, fortunately, enabled to present private legal judg-
ments of the highest rank.
Perhaps the case in Massachusetts which most nearly resembles
it is the Brookfield case.^ In both cases there were two bodies, each
claiming to be, and by the courts admitted to be, a church. In
both there was a secession from the parish. In both the seceding
body embraced the bulk of the old church. In both a controversy
arose over the communion-plate that had belonged to the old church.
In both an appeal was taken to the highest court for decision of the
controversy. In both the court aimed to adjudge the plate to the
party to which it really l)elonged, and in neither case was it the
intention of the court to change the ownership. In both it thus
became a question of identity. To identify the real owner was the
whole aim in both cases ; but in their method of identification the
courts took diverse paths. The Massachusetts court identified the
owner as being, ex necessitate^ the church associated with the third
precinct in Brookfield. Those who had withdrawn left their church
behind them, did not take it with them. If only one member had
withdrawn, and ninety-nine members remained, palpably, as well as
l<^ally, the church remained. If ninety-nine had withdrawn, and
only one remained, legally still, though not palpably, the church
remained. The language of the decision was : —
•* It would seem to follow, from the very structure of such a body as this
(a church), which is a mere voluntary association, that a diminution of Its
members will not affect its identity."*
. The one test of identity was association with the parish ; and the
> MS. ' 10 Pickering Rep., 172. * 16 Mass. Bep., 503.
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230 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
ground and reason of this test was locality, territory, metes, and
•bounds. The church was as the growing forest on the given acre.
. Cut down, severed from the soil, the forest loses its life, loses its
character, ceases to be real estate, becomes dead, becomes wood.
The church, severed from the territorial parish in which it had its
roots, from which it drew its legal life, ceases to be a body known
to Massachusetts law.
The New Hampshire court declined to accept this test. It
agreed with the Massachusetts courts, that the majority was not,
necessarily, the church. But the true owner, it said, might be the
seceding body, as well as the adhering body. Secession did not
prejudice its case. If it was the old church, it was the true owner;
and whether it was thie old church or not, was a question which the
court itself would not answer. A jury should answer that ques-
tion, upon evidence given. This, then, is the New Hampshire test,
— the verdict of a jury. But a verdict is confined to a single case.
In the next case, there will be a different jury and there may be
a different verdict. To-day, in the Francestown case, tlie jury may
give the plate to the outgoing body. To-mon*ow, in another case,
the jury may give it to the staying body. In Massachusetts, it
is not so. When the Brookfield case was decided, all similar
cases, thereafter arising, were decided also. In Massachusetts,
then, it is a question of law; in New Hampshire it is a question
of fact. And in all matters of this sort^ this seems to be the re-
spective status of a church in these adjoining New England States.
In Massachusetts, a church divorced from its parish is not known
ill law as a church.^ In New Hampshire It is. In Massachusetts,
such a divorced church can never take away and hold its communion-
plate and furniture. In New Hampshire it can, if, in case of
litigation, the jury grant it. It should be added, that further court
proceedings are to be had in the Francestown case.
We have now brought the historj', in its judicial aspects, down to
the present date. In the historical depaitment of our topic, there
remains but a single further item which we have space to present.
*'*If a church may subniHt nnconuected with any coof^regation or reliffioas
Rociety, as has been urged in argument, it is certain that it hnn no legal qualitieR.
That any numlier of the members of a church who dipngree with their brethren,
or with the minister, or with the parish, m?iy withdraw from fellowj^hip with
th»4n, and act as a church in a religious pofnt of vieio . . . it is not necessary
to denj'. . . . But as to all civil purposes, the secession of a whole church from
the parish would he an extinction of the church. . . . This is not a new the-
ory; it has, wo believe, been the understanding of the people of New England
from the foundation of the colonies."— IG Mass. Sep. , 604, 505.
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1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. 231
NATIONAL COUNCIL, 1865.
When our churches, for the fourth time in their history, held a
Greneral Synod, and the National Council met in Boston, 1865, the
Rev. Drs. Bacon and Quint, by appointment of a previous Confer-
ence, submitted a statement of church polity, which, on the topic
before us, was as follows : —
" Inasmuch as not only the covenanted members of the church, but all
who are taught, may be reasonably expected, and should be encouraged,
to bear their part in the expense of hnilding the house of God and sustain-
ing the ministry of the world, the civil incorporation of ecclesiastical
societies, or parishes, in connection with churches, is a natural arrange-
ment of Christian civilization in a free commonwealth. The form in which
a society may be incorporated, for the legal ownership of ecclesiastical
property and the support of public worship, is determined by the laws of
the State ; but the church, as a spiritual fellowship, electing and ordaining
its own officers, and worshipping God according to the New Testament,
holds its charter only ft-om Christ, and may not surrender its spiritual
rights and powers to any civil corporation. Therefore, the independence
of the church in the choice of its own officers, and in all its discipline, and
in the conduct of its worship, must be steadfastly guarded. At the same
time, the right of the parish, or ecclesiastical society, as a legal corpora-
tion (including or representing all who in any equitable manner aid in
the support of public worship), to control, within the limits of its trust,
the use and expenditure of its own property, must be recoginized. While
the church is at liberty to elect whom it will, and as many as it will, to be
church officers, it cannot, by its own authority, require the parish to
assume the burden of supporting them. Thus, in the election and settle-
ments of a pastor, or other officer, who is to be supported by the parish,
the concurrent votes of the church and the parish are necessary." *
The document, without being adopted by the Council, was re-
ferred to a committee of twenty-eight, for revision and publication.
After seven 3'ears (a shorter time than with such a committee,
could have been reasonably expected) it was issued (1872), bear-
ing on its cover the title, " Platform, 1865," — in which form it is
usually quoted. It is not strictly that ; but as nearly as any state-
ment which we now have, it is the present platform of our
churches.
On the point before us, the comprehensive and guarded state-
ment above quoted was modified. In place of the declaration
that the parish " is a natural arrangement of Christian civilization
in a free commonwealth," was substituted the declaration that
» Nat. Cong. Coun., 1865, 111.
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232 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
" provision is made by law, in most or all of the United States, for
the civil incorporation of societies or parishes for the support of
public worship " ; and the following paragraph was added : —
"The institution of an ecclesiastical society in connection with the
church is sometimes avoided as unnecessary and dangerous. Sometimes,
when the laws of the State permit, the brethren of the church become the
legal corporation-; or membership in the church is made a condition of
membership in the society ; or the church itself becomes the legal corpo-
ration, with the power of holding property, and manages by its deacons
the secular affairs connected with the support of public worship." '
REVIEW.
The preceding sketch outlines the history of the parish system,
from the founding of our churches to the present day. We have
gathered many details, illustrative of its workings in the past, with
which we do not feel at liberty to tax the time of the Council. The
cursory review makes it evident that the parish is not an institu-
tion of yesterday. Our early churches and parishes were planted
together, have for two and a half centuries grown together, and
their roots and fibres are so compacted that they cannot be easily
torn asunder. It is further evident that the sj'^stem, if it is not to
be exterminated, is attended with dangers and drawbacks which
need to be guarded against. These will presently come up for .
consideration ; it is onlj' necessary to add here, that the supervision
of the civil power, in the form of a tax for the support of the min-
istrj', which originally carried the question into the courts of Mas-
sachusetts, does not now exist in any of our States. It was an
unfortunate feature of the sj'stem which our fathers estftblished, in
their honest endeavor to discharge the high function with which
sacred prophecy had invested the government of the future. That
tliis feature has been regarded b}' their successors. as a casual
adjunct, and not an essential ingredient, of the system, is evident
from 'the fact that the exiled churches of Massachusetts did not
discard the parish sj'stem, from which, through this feature, they
had suffered the loss of all things.
The laws of nearly all the States now offer to the churches such
facilities of organization for temporal purposes, combined with such
securities, and the separate spheres of the civil and the ecclesiasti-
cal are now so distinctly defined, that nothing like the experience
of the past can be repeated, except as the result of some grievous
* Eccles. Pol , 31.
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1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. 233
and wide-spread apostasy. If ministers become unsound in the
faith, or unworth}^ of confidence, without wholly losing their sup-
porters, there will be more or less of temporary disturbance under
any sj'stem. But our parish system, eliminated of some of its early
features, divested of the entangling alliances which, oefore the civil
tribunals, brought the spiritual into bondage to the secular, is to be
judged by its present principles and its present workings. Before
bringing forward the testimony wlych we have collected on the
latter point, we must settle the question with which we are con-
fronted at the outset, — whether it is itself in harmony with the
principles of our religion, or whether it embodies a theory which
is radically wrong. If the latter can be shown, further testimony
and argument are unnecessary.
» ,
BIBLICAL ARGUMENT.
Our first appeal is, naturally, to the revealed Word. If we do
not, like the New Haven colonists, accept the Bible as a manual of
civil government, we revere its teachings and its principles as the
fountain of authority and decision on all the questions which it
covers. Is the pecuniary aid of unconverted men, then, and the
partial control in matters relating to the church which the parish
system may give them, virtually included in the inculcations of the
sacred Word ? And if not, is there anything in it inconsistent with
such an arrangement?
In all the documents which favor the parish system in some form,
we notice the constantlj' recurring quotation from Gal. vi, 6, ''Let
him that is taught in the word communicate unto him that teacheth
in all good things.** This is the standing proof-text on this side.
With the construction which so many of our ablest and best divines
have put upon it, it may seem presumptuous in us to raise the
question, as we are compelled to, whether the apostle had in his
mind an}' such class of hearers as are represented by the congrega-
tion outside of the church. We might raise the previous inquir}'
whether any such class existed in his day. In the early period of
Christianity there appear to have been very few, if any, nominal
believers, in distinction from professed disciples. It seems to us
most probable that by/' him that is taught" he meant simply the
learner, the disciple ; that all which he intended to say was. Let
him that receives spiritual good from the preacher impart to him, in
return, material good. Was it anything more than the paraphrase,
in an .exhortation, of his previous question to the Corinthian belie v-
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234 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
ers, " If we have sown unto you spiritual things, is it a great thing
if we shall reap jour carnal things?" (1 Conn, ix, 11.) That other
than spiritual benefits do flow to a community from the ministry of
the Word, is true ; and that those who receive its material benefits
ought to aid in its support may also be tnie. But is that the ser-
vice which is inculcated here ? And does it accord with the general
strain of the sacred writings to urge upon unconverted men a chaise
like this, in behalf of preachers sent to warn them of their sins?
The proof-text on the other side we find in an article by an able
writer, where it is twice quoted as proof of flagrant " disobedience "
to the Master, on the part of those who rely on parish help outside
of the church.^ This decisive passage is, ^^ Because that for his
name's sake they went forth, taking nothing of the Gentiles." (John
iii, 7.) Now what is the meaning of this declaration? It appears
that some Christian brethren had gone forth to preach to the Gen-
tiles, or perform some benevolent mission among them, with the
resolve that they would draw their support from the Christians
whom they represented, and not from the Gentiles for whom they
labored. Th& reason is not stated, but apparently it was to pro-
tect the disinterested. feature of their work. For the same reason
Mr. Moody, in his late visit to Great Britain, declined the offer of
a munificent donation, not from the heathen, but from a Chiistian
lad}' of great wealth and great liberality. These brethren, on this
special mission, would decline the oflerings of the Gentiles ; appar-
ently, of the Gentile converts, whose general duty to give the apos-
tle Paul had expresslj' set forth. (Rom. xv, 27.) Besides, if the
passage is to be pressed as enforcing the duty of declining the aid
of the uncpnvei-ted, it would require our benevolent societies to
exclude their contributions, — a result which the author of this exe-
gesis would hardly desire.
If these Scripture texts are the strongest which can be adduced
on each side, as they appear to be, we are content to regard this
question as one which is to be determined by the spirit and not by
the letter of the revealed Word. At the stage of development which
Christianity had reached when the canon of revelation was oom-
I)leted, there was no occasion or opportunity to express a judgment
on institutions which, like the Sabbath school and the great benev-
olent societies, have since become a part of the moral equipment of
our churches for their work. The family, the church, and the State
» Dr. H. M. Stom, Cong Quart., 11,332, 336 (18(K)).
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1877.] THE PABI8H SYSTEM. 235
are recognized as di\dne ordinances, and there are no other organ-
izations which hold tl^e same relation to the sacred Word. But as
a collection of principles and precepts rather than of specific rules,
the Bible lends its sanction to every institution and every agency
which is wise and wholesome. The scripturalness and the expe-
diency of the provision now before us are to be decided, not by
texts of Scripture, but by actual tendencies and results ; and to this
test we propose to subject the parish system, as it exists among us
to-day.
RFPRESENTATIVE VIEWS.
«
In the first circular issued by the committee, we remarlced : —
"There are honored brethren, both in the ministry and among the lay-
men, whose simple opinions would have weight with ns and with the
churches; and whose arguments would be pondered. Will they please
favor us with their views, and with the reasons on which they rest? There
are some whose careful statements we should like to append to our report
whether the conclusions which we may reach should harmonize with theirs
or differ fVom them."
To this call, enforced in several cases by personal appeal, we have
received gratifying responses. From the papers sent to us, all of
which have aided the committee, and for all of which we are thanK-
ful, we selected several which gave the views of brethren in differ-
ent parts of the country, and stated with great force both sides of
the question. Our plan was to embody in the report, under the
names of the authors, a full, impartial presentation of the reasons
by which the continuance of the parish sj'stem was pressed on the
one hand, and its disuse was urged on the other. But the pressure
on our limits has compelled us to give up four fifths of the papers
selected, and transfer the remainder to the Appendix, retaining them,
in this relation, as a part of the report. We have done all this
with great reluctance.
RESULTS GATHERED BY THE COMMITTEE.
We are now prepared to group some of the facts which we have
gathered, illustrative of the present workings of the system. Most
of the cases which have been reported to us in detail relate, natu-
rally, to some disturbance or friction. The machine that works
smoothly attracts little attention; the disordered and discordant
compels notice. Twenty parishes may be running harmoniously
and successfully, and not be heard from ; let a single one become the
seat of angry controversy, and the region may be filled with its
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236 THB PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
bruit. The narratives before us, however, if not representative of
the system as a whole, are significant evidence of what is possible
under the system, as administered. Its deficiencies 4ind grievances
appear both in the basis of membership and in the actual proceedings.
Society Membership. — On this point there is not only no uni-
formity, but there is a wide diversity. The following are reported
as single conditions of membership, though in many instances some
two of them are combined as the condition ; namely, signing the
constitution, annual contribution, annual subscription, renting an
entire pew, renting a seat, enrolment of name, recommendation of
trustees, vote of society, two thirds vote of society, agreement to
be assessed for expenses, status of a legal voter, orthodox belief,
good moral character, payment of a small admission fee, church
membership, male church membership, adult male church member-
ship, attendance on public worship. As a general rule, little qual-
ification is required, and there is little restriction in the admission
of members ; and as the result of this facility, there are in many
parishes, at times, troublesome and unworthy members.
S('Ciety Proceedings. — While in ordinary times there may be a
prevalent apathy, and the management be left in a few hands, a
basis so elastic, and with so few safeguards, permits, in special
exigencies, an unhealthy expansion, and is not unfrequently the
occasion of injury and scandal. In a contested case, over which
there is much excitement and discussion, the membership is often
enlai^ed by partisan zeal, and the meetings are packed. Habitual
ueglecters of public worship, meh who bear no share in the pecun-
iary burden and have no stake in the result, — often immoral men,
— come forward, or are brought forward, and claim an equal vote
with the most devoted Christians and the most self-sacrificing sup-
porters of the sanctuary. To get rid of a faithful but obnoxious
minister, or to carry some other unchristian measure, the prejudices
and passions of the worst men in the community have been enlisted;
and have found expression in parish votes. So frequent has been
this flagrant occurrence in our ecclesiastical history, that those
churches and ministers are to be accounted fortunate that have had
no personal knowledge of it. .
There is this mitigating reflection in relation to the parish, that
such a state of things cannot ordinarily be reached until the church
has become unfaithful, and a majority of her members are accessory
to the indecorum. But the parish system, as actually adminis-
tered, admits of its exhibition, and ofiTers temptation to it ; and so
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1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. 237
many cases have been reported to us that we cannot do less than
present the revolting spectacle as one of its fruits.
Another class of facts conununicated implies gross irregularity in
another direction ; they involve the usurpation of the functions of
the church, often unconsciously, on the part of the parish or its
officials. Repeated cases have come to our knowledge, in which,
on the occurrence of a vacanjcy in the pastorate, without any vote
of church or parish, or any standing rule, the trustees of the soci-
ety have assumed the entire responsibility of the supply of the
desk. Both the temporary supplies and the candidates have been
of their selection, and the church has had to look to them for her
future pastor. They have frequently assumed the regulation of
the entire service of the sanctuary. They have selected the choris-
ter and the organist; and this is a common practice. They have
occasionally arranged a new order of Sabbath exercises, which
they have distributed in printed slips for the information of the
pastor, deacons, and other worshippers. Acts still ^ore extreme
have been reported to us, so exceptional — as, indeed, are the last
named — that it would be hardly fair to quote them. In one
instance a society, under an unprincipled leader, is said to have
gained possession of church property by steps which, though legal
in form, were tainted by fraud.
In the election of a pastor, the church, as a general rule, acts
first ; but in a few cases, the parish acts first ; and occasionally the
parish acts alone, and the church, as 'such, has no voice in the
choice of her pastor. A- multitude of cases of joint actiQn have
been reported to us, which are manifestly illegal. Notice is
given from the desk that the church and society will meet at a
given time and place, to consider the question of giving an invita-
tion to a minister. Members of the two separate bodies oome
together in this meeting, which is neither the one nor the other,
and proceed to act. • The record is sometimes placed among the
proceedings of the church, sometimes among those of both church
and society; but as often, perhaps, among those of the parish
alone. In some sections of our country, this appears to be the
prevalent mode. And it is especially so in the dismissal of a
minister. A pastor reads his resignation from the pulpit, accom-
panied with a notice, not always official, of a public meeting to act
upon it. The congregation comes together as a society, or as a
church and society, pass resolutions, and, perhaps, call a council,
which acts on this basis ; and the proceedings are usually entered
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238 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
in the records of the society alone, though sometimes in those of
the church. This has happened again and again.
Our attention has been called particularly to several cases, which
within a few years have attracted some public notice, in which the
parish has, unquestionably, plaj^ed a very unworthy part. On
looking into them, we find in most of the cases, behind the improper
action of the society, a demoralized church consenting to it, or
leading the way to it, and behind the church we find a demoralizing
minister. In each case the machinery of the parish was, undoubt-
edly, perverted to injurious ends ; but the radical difficulty was in
the minister and his untoward infiuence over the church ; and it is
not probable that under any system, the result would have been
essentially different. Two leading testimonies which have been
given us in favor of the system were from brethren who sat as
members of council on two of these cases, and who regard the
manner in which the parish figured in them as an incidental evil,
not the legitimate effect of the system, as not, in fact, materially
affecting the result.
Two or three cases have been reported to us, in which the parish
is alleged to have led the way in breaking down a faithful minister,
acceptable to the church generally, the church- finally acquiescing
for the sake of peace ; and the opportunity which the organization
gave its membera of accomplishing their unchristian purpose is
quoted as illustrating the manifest evil of the system. But other
witnesses, as competent and conscientious, deny the allegation,
and present the matter in a wholly different light. The unhappy
trouble in the church in Francestown, N. H., to which several
correspondents have called our attention, is an instance in point.
Our New Hampshire brethren, disinterested observers, and ac-
quainted with the facts, are not at all agreed as to their bearing
on the parish question in general. We have no call to express a
judgment on tlie case, which is still pending ; but a neighboring
pastor, familiar with it, and warmly in sympathy with the church,
commenting in a letter to us on the secession of some forty church-
members from the society, and their withdrawal from church meet*
ings, with the lamentable results which followed, expresses, prob-
ably, the sentiment of all good men, when he adds, " They have
learned, by sad experience, what they ought to have known before,
— that the place of infiuence is within, and not outside, the church
and society." The acts of a parish, after such secession, are^not
to be adduced as evidence of the normal working of the S3'stem.
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1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. 239
Even under existing forms, there would be little irregularity or
complaint were the church uniformly to assert her rights and
meet her obligations; and the responsibijity, therefore, attaches
primarily to the church. But we must make allowance for igno-
rance and timidity ; and the parish S3'stem, on its present basis,
sometimes gives an unscrupulous man, or company of men, in-
creased opportunity of annoying and obstructing both church and
pastor. There are known instances in which a chiirch has been
kept in constant agitation for years, and successive pastors have
been unsettled, through the influence in the parish of some promi-
nent and turbulent member. He would have been troublesome, in
any event ; but the parish gave him position, and furnished to his
hand an engine of successful intrigue.
In still other cases of oppressive society action which we have
examined, we find that the leaders were church members, reaching
in parish meeting, through thcf votes of church members, the same
ends which they would have gained in church meeting as easily ,-
had the pecuniary responsibilities of the parish rested on the
church. The parish system is not to be held responsible for all the
evil which may have been done in its name.
The average proportion of pecuniary support for public worship,
received from outside the church, as nearly as can be ascertained,
is one fourth. In many cases, it means an aid which might be
dispensed with, without inconvenience ; in many more, it means an
aid which seems to be absolutelj' indispensable to the support of
the ministry. It may be of interest to add here that of the various
methods adopted for raising parish funds, the weekly oflering sys-
tem is reported with the most favor by those who have made trial
of it.
MORAL CONSIDERATIONS.
As we pass to the moral considerations, which must finally control
our decisions, it cannot be denied that there is force in the reasons
which are urged on both sides. On the one side, it is said that we
cannot be blind to the tendency of our present parish system to
establish a commercial test of prosperity. The church enterprise
is too apt to be deemed a success if the society flourishes, if the
pews %re well rented, if the finances are in a prosperous condition.
The danger of worldliness, always great in a church, is greater
through this connection. The more the church comes under the
influence of secular men, the greater the temptation to secular con-
formity, which she has to withstand. This influence has sometimes
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240 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
carried a church out of her true relations to the kingdom of Christ,
as a spiritual force in the community, and associating her with
fashionable surroundings, has corrupted her from the simpKcitj
that is in Christ. It has sometimes burdened a church, and half
smothered her life, by a debt accumulated bj' an ambitous building
committee, who consulted only their secular taste. It has some-
times secularized the worship of a church, particularly the depart-
ment of praise, the most emotional of all, eliminating from it the
element of devotion, and for the uplitled adoration of the con-
gregation substituting an artificial and operatic performance. It
has sometimes shortened a pastorate, and made the pastoral rela-
tion unstable and fluctuating, by fostering a taste for ministrations
more captivating to the worldly, but not more instructive and edify-
ing to the intelligent and devout. It has sometimes scandalized the
cause of Christ, by inviting and making use of the co-operation of
immoral men. It has sometimes enlisted moral, but unregenerate
men, to their own detriment, — satisfying their consciences by the
outward service, and deadening their sense of the need of conver-
sion. And the existence of two bodies has sometimes precipitated
an unhappy conflict, which would have, been avoided had there been
^but one. All this, it is said, must in candor be admitted, even by
those who find in the system countervailing advantages.
On the other side, it must, it is said, be conceded that the inter-
est in the sanctuary and its ministrations of men outside of the
church is often as great as that of those who are within it. The
financial skill and judgment, so necessary to the successful manage-
ment of the secular affairs of thetihurch, which in their place are of
prime importance, are often lodged largely, sometimes almost exclu-
sively, with the worshippers who are outside of the church. The
resources for the support of public worship often come lai-gely from
the latter, in many cases not less than two thirds or three fourths
having been reported ; and it is the dictate of common justice and
common-sense, that those who furnish the means and are the mot$t
competent financial managers should, under proper safeguards, have
a voice in the financial administration. Interest in the outward
tends, in many cases, to interest in the spiritual ;' accompanied with
the Christian sympathy and prayer which are awakened for uncon-
verted benefactors, it has resulted in introducing many to tlie fold
of Christ. The views and tastes of members of the congregation,
who have been trained to the hearing of the gospel, many of them
children of the covenant who have received Chiistian baptism, are
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1877.] THE PABISH SYSTEM. 241
not essentially different fh>m those of tHe members of the church.
It is not true, as a rule, that church members desire faithful, pun-
gent preaching, while others desire superficial and sensational ; the
closest preacher, the most godly pastor is, perhaps, as likely to be
popular with the congregation as with the church, the ideal of the
former being not lower than that of the latter. While the actual
boundaries of the church must be presumed to be proximately cor-
rect, it is known that in almost every community there' are some
without who appear better than some within. The most liberal con-
tributors are often among the former ; and there is many a minister
who finds some of his most valued moral as well as financial sup-
porters outside of the church. In the secular provision in which all
join, a distinction which admits unwortliy communicants to a share
in the trust and excludes worthy non-communicants, commands no
moral respect, and favors only asceticism and pharisaism. The
influence of rich men in the church, undesirablj* preponderant, may,
through this system, be balanced by that of rich men in the congre-
gation ; and the existence of two bodies, whose concurrence is
essential, by insuring greater deliberation, has often been attended
with happy results. Those who reject the parish system must, it
is said, acknowledge the fairness and justness of these statements.
POINTS OF AGREEMEirr.
There are points on which we are all agreed. We all accept as
our own the Master's aim to build up a kingdom which is not of
this world ; and his methods, as far as we can adapt them to our
circumstances, are our choice ; we are always to labor in the spirit
of his methods. His main human reliance was a pure church, sep-
arate from the world ; and such churches are, under God, our own
dependence. Our fathers did not, intentionally, compromise this
position by forming a close alliance between the church and the
civil government, for their civil state was a religious organization.
That somewhat ideal state was, virtually, another church, with a
responsible and sacred public trust ; and a compact with it was not
a surrender to the world. But the ecclesiastical and the civil are now
divorped ; each has its defined and separate province ; and we are
all agreed that the spiritual is never to be brought into any bondage
to the temporal. If the parish system cannot be maintained with-
out this, and without serious danger to our liberty in Christ, it is to
be sacrificed without hesitation. If it can be, we are free to employ
16
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242 THE PARISH ST8TEM. [1877.
it, in the fonn which will be most serviceable to the kingdom of
Christ.
The parish was not instituted as a matter of worldly compromise.
The church did not seek in it any unworthy affiliation, and its aim
was benevolent and not sordid. Because secular men may belong
to it, it has been represented as thoroughly secular in spirit, an
oi^anization wholly alien from the church, the two representing
antagonistic forces planted in the very seat of worship, the parish
standing over against the church. This is not a representation of
its normal state. The constituency of the two bodies is largely the
same ; and almost as a universal rule the members of the church
are preponderant both in the society and on its board of trust.
And if, in a state of Christian society differing widely from any
which existed in the days of the apostles, we can make the religious
societ}^ or parish auxiliary to the church without weakening the
moral tone of the church, without compromising her spiritual char-
acter, without hazarding her principles and her independence, we
may do so with entire ft-eedom. Such action will harmonize per-
fectly with the spirit of the dispensation under which we live. And
whether we retain the parish or whether we discard it, we are to
remember that, in its unperverted form, it is a Christian, not a pagan
institution ; a religious, not an irreligious organization ; that while
not invested with the sacredness of the church covenant, it is so
intimately associated with the church as to claim, in its proper
sphere, the respect which the body claims ftom the soul.
JUDGMENT OF THE COMMITTEE.
The committee are now prepared to state two or three conclu-
sions which in the progress of the investigation have been definitely
reached : —
1 . It is evident that under the parish system in its present form,
the administration of the churches is specially liable to confusion
and irregularity. Evidences of irregularity are the leading facts
which have been brought before us. While, as already remarked,
they are not to be taken as fairly descriptive of the workings of the
system as a whole, they do clearly reveal its liabilities, as now
administered. Our only surprise is, that the mischief wrought has
not been greater ; and we deem it a kind, providential interposition,
and an occasion for special thankfulness, that the attention of our
churches has been called to this grave matter through this Council
before the evil had spread further. The records of our churches
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1877.] THE PABI8H SYSTEM. 243
are particularly defectire ; and not a few of them are vitiated by
irregularities so serious that the transactions recorded would not
stand in a civil court. The churches can be trained to do their
necessary business in a legitimate manner. Were the church the
sole legal body the lesson might be simpler ; but the confusion is
not caused by any necessary complication of two related bodies,
but by lack of definite understanding of their mutual relations.
The removal of this ignorance is the remedy.
2. It is farther evident to us that the parish system, as it is
practically administered, has elements of harmful moral tendencj'.
In some instances it weakens the church by begetting an undue
dependence on men of the world, and sapping her own self-reliance
and self-respect; in other instances it secularizes the church by
introducing earthly aims and worldly tastes, and supplanting faith
and spiritual zeal ; and in still other instances it assails the inde-
pendence of the church and invades her freedom by thrusting upon
her a control wholly foreign to that of her Master. In not a few
cases these tendencies have developed themselves, and the result-
ing evils are obvious ; in many more they disclose their potential
presence and assume a threatening aspect ; and through the system,
as now administered, they lurk in a latent state, and are liable, at
some unexpected hour and in some unexpected quarter, to cause
desolation in Zion.
3. A part of the committee regard the parish as an institution
intrinsically undesirable ; if the Congregational churches were now
to be launched de novOy it is their clear conviction that it would be
highly inexpedient and improper to incorporate this feature into
their administi*ation ; but they appreciate the fact of its long exist-
ence, and recognize the truth that the violent disruption of church
and society would be productive of more evil than good, and also
that such a proposal, if attended with agitation and division, would
be unadvisable. , On these grounds alone they concur in recom-
mendations which contemplate the continuance or perpetuation of
the system, and which, at the same time, seek to allay or obviate
its evils, — an end which is sought alike by all the committee.
To the other part of the committee it is clear that the evil ingre-
dients are not inherent in the system or ineradicable ; that though
somewhat peculiarly liable to perversion, it may, with due care and
vigilance, be guarded against ordinarj" dangers, and be, as in num-
berless cases it has been, a valuable auxiliary to the church in the
work and warfare to which she is appointed ; that while the church
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244 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877,
needs additional safeguards in the use of the system, there is no
occasion at present to abolish it ; that the system should be rele-
gated to its own sphere, and in that sphere it may be an arm of
strength to the church.
SUPREMACY OF THE CHURCH.
Our first position is that the members of the church, as such,
should have a voice, a controlling voice, in the management of all
church affairs. The covenant obligation is shared alike by her
members, and they have a common interest in all that pertains tx>
her welfare. The basis of a Congregational church is the recogni-
tion of the equal rights, privileges, and responsibilities of her mem-
bers, and this principle rules all her relations.
THE LEGAL CORPORATION.
As soon as a church becomes possessed of property, or needs
the protection of the civil laws as a church, she must assume a cor-
porate capacity. This legal corporation, which comes into being
for the management of her secular affairs and for no other purpose,
may be confined to her own members. If thus limited, shall she as
a church be organized into a financial corporation, combining her
spiritual and her secular business under one management? Or shall
her members be organized into a separate society for this purpose,
the church and the society, though composed of the same persons,
forming two bodies with separate spheres and distinct duties? This
is the first question to be determined. We are decidedlj' in favor
of the latter arrangement. We believe that much is gained by
keeping the spiritual functions of a church separate from her secu-
lar cares and responsibilities. The intrusion of the latter upon the
former is liable at au}^ time to mar her privileges and disturb her
peace when both are under the same ofiScial rigime, and her devo-
tional meetings may be converted into business meetings.
In her spiritual sphere the church has no head but Christ, and is
accountable to no human authority. This lofty position she is
never to compromise by submitting to any earthly dictation, or
conceding to any temporal sovereignty the right to interfere in the
slightest degree with her spiritual privileges and responsibilities.
But in all temporal relations she is subject to the laws of the land ;
and claiming for her property and for all proper use of it the pro-
tection of the civil power, she must conform to the civil statutes ;
and however peaceably- disposed she may be, she may have cattse
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1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. 245
to appear in the civil coart as plaintiff or defendant in a suit at law.
The spiritual Headship of her Master and her own spiritual auton-
omy will be more obvious to the world and be more likely to be
conserved, intact and venerable in her own esteem, if never mixed
with the discords of the lower sphere ; if the party which appears
before Caesar's tribunal to plead or to be impleaded is always a
society, a temporal organization formed for temporal purposes, and
never the church of the living God in her own proper name.
The separate organization, preserving this distinction between
the spiritual and the temporal, is favored by existing laws, which,
in this respect, are helpful to the spirituality of the church. When
provision is made, as in most of the States it is, by which the tem-
poral claims of a church may be protected and secured without
prejudice to her spiritual title, the attitude of the civil government
towards the churches is all that can be asked.
Hence the churches that, not satisfied with the security which is
furnished by general laws, have obtained special acts of incorpora-
tion, have incurred possible complications, as we have already
illustrated, without securing greater freedom or immunity. The
less any of them have to do with special legislation, the better.
There may be no humiliation in asking for the special protection of
the civil power, but there is force in Mr. Buck's remark, —
** Amid the anxiety and haste of varions denominations to secure the
protection of the commonwealth by acts of incorporation, there is some-
thing dignified, as well as startling, In the independence of the Roman
Catholic Church." *
Provision for religious societies being now made in all the States,
we deem it advisable that a society be organized in every church,
and under general laws become incorporate, not as a church, but as
a society. Should the membership of the society remain identical
with that of the church, we still regard this as the better course.
There is the objection, already admitted, of the greater liability
to confusion from the dual organization, but this confusion, as
stated, has been largely owing to a lack of understanding of the
proper functions of the two bodies ; and we propose, as will be
seen, to have the sphere of each, and their mutual relations, dis-
tinctly defined and recorded by each. Moreover, it should be borne
in mind that our polity is, by its very nature, an educating force.
It demands and promotes general intelligence ; and if the method
^ Mass. Eoclctf. Law, 125.
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246 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
indicated is the best method, our churches must learn and can
learn to practise it properly.
Extent of the Corporation. — We propose that the members of
the church be also members of the religious society. Shall mem-
bership in the latter be confined to such? This is the next question
to be settled. In her covenant relations the church must be exclu-
sive ; she cannot share, its fellowship with those that are outside of
it. In the support of public worship, the benefits of which are
shared by others, she may also share with them its pecuniary bur-
dens, provided it be done in a way which does not compromise her
self-government as a church. If there are none in the congrega-
tion whose aid is desired by the church in this relation, the mem-
bership will be confined to her own ranks. If, on the other hand,
it is thought expedient to enlist the services of others in this rela-
tion, the plan which we are about to propose is designed to make
them available without incurring the evils of a dual organization,
in the attempt to secure its benefits. Our object is to give to the
members of the church the virtual control of the society, while pro-
viding for the free and responsible activit}^ of those members of the
congregation who, it is supposed, can render desirable service in
the common cause.
Laijcs of the States. — The proposed plan would require some
additional legislation in the State of Michigan. In this State the
church is practically helpless, for the statute prescribes the qualifi-
cations of members, and no religious society can define or regulate
its own membership. The injury to which such a law may leave a
church exposed has alreadj' been felt in the State, and at the meet-
ing of the General Association in 1876, an able committee was
appointed to procure, through the legislature, a remedy for the
grievance. The committee has the matter still in charge, and will
undoubtedly secure the object of their appointment. Some slight
modification will also be necessary in the laws of Connecticut and
New York. And the propriety of leaving it to each society to pre-
scribe its own terms of admission is so obvious that the necessary
changes can easily be effected in these States. In all the other
States, we believe, the rules about to be suggested would now be
legal. The legislature of Wisconsin, last year (since the publi-
cation of Dr. Hunt's Digest) passed an act which strikes us as
almost a model. A copy has been kindly furnished us and we
give it in the Appendix. It will be seen with what facility, under
its provisions, our proposed plan could be carried out. With this
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1877.] THE PABI8H SYSTEM. 247
statement, and prompted by yaiying considerations, as already
indicated, we submit the following draft : ^
CONSTITUTION OF THE [FIRST] CONGREGATIONAL SOCIETY
OF [DETROIT, MICH.]-
Article I. — Name and Object.
Section 1. The name of this society shall be the [First] Congrega-
tiuDal Society of [Detroit, Mich.].
Sect. 2. The object of this society shall be to co-operate with the
[First] Congregational Charch of [Detroit], in providing for and main-
taining the public worship of God, in accordance with the faith aild order
thereof.
Artclb n. — Membership.
The resident members of the church shall be members of the society.
Any other stated attendants on the public worship of the church, and reg-
ular contributors to its support, may become members of the society by
vote of the majority of the members present and voting at the annual
meeting. Membership in the society shall terminate by removal beyond
its bounds.
Article III. ~ Officers and their Duties.
Srction 1. The officers of the society shall be a chairman, to be chosen
at each meeting, and [three] [six] trustees, to serve each (after the first
election) for three years; [one] [two] being chosen by ballot at each
annual meeting. Also a clerk, collector, and treasurer, to be appointed by
the trustees. All officers (except the chairman) shall serve till their suc-
cessors are elected. A vacancy in the Board of Trustees may be filled at a
special meeting.
Sfx;t. 2. It shall be the duty of the trustees to hold the property of the
society ; to make the contract with the minister^ and superintend the rais-
ing of his salary ; to provide for the current expenses, and to manage the
pecuniary affkirs of the society. They shall be subject to the direction of
the society, and shall have no power to mortgage, sell, or convey property
without a specific vote of the society, passed at a legal meeting, in the pub-
lic notice of which the object had been stated. They shall appoint a clerk,
collector, and treasurer for the society, and at each annual meeting shall
make a tall report of their proceedings.
Skct. 3. The clerk, collector, and treasurer shall perfonn the duties per-
taining to their offices, the record of the clerk to embrace the official trans-
actions of the trustees, as well as the proceedings of the society ; and the
accounts of the treasurer to be audited by the trustees, and included in
their annual report.
Article IY. —Meetings.
The annual meet! fig shall be held on the [third Monday of January],
notice having been given from the pulpit on the two preceding Sabbaths.
Special meetings may be called by the trustees, — and shall be called by
them on the written request of ten members, — notice being given ftom
the pulpit on the previous Sabbath, and the object of the meeting stated.
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248 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
Art. V. — Removals.
Any ofScer maj be removed, for cause, at any legal meeting ; and the
membership of any member elected by vote may be terminated In the
same way. The latter may, also, terminate his membership by a written
withdrawal.
*Abt. VI. — Present Members.
This Constitution shall be in force Arom the date of its adoption ; but it
shall not be construed to exclude fVom membership in tlxe society any
persons now belonging to it, and who may have been admitted under
other conditions.
Art. VII. — AMBia)MENT8.
This Constitution may be amended by a vote of two thirds of the mem-
bers present, and voting at a legal meeting, the proposed alteration hav-
ing been stated in the public notice of the meeting.
COMPACT BETWEEN THE CHURCH AND THE SOCIETY.
Art. I. — Principle of Agrbebcent.
All the spiritual interests and arrangements of the church, including the
conduct of public worship and religious meetings, and the Sabbath school
with its superintendence, shall be under the exclusive control of the church ;
and all the financial and other secular interests and arrangements of the
congregation shall be under the exclusive control of the society. This
principle shall determine all doubtfUl cases ; and in the spirit of this rule,
the succeeding articles are adopted.
Art. II. — Property.
The society, through its trustees, shall hold the property, receive and
disburse the income, appoint the sexton, and make all pecuniary engage-
ments and payments.
Art. III. — Callino and dismissing a Pastor.
In the choice, settlement, and dismissal of a pastor, the society shall
never act in advance of the church. If a call is given by the church, the
society shall vote to concur or not to concur, and shall have the exclusive
right to fix the salary. In calling a council to advise respecting the dis-
missal of a pastor, the concurrence of the society with the church need
not be asked ; but the society alone can vote pecuniary compensation.
Article IV. — Pulpit Supply.
Whenever the pulpit is vacant, the deacons and trustees shall be a Joint
committee, or shall appoint a committee, to provide a temporary supply.
' This article, of course, would not be needed in a new organization.
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1877.] THE PABISH SYSTEM. 249
Article V. — Sacred Music.
The deacons and trustees shall be a joint committee, or shall appoint a
committee, to provide sacred music, Including the selection of chorister
and organist, the trustees alone voting compensation.
Article VI. — Control of the SANctuARY.
The pastor shall have liberty to use the church edifice at his discretion,
to promote the spiritual interests of the church and congregation; the
church, also, may use the same for religious meetings ; but for all other
purposes, the control of the building shall be with the society, through
the trustees, who shall allow it to be put to only suitable uses, and such as
as will not interfere with the arrangements of the church and the pastor.
Article VII. — Alteration of Compact.
These articles of mutual agreement, for the adjustment of the spiritual
and secular relations of the church and the society, having been adopted
by separate vote of each, and placed by each in its book of records, can be
altered, in whole or in part, only in the same way.
conclusion.
We respectfully submit this Report, including its Appendix, with
the suggestion that it be published with the Minutes of the Council.
With fallible minds and imperfect hearts, no system of church
administration will be free from unhappy lapses. As in other mat-
ters, we must adopt the best practicable method, wliile constantly
reaching towards a higher ideal. We would not have our churches
break with anything which is valuable in their precious inheritance.
We desire them to retain practical control over all the interests
which the Master has intrusted to their keeping, and at the same
time we wish them to draw to their assistance in outward services,
and ultimately into their glad fellowship in sacred relations, their
respected associates in the public worship of the sanctuary, many
of whom are now not far from the kingdom of God.
That this auspicious result may, with God's blessing, be realized,
and our churches, growing stronger and purer, may, like the pro-
phetic church of old, be a crown of glory in the hand of the Lord
and a royal diadem in the hands of our God, is our constant prayer.
SAMUEL WOLCOTT, ^
ZACHARY EDDY, / ^
WILLIAM H. MOORE, \ ^«'^^»«^«-
JAMES W. STRONG, ^
Detroit, October 18, 1877.
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250 THE PARISH 8TSTEM. [1877.
APPENDIX.
CORRESPONDENCE OF COMMITTEE.^
As promised in the Report (p. 235) , we annex a few, a small
portion only, of the testimonies and arguments which have been
sent us by brethren, at our request. They were addressed to the
chairman.
[From Rev. Dr. Bacon, of Connecticut.']
Yours of July 27th has followed me to this place. I have had many
thoughts, first and last, concerning the relation between the church and
the incorporated society for the support of public worship ; but I have no
settled Judgment on the question whether the two ought to be identical,
which I suppose to be the question referred to your committee.
When you make your "visit to the Eastern libraries," let me see you,
and let us talk over this matter. I might say more than I have time to
write. Meanwhile I will give you a hint or two.
1. How to organize Christian civilization in Idaho or Montana is one
question. Whether to declare war on the old parishes of New England,
in the hope of capturing their meeting-houses and other property, and of
converting the churches into civil corporations that can ** sue and be sued,
plead and be impleaded," is a very dlflferent question. The first may be
styled a question of evolution, — the last is a question of revolution.
2. The ecclesiastical society, as distinguished from the church, is founded
on the principle, " Let him that Is taught communicate to him that teach-
eth," etc. Not every church member only, but every attendant In the
stated assembly for worship, ought to pay his part toward the support of
the Institution. Is it more or less than fair that every one who pays in
some equitable proportion (and nobody else) should have a vote in regard
to Che raising and the expenditure of the fUnds by which the institution is
supported? Is there any ecclesiastical system in the land (save that of the
Roman Catholic Church and that of the Methodist Episcopal Church)
which does not recognize this principle of flalrness?
8. The distinction between the church as a spiritual brotherhood^ ad-
mitting to Its fellowship those whom It recognizes as making a credible
profession of dlsclpleshlp, celebrating the distinctively Christian ordi--.
nances of baptism and the Lord's supper, freely exercising its own dis-
cipline of censure or exclusion, and the society as a financial corpora-
tion for the support of public worship at a given locality and in connection
^ Of publiehed testimonies in favor of the parish system, mention may be made
of Rev. Dr. Upham's {Ratio DisciplimB, p. 102); Hon. Woodbury Davis's {Con-
gregational Polity, Usages^ and Lcaos^ p. 26) ; and Report to General Association
of Connecticut, 1867, by Rev. Drs. Bacon, Porter, and Perrin, published in its
Minutes.
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1877.] THE PABI8H SYSTEM. 251
Tvith the church, but having no sort of authority in church matters, is
a peculiarity of evangelical Congregationalism. (Remember that the
Baptists are also Congregationalists.) How is it in the Protestant Epis-
copal system? The rector has a parish, but no church in our sense of the
word, — none save the meeting-house. How is it in " Book Presbyterian-
ism"? The "book" provides for meetings of the "congregation" in
certain cases, but not for anything like what we call a church meeting.
If in any Presbyterian Church (so called) you find a meeting of the com-
municants, apart from other pew-holders, for the transaction of any
business peculiar to them, — say for the election of a pastor, — you may
be sure that In that congregation the New England element (what we
once knew as New-Schoolism) is beginning to transcend "the book."
Our distinction between church and parish is foreign to the genius of
unadulterated Presbyterianism. Unitarian Congregationalism retains the
parish and drops the church.
4. Once more: Is there no danger that the church, by taking upon
Itself all the secular business of the parish, may become secular, and by
trying to swallow the pftrish, may be itself swallow€fd and lost in the
parish? May it not be that our distinction between the parish and the
church in the parish, is our best security against what John Davenport
denounced as "the parish way," identifying the parish and the church,
and so losing the church (in our conception of it) altogether?
I do not write these things as expressing my own convictions and con-
clusions, but only as hints for your consideration.
Yours truly,
Leonard Bacon.
Northampton, Mass., Aug. 2, 1876.
[JFVom Rev. Dr. Bouton, of New Hampahire.'i
haye the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your circular, relating
to the parish system as connected with Congregational churches, in sup-
port of the ministry, and also your request "to prepare a paper, embody-
ing my views on the subject, which might be at your disposal."
I know not that I can more satisfactorily comply with your request
than to give you, in the first place, a succinct history t)f the working of
the parish system with the church which I had the honor to serve 42 years,
from 1825 to 1867, and thence to deduce such inferences and remarks as
are germane to the subject.
History, — The First Congregational CJhurch in Concord was organized
November 18, 1780, with eight members, including the minister, and has
now been In existence 146 years. It has had In that period only four
completed pastorates, and the fifth pastor Is now on his tenth year. As
the church was originally organized, so It has been maintained and ad-
ministered In strict conformity with the parish system, under the laws of
the State.
Principles involved. — 1. The connection of church and parish primarily
grew, as I conceive, out of the Puritan Idea of a Christian commonwealth
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252 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
in which religion was the basis, of which, as all the inhabitants were
partakers of the benefits, so all should pay their proportion for its sup-
port. This was regulated by law and strictly acted on by the Puritan set-
tlers of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Hampshire.
2. It is a most reasonable principle (based on the idea of representation)
that those who support an institution like the ministry should have some
choice and vote in relation to it. This right and liberty, from the begin-
ning, has been a distinct feature of our Ck>ngregationa] polity.
Normal Working of the System. — 1. Support. — The church here estab-
Ushed 146 years ago could at no period have been sustained alone without
support from the parish. What could that little band in the wilderness, of
only seven men besides the minister, have done at first toward raising a
salary of ^120 annually? Always a small minority of the population, and
never belonging to the more wealthy class, at no period since has the
church been able to bear all the relatively increasing expenses Incident to
public worship ; much less has it been able or willing to be at the cost of
building and repairing their houses of worship, of which three have been
erected, one at tfn expense of $10,000, and another of $40,000. The
same general remark applies to a very large proportion, probably nine
tenths, of all the Congregational churches in New Hampshire. Their life
depends, in part, on support from without.
2. Permanent Ministry. — In its practical working, the parish system has
here secured, and always tends to secure, a permanent ministry. The min-
istry of the first pastor here settled was 52 years, and was such as entitled
him to be called the ** father of the town." That of the second was eight
years, his health then failing; of the third, 27 ; and of the fourth, 42 years :
making an average of 82 years. Besides these, I recall the names of eight
venerable pastors, in this immediate vicinity, whose average ministry was
40 years. In the whole State we have the record of 29 pastors who held
their office 50 years or more ; 38 from 40 to 49 years ; 55 from 80 to 40
years ; and 101 from 20 to 80 years.*
Under the ministry of such men has been realized, on a humble scale,
the grand conception of a Christian commonwealth, so dear to our Puritan
fkthers. Their infiuence, in the pulpit and out of it, shaped the character
of the people. Many of the best ordered communities in New Hampshire,
and, I may say, in New England, are indebted at this day to their first min-
isters. The Congregationalism which has given national fame and gloiy
to New England is based upon the parish system. If, in these modem
times, such long pastorates are not to be expected, I submit that the cause
is to be found, partly, at least, in a less strict adherence to the parish sys-
tem, and to less reliable provision for the support of the ministry.
3. Harmonious Working. — I place it to the special honor of this system
as illustrated by our history, that its whole working from the beginning
has been attended with peace and harmony. Never has a difficulty oc-
iyirred between pastor and church or between church and society, or even
between individual members, that required the advice of a council, or
^ See Gong. Qaar., Oct 1876. pp. 598, 599.
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1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. 253
that intermpted, in any visible degree, the order and harmony of the
body. So ftir as my knowledge extends among the churched of New
Hampshire, dlfflcalties growing out of the parish system are exceedingly
rare. I cannot learn that during the last fifty years, or even from the
beginning of our ecclesiastical history, any suit at law or any council has
been requisite to settle questions relating to church and parish. Difficul-
ties traceable to other sources have arisen now and then ; but for them
this system is in no sense responsible.*
4. Defines the Field of Labor. — Another advantage of this systenris, that
it defines the particular field of a minister's labors. In the primitive New
England settlements, this was determined by town or parish bounds ; now,
by the membership of the society over which he is settled. He becomes,
emphatically, their minister. He, to know them as his flock ; they, to
know, esteem, and love him as their shepherd ; he, to go in and out among
them, to sympathize with them In all their trials, advise them in difficul-
ties, comfort them in their sorrows ; to officiate at marriage festivals and
to bury their dead. This becomes his field both to sow and to reap ; here,
if anywhere, are to be new-bom and trained up the holy seed which he
may Joyftilly present to his Saviour-Judge, saying, ** Here am I and the
children which God hath given me I " Look again at facts : out of the
popuUtion of this town, under the first and second ministers, the church
gradually increased from 8 to 125; under the third, 429 were added;
under the fourth, 769 ; besides sending out, as spontaneous outgrowths,
three colony churches, to which a fourth has been added, the aggregate
membership of all which, from the beginning, is reckoned at about 2,000.
All these sister churches, in perfect union, were planted and are sustained
on the parish or society system ; and far be the day when it shall be other-
wise.
Objections to the System. — As above shown, no objection can be raised
to the working of the parish system in this place, or generally in New
Hampshire. If some large and wealthy churches, or churches endowed
with funds, or churches organized under new and peculiar circumstances
at the West or elsewhere, are able to dispense with the system, and to
assume self-support, they are at entire liberty to do it without asking the
advice of a ** national" or any other council, but let them count the
cost. The old system has been tried, and Its monuments are set up all
along the line of more than two centuries. What other system, of any
considerable historic age, can point to so many proofs of success? How
few and far between are records of failure or of conflict I How manifold
Its blessings in the order, stability, growth, and uniform peace and pros-
perity of the churches, and in the permanence, usefulness, and honor of
the ministry I The instances cited of troubles in Massachusetts, in suits
at law, when towns were parishes, are exceptional to the normal working
of the system, Inasmuch as they grew out of causes that were local and
1 It is said that a suit is now pending in Francestown, N. H., which involves
the quest iun of property between the church and society. It is a most unfortu-
nate affair, which might and ouffht to have been avoided ; the blame uf which, I
am sure, rests elsewhere than on the principles or polity of Congregationalism.
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254 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
transient. The great controversy that sifted out doctrinal heresy in
a former generation, A:om the churches in that State, and which led to
some legal decisions which we account unjust and oppressive, ought not
to be adduced as precedents prejudicial to the system as it now is. Those
conflicts and decisions affected not churches elsewhere.
The Resolution itself objectionable. — I deem it unfortunate, in putting
this great question before the Council at this time, that the language of
the resolution offered is invidious. It proposes the <* disuse " of the pari.sh
system «on the ground *' that the ministry are made largely dependent . . .
upon the pecuniary subscriptions of those who lack vital sympathy with
practical godliness," and hence proposes to cast the burden of support on
the '< churches " alone. This language does injustice to the true disposi-
tion and sentiments of that class of supporters. Though not members of
the church, they are generally men who are "in fhll sympathy" with the
Congregati^al order, were bom and educated in it, and prefer it to any
othey system. In many cases, they are men of high social and moral
position, holding offices of honor and trust. It is charitable to presume
that in supporting the ministry of churches of which they are not mem-
bers, their motive is to promote "practical godliness" in the community,
and to secure spiritual blessings both for themselves and their wives and
children. Their families, in cases not a few, make up a major part of the
Sabbath congregation, and in due time many of them become members of
the church. Under the fourth pastor here, in about ten years, forty heads
of families, and among them some of the most respected citizens of the
town, Joined the church, and were afterwards its pillars and ornaments.
In managing secular and financial affairs, the Judgment and experience of
such men are of great value. Their contributions also swell the amount
for charitable objects. In some cases under my own observation, they
are main supporters of public worship where the church itself is few in
numbers and feeble in property. Shall such men be cast off from our
" society " with the opprobrium that they are not in '* vital sympathy with
practical godliness "? I repeat, the very language is objectionable; and I
am not without serious apprehension that the bare knowledge of such
terms being applied to them will disaffect and alienate not a few of our
most worthy and able supporters.
I have read a spirited and able article on ** Church and Society" by Rev.
H. M. Storrs (then of Cincinnati) in the " Congregational Quarterly," July,
I860. I assure that respected brother that not one of the objections he
raises against the "mixed" method of supporting the ministry has ever
been experienced in this ancient church. The main force of that article
lies in the position sustained by some Scripture quotations, — j;hat it is the
duty of the church to sustain its own institutions and to make the gospel
free, calling all who are outside of the church ** Gentiles," frdm whom
nothing should be taken. I think Dr. Storrs must have been quite a young
man when he wrote that article ; and it would be no marvel if a later expe-
rience as Secretary of the American Home Missionary Society had quite
reconciled him to " taking " all he can get " frt>m the Gentiles." At least,
to be consistent, after quoting with such gusto the authority of the apos-
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1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. 255
tie John (3 John, 7 v.), he might have cited the noble example of the apostle
Paul, ** whose own hands ministered to his necessities," and who declined
to take anything even from his Christian brethren, that so the gospel
might be " without charge." (See Acts xviil, 3 ; xx, 84 ; 1 Cor. ix, 15-18 ; 2
Cor. xii, 13.) How would our city ministers, not to say our self-sacrificing
missionaries, like that source of supply?
I care not to canvass all the objections which are, or possibly can be,
brought against the parish system. I am content to stake the advantages
in its favor against all real objections to it, confident that the former will
greatly outweigh the latter. If, however, the objection to " society " be
character as not in sympathy with the church, then it holds equally against
asking or receiving aid from any and all of such character, whether mem-
bers of a society or not. If it be to their voting — concurrence — in the
choice of their minister, then the question is, whether it is reasonable or
even honorable to ask aid from those who are denied that privilege. If it
be said that the system subjects the churches to special dangers from the
overruling or thwarting influence of society members, the obvious answer
is, that the liability to such dangers may and should be guarded against in
the terms of membership, as defined in the constitution and by-laws of
the society. If, again, it be said that other denominations, as Episcopa-
lians, Presbyterians, and Methodists, get along without such society, the
answer is, that their government and polity are based on different princi-
ples ; they are prelatical or Presbyterial, we are Congregational, and so far
as we depart from the parish system we cease to represent the Congrega-
tional polity of our churches, and weaken, if not destroy, our basis of sup-
port. It is our peculiar glory that a Congregational church has a congre-
gation to sustain It, — ** of the people, by the people, and for the people."
Bights of Property. — The parish system involves the difficult and com-
plicated question of the rights of property. There are now in New
Hampshire about 190 houses of worship occupied by Congregational
churches. A very few of these, built by a former generation, may be
owned by towns, many more by religious societies incorporated under the
laws of the State ; some owned jointly by societies and pew-holders, and
very few exclusively by churches or by church members. The title to
these houses of worship, under the laws of the State, usually rests in a
*' society," and, of course, must be controlled, improved, and disposed of
in accordance with those laws. If, therefore, under advice of this
National Council, a step should be taken sundering the connection be-
tween church and society, it would inevitably give rise to vexatious
litigation, the result of which would be either the entire loss of their
places of worship, or irremediable embarrassment to the churches. For
example : the beautifbl house of worship lately erected by and for the use
of the First Congregational Society in Concord, at an expense of $40,000,
is, by law, invested in the pew-owners, the religious society holding a
considerable part. This society is composed of a majority of persons who
are not members of the church ; and the immediate care and control of the
house, for purposes of worship, are in their hands. The church, as such,
has no claims, although individual members have largely invested in it
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256 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
Sander now the harmonloas bond which holds church and society to-
gether, and the first question would be, Who owns this house? Which-
ever way that question were decided, it would probably be the ruin of the
church : for, the bond once broken, especially if broken for the reason
assigned in the resolution, the alienated members would withhold support
as well as claim damages. If the church distinctively held the property,
then they might, if they could, support their minister, leasing their empty
pews to whom they could.
Similar and equally complicated questions would arise in relation to
permanent flinds held in trust by societies, and also in relation to parson-
ages, of which there are 97, mostly built, belonging to or controlled by
societies of our order in New Hampshire. Let the National Council
beware of any action that tends to bring the churches into conflict with
the laws of the State on questions of property.
** Obsta principiis" — We object to this resolution lest it should be made
a precedent for ftiture innovations on our inherited usages and polity. If
one member may introduce a motion that, carried out, vitally afi'ects and
nullifies our polity in respect of the parish system, then, by parity of
reason, why may not some other member move an inquiry at the next
session of the National Council, ''Whether the best interests of Congre-
gationalism do not require the * disuse ' of mutual or advisory councils,"
and so disrupt the fellowship of the churches? (See '* Nat. Coun., 1865,''
pp. 119-122.)
And if this be allowable, what shall hinder another brother fi*om pro-
posing the inquiry whether the time has not come for us to disclaim the
'' Declaration of Faith " solemnly made by the Council of 1865, while stand-
ing over the graves of the fathers, on Burial Hill, at Plymouth? When
these ends shall have been reached in the interests of Congregationalisin,
then let ** Ichabod " be written in glaring capitals on the whole system, for
the glory will have departed. " A prudent roan foreseeth the evil and hideth
himself." I deem it especially and pre-eminently hazardous to the peace,
order, and prosperity of our churches at this time to attempt so radical a
change as the resolution contemplates. Never was our system in better
working, never more prosperous, never more rapidly extending, planting new
churches and miniature Christian commonwealths in new States and Terri-
tories all over our land. Well may the inquiry arise, How can we give it
greater efficiency? How combine and insure for its f^irtherance the aid of
all the sons and descendants of New England now scattered over our wide
domain? How save them to Congregationalism and add others, amid the
antagonistic influences which they meet in their new homes? This great
question waits for an answer ; and I respectfully submit that Instead of a
resolution that disparages and tends to weaken our system, I would rather
unanimously adopt one that shall laud and magnify it before all th*e peo-
ple. In this centennial year, it seems to me a fit time to assert boldly our
distinctive principles and polity, and hang out our Congregational banner
of ** Liberty and Fellowship" for all who will to rally around. A great
country and a great ftiture are before us, and the inspiring voice of the
great Master Is, that we *' go forward I "
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1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. 257
On the other hand, should any advice be given or action taken that would
disturb our established polity, and sunder, whether at once or gradually,
the bond between church and society, as now existing, it would be a shock
of paralysis to our whole system. As soon as felt, three fourths, if not
nine tenths of the Congregational churches of New England would falter
and fail for support. A great majority of the ministers, now with scanty
salary, would be compelled to resign, and then no '* Bureau of Supply"
would be able to satisfy their hungry cry for bread. No I emphatically
we say, No ! to any resolution or action of a council that shall, unasked
and unauthorized, disturb and destroy the inherited rights, the time-hon-
ored usages and established polity of the parish system.
Most respectftilly, your obedient servant,
1^ Nathanikl Boutox.
OoNCOBD, N. H., Jan. 11, 1877.
IFroni Rkv. Dr. Dextbb, of Massachusetts. li
I shall confine myself to the bare suggestion of a few considerations
which weigh heavily upon my own mind, leaving others to elaborate, and
then justly weigh them ; and I only premise that, if I were perfectly sure
that the parish system is a false and vicious one, it would not be clear to
me that it must necessarily be the duty of the Congregational body of
churches to undertake immediate and violent severance firom their par-
ishes. A system of so gradual growth should doubtless be gradually dealt
with, and what is wanted, if possible to secure, is a reasonable and well-
grounded conviction in the minds of Congregationalists as to what is best
in the matter, and what ought to be the ideal before us, to be constantly
striven after, and to be gradually reached as Providence may ordain.
I submit then : —
I. The parish system is not found in the New Testament. There is no
hint of it there. More than this, what is therein taught in regard to the
processes pursued by the churches and the duties incumbent on them is
incompatible with its existence.
II. Parishes are not a natural suggestion or normal outgrowth of the
Congregational system. That system seeks to gather all through regen-
eration, baptism, and confession of faith into the local churches, and to
lay upon ' them therein all Christian duty, and stimulate them therein to
the performance of all Christian labor. There is no intrinsic tendency in
it toward any such divisioi^ of responsibility with a secular coexistent
body (especially if it be controllable by unregenerate minds) as a parish is.
III. On the contrary, the parish system is the direct outgrowth of church
ai/d state. It can hardly be an over-statement to say that, but for church
and state in its most objectionable forms of development, the Congrega-
tional parish system would never have been Invented. It was the endeavor
in New England, when the town ceased to join with the church in choos-
ing the minister, and taxing all Its constituents for his support, to make
some arrangement which would eflfect mainly the ^ same results, without
the objections which had proved fatal to the former plan.
17
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258 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
IV. The parish system tends to relieve the churches of the pressure
divinely put upon them as to all their temporalities. The Divine plan
seems to contemplate a brotherhood, presided over by one of its membern,
and that all necessary expenses be shared among all those members in fair
proportion to the ability of each. The parish tends to take a part of thi.s
responsibility off of the church, in order that it may be shared among
those who are not in fhll, if in vital sympathy with the church in its great
work.
V. In doing this, the parish system favors ways of thought and meth-
ods of action which are harmful to the spiritual life of the churches. Ii
leads to the erection of foolishly and wickedly expensive sanctuaries ; to
the employment of a class of over-paid and sensational ministers ; to the
waste of large sums in unevangellcal forms of worship (particularly in thit
service of song in the house of the Lord; ; and to a banefUi secularization
of the entire spirit and work of the church.
yi. The parish system almost of necessity embarrasses the churches
in the work of obtaining and supporting faithfUl pastors. As the parish
is to take all the pecuniary responsibility of the pastor, it naturally
expects to be largely consulted in his procuring, and as to his manner of
performing his work. 80 that often a church finds itself driven to submit
to the choice of some minister whose' doctrine or whose spirit it cannot
wholly approve, because **he is the best man whom the parish will take.*
While many a plain, honest, faithfUl pastor has been allowed, by a church
which dearly loved and thoroughly honored him, to ask his dismission
and to seek another field, because the fidelity which made him acceptable
to God's people has prejudiced the world's people against him.
yil. In a direct line with ail this, the parish system is very apt to
weaken the moral and spiritual force of the teachings of the pulpit. With
a church united in doctrine and the desire to do duty behind him, the
pastor can preach courageously against all wrong ; but if he knows that
''influential" members of the parish will be offended by his preaching
what he believes to be the truth, he will be an exceptionally brave and
good man if he do not yield something, at least, for the sake of peace and
bread, or, as he will try to make himself think, for the sake of not losing
his influence for good over these shaky members. But emasculated truth
is the worst error.
VIII. For these reasons, the parish system is responsible for a fearfUl
percentage of the shortened pastorates of our day.
IX. Worst of all, the parish system dislocates the churches ft-om their
right relations to Grod and Christ and the Holy Spirit, throws them out
of the purest and most intimate sympathy with the very temper of Chrlis-
tianity itself, and thus makes the light that is in them darkness.
With great regard, faithftiUy,
Hknrt M. Dextbr.
ORETBTONE8, New Bedford, 6 September, 1876.
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1877.] THE PARISH BY8TEH. 259
IFrom Prof. D. N. Camp, of ConnectictU.']
The conclusions which I offer are only those of a layman, whose personal
experience has led him to observe more particularly the operations of
Congregationalism in Massachusetts and Connecticut. That experience
extends over more than forty years of membership, both of a Congrega-
tional church and ecclesiastical society, and about half that peiiod as a
member of the church committee or society committee, or both.
The three churches with which I have been personally connected have
been : Jlrstj for twelve years, a country church of about 200 members ;
second, for eight years, a church of about twice as many members, in a
manufacturing town; and thirds for 25 years, a church now numbering
over 700 members, in this city. In all these places, the church buildings
have been the property of ecclesiastical societies, which have made the
necessary provision for preaching, singing, and the general expenses of
public worship.
The results have been favorable. The churches have been relieved
fW>m the pecuniary responsibility of providing for the charge of the gospel,
and the meetings have therefore been more exclusively devoted to the
spiritual wants of the people. The societies have had a less numerical
membership than the churches, but the membership has included the
business, active members of the church, who have been most accustomed
to public matters. In some cases, the members of the society were nearly
all members of the church; In others, and often in this State, the ecclesi-
astical society includes, besides church members, many men of wealth
and influence, who have identified themselves with Congregationalism,
have assisted in provision Uff the preaching of the gospel, and have
usually been regular and habitual attendants upon the services of the
sanctuary. Nearly all such coming under my observation have, by the
blessing of God and the influences of the Holy Spirit, been brought to a
confession of their faith in Jesus Christ, and come into tail communion as
members of the church.
More than flfty instances of this kind, some of them of men advanced in
years, and who have held high official positions, have come under my
notice. The duties and responsibilities of the society have sometimes,
undoubtedly, helped to hold these men as regular attendants upon the
sanctuary.
There hWe been instaQces in this State in which the purity and pros-
perity of the church were endangered, at least for a time, by tlje action of
influential members of a society or parish, who were not connected with
the church. This has been the case, particularly in times of great excite-
ment over moral questions, as slavery or intemperance, or in a time pf
excited party feeling on other subjects. But usually the church has come
out of the conflict purified and strengthened.
I am inclined to believe that with our present State laws, with the
prevlent feeling in regard to ecclesiastical societies and cjiurches, and
with the somewhat varied practice in relation to the persons vptlng in
church meetings, the present system is, perhaps, as goo4 as can be de-
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260 THE PARISH SYSTEM.- [1877.
vised. It usually places th« care of the finances, the provision for preach-
ing and other expenditures, in the hands of carefUl, judicious men,
accustomed to business, and who are able to conduct all these matters
wisely, and in such a way as to have the confidence of the community.
Should the time ever come, as we hope it may speedily, through seasons
of great spiritual refreshing, when the membership of the church and
society shall be nearly or quite identical, and there be proper limitation
as to the right of voting in the church on business matters, the society or
parish organization may be dispensed .with, and all matters be properly
conducted by the church.
Very respectftiUy yours,
D. N. Camp.
NEir Brxtaiv, Oohk.. Ang. 17, 1876.
IFrom Charles E. Stevens, Esq., of Massachtuetts.']
[Xote by tJie Committee. — This able and elaborate essay was read by its author
before the Worcester Congregational Olub, and is given to ns at our request. Its
plan does not admit of its abbreviation ; we give It entire, and are happy to add it
to the literature of the topic]
It is understood that the subject of our debate, this evening. Is to come
up for consideration In the National Council of the Congregational Churches
that is to assemble next autumn. In preparation for that larger debate,
steps have already been taken to stir the public mind, and to collect the
thoughts of thoughtful men. Here and there, at the East and at the West,
and wherever the Congregational way prevails, we may assume that the
subject Is receiving, and will receive, the attention it deserves. For us,
then, it is not now inopportune. Our discussion of it may not influence
others, but it will not be without effect upon ourselves. It will, at least,
bring us into line, and place us in a prepared and waiting attitude for the
deliverance of the great Council. But upon general grounds the subject
may properly claim our attention. It is well, ft*om time to time, to exam-
ine the foundations. If they are found firm and sound, then we enjoy the
satisfaction of confidence and rest. If, on the contrary, the examination
discloses hay, wood, and stubble, where solid rock should be, then we
have the satisfaction arising from certainty of knowledge, albeit knowl-
edge of weakness and insecurity.
Now our theme to-night touches the foundations of things. Stated gen-
erally, it is this : Shall the church, in doing its own work, make an alliance
with the world, and place reliance upon the world? Stated specifically
and practically, and as we are now to consider It, it is this : Shall the
church lean upon the parish, when the parish is other than itself? Or other-
wise : Is our present twofold system of church and parish a wise one?
Shall we adhere to it, or shall we change it?
Any view of church and parish presents marked and impressive con-
trasts. The parish exists for the church, not the church for the parish.
The church is of origin divine, the parish is a thing of man's devising.
The church takes the law of its being and its acting f^om its Divine
Founder and Head, the parish takes its law f^om the statute-book. Repeal
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1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. 261
the statute, and the parish ceases to be. But no act of legislation can touch
the life or alter the constitution of the church, nor will it cease to be
until the final restitution of all things. In considering, therefore, the rela-
tion of church and parish, we find that the former is the fixed and constant
element, and the latter the variable element. Accordingly, this we may han-
dle with all freedom and boldness. The parish is, indeed, a venerable
institution. It has come down to us with the sanction of many genera-
tions. In some form it has existed among us fk>om the very beginning of
the commonwealth. We ourselves were begotten into it, as much as into
the parental household. It is, indeed, venerable with the venerableness of
antiquity ; but it is not, therefore, sacred. We need not fear the fate oi
Uzzah if we put forth our hand upon it. A bold questioning of existing
institutions was the distinguishing characteristic of our Aithers, and a sim-
ilar boldness is our rlghtfUl inheritance. When John Robinson bade the
Pilgrim church look for more light to break forth from the Word of God
than they then possessed, he struck the key-note for us as well as for them.
Before coming to the immediate subject of discussion, it is obvious to
Inquire how It was In the beginning and how it has been since. The Jew-
ish theocracy we need not consider, since It is with the Christian church
only, and its adjunct parish, that we are concerned. We turn, then, to
the Scriptures of the New Testament. In the opening chapter of the
Acts we have an account of the first germ of a church organization. This
was the election of an apostle to fill the place of Judas. The one hun-
dred and twenty men who performed that act were not, Indeed, styled a
church; but they were believers in Christ; they acted together as an
organic body ; they made choice of one to stand forth through all time
as an eye-witness of the resurrection, and thus discharged the highest
function of a church. Soon after came the day of Pentecost, when three
thousand were converted, baptized, and added to the same body. And
now, and for the first time, they are styled a church. This was the
mother church, the Jerusalem church, the model and exemplar of all. How
did this great church manage in the matter of its temporalities? Did it
take into alliance a parish or religious society to look after that matter?
We do not so read the record. The men who had been baptized with the
Holy Ghost and with fire needed no such instrumentality. That fiery bap-
tism, burning out their selfishness, burning up their title-deeds, melting
down their strong boxes, caused all the separate rills of their possessions
to tase and fiow together in one broad stream for the common good. Here
was no room for assessors and collectors. In the sovereign presence of the
Brotherly Love begotten of the pentecostal baptism, the poor machinery
of law would have been an alien Impertinence. The church was more
unto itself than any parish could possibly be. The world-old antagonism of
Mine and Thine dissolved out of sight. The rich emptied themselves of
their riches, and the poor of their pittance, Zaccheus of his hoard, and the
widow of her two mites, and at the feet of the apostles was the whole
gracious offering flreely and joyfhlly outpoured. Then, as little children
standing around their mother's lap, each one received back what he indi-
vidually needed ; while for the common and corporate expenditure, what
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262 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1^77.
we now call church and parish expenses, the whole fUnd was held in
pledge. Of this Aind the apostles were at first the custodians and dis-
tributors. But it was an exacting service and took the apostles too much
ftrora their proper work of preaching. They therefore moved the church
to provide other functionaries for that specific service. Accordingly, the
second great act of church organization was performed by the choice of
seven deacons to have charge of its temporalities. And now this great
first church was complete and in Hill working order. It had its apostolic
teachers to look after its spirit>ial welfare, and its deacons to look after
its temporal welfare. These were all it had, and all it appears to have
needed ; and throughout its subsequent history we read of no other officers
or ecclesiastical or parochial machinery. And what was true of this model
church appears to have been true of all the other New Testament chui-ches.
As we go on thmugh the Acts and the Epistles, we read of churches at
Antioch, at Ephesus, at Corinth, at Thessalonica, in Galatia, and in' other
parts. Some were of Gentile and some of Jewish material, but none dif-
fered in constitution and self-support ftom the mother church at Jerusa-
lem. Not one of them all appears to have been affiliated with any co-ordi-
nate organization in the nature of a parish.
We come to the last book of the New Testament, and read the addresses
of the venerable John to the seven churches of Asia. Sixty years had now
elapMd since the founding of the first church, and if in that time such a
' ^ thdj^s a parish had grown up, we should expect something of the sort
to appear. But nothing of the sort does appear. The addresses are made
to the churches alone, the faults and the virtues pointed out are those of
the churches only, and upon the churches only are the rebukes aod com-
mendations bestowed. In regard to any parish, the silence is complete,
and it is maintained unbroken to the end. John, last of the apostles,
near a century old, closes up the canon of Scripture, and passes on to his
rest. Thus throughout the whole period covered by the New Testament
record, throughout the first century of the Christian era, we find no trace
of such an institution as a parish. And this, I suppose, will be generally
conceded ; and it may be thought superfluous to have enlarged upon the
point. It is, however, sometimes important to emphasize an admitted ftict.
It is important in this case, because the fact is important, and because
without the emphasizing the admission is likely to be ineffective.
Leaving now the New Testament period, and the Oriental world, let us
pass to the island -of Britain. In that western outpost of the Roman
Empire, Christianity was planted at an early period. It took kindly root,
and grew and overspread the Island. In time it became organic. It frametl
constitutions and developed institutions. Among these we find the
parish. Ultimately, all England was divided into parishes, now eleven
thousand and more. Just when this took place is a matter of some uncer-
tainty. Camden, the historian, says that parishes began in England about
the year 630 ; Howell says, about 1179 ; while the learned Selden places the
time somewhere between the two. But a later authority, with more par-
ticularity, says that the realm was first divided into parishes by Honorius,
Archbishop of Canterbury, in the year of our Lord 636. And since this
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Ib77.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. 263
agrees very nearly with the date of Camden, we may, perhaps, accept it as
substantially correct, and thus date back the yenerable Institution of the
English parish more than 1200 years. ^
But what precisely was the idea of the parish? Whence came it and how
came it? The word itself is the English form of the Latin word parochial
and this, in turn, is the Latin form of the Greek word vapotxCa, This
last word is found both in the New Testament and In the Greek translation
of the Old Testament, called the Septuagint ; but in neither is the word
used to signify the thing that we now call a parish. Its primary signifi-
cance is ** a dwelling by or near," a sojourning, as of strangers in a city or
country not their own. Thus Paul, when in the thirteenth chapter of Acts
he rehearsed to. the Jews of Antioch the story of their fathers' sojourn in
the land of Egypt, used this word irapoixia to express his idea. Then, by a
very obvious modification, it came to mean a neighborhood, those dwell-
ing by or near each other. If now we bear in mind that Christians are
described in the New Testament as pilgrims and strangers, or sojourners
on the earth, a^d then suppose these Christian sojourners to be dwelling
near together in Antioch, for example, in Ephesus, in Corinth, a body ot
Christians under the charge of a bishop, that is, an overseer or pastor, we
see how naturally the word irapotxia might come to be used as descriptive ot
such a body. As being Christians, they were a wapoixia or sojourners on
earth ; as dwelling together in one city, they were a wapoixU or neighbor-
hood ; and as watched over in both characters, they were a napoixia or pasr
tor's charge. Accordingly, we find the secondary meaning of the word to
be a diocese, a bishop's or pastor's jurisdiction ; the word ** diocese " in its
classical use denoting one of the lesser Roman provinces. In the sense
now Indicated, the word wopoixta was used by Irenieus before the close of
the second century, by Eusebius before the close of the fourth, and by
Athanasins and Basil not long after.' The Roman or Latin church, it
would seem, took the word and the idea or thing from the Greek churches,
and the Roman missionaries who planted Christianity in England carried
that thither also. But now it is to be remarked that while the term
iropoixta, parochia, parish, remained the same in passing from the Greek
through the Latin into the English, the thing signified by it became in the
transmission essentially changed. At first the essential thing was that the
wapoixia was a body of Christian believers. In the end, and as the parish
* Since the above was \«rritten, I have fallen in with another account of the mat-
ter. In his recent admirable '* Short History of the English People." Mr. J. R.
Green attributes the creation of pariiihes in England to a Greek monk, Theodora
of Tarsus, " whom Rome in 668 despatched ... to secure England to her
sway, as Archbishop of Canterbury."
* " The bishop was usually called the bishop of this or that church. The most
frequent word used to denominate the extent of the bishop's care, or to set out the
limit of his diocese, was that of parish. . . . The word paroikia, which we
render parish, signifies housing or living together, . . . and in a church sense-
it signifies a competent number of Christians dwelling near together, and having
one bishop, pastor, or minister. ... So that parish in this sense is the .<«ame
as a particular church." — John Wise, New England Vindicated, A, D, 1717.
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264 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
took shape and fixedness as an English institution, the presence of believ-
ers was not essential to It at all. The parish might be complete, though
not a single regenerate person dwelt within its bounds. All the inhabi-
tants being baptized, all were accounted Christians, and entitled to par-
take of the holy comipunion. There was no separate body of believers
styled a church within the parish, as with us. In short, while at first the
iropoixta or parish was the kernel, at last it was the shell.
How this change came about, it is not difficult to see. The initiatory
rite of Christianity was baptism. All baptized persons were taken to be
Christians. The Romish church fell into the way of baptizing by whole-
sale, without regard to personal character Whole communities and tribes
were made Christians, not by an internal change, but by an external rite.
This, we may assume, was the case in England. The people ^ere made.
Christlans*by wholesale baptism. Then the realm was divided into conve-
nient territorial sections, and each, with its baptized inhabitants, was
called a parish. In accordance with this view, one authority defines the
English parish as ** a certain tract of territory or * circuit of ground * com-
mitted to the spiritual charge of one person, vicar, or other ecclesiastic.''
And another authority describes the parish church (that is the edifice) as
♦* that which is instituted for saying divine service, and administering the
holy sacraments to the people dwelling within a certain compass of ground
near unto it."
The English parish thus constituted, and fixed as the English throne
itself, went down through the centuries flrom the seventh to the era of the
Reformation in the sixteenth. That event changed many things, but not
the parish. As the Reformation found the parish, so it left It. And because
it did so, many momentous things came to pass ; notably, for one thing,
the founding of our commonwealth. And it is for the right understanding
of what took place at this juncture that I have endeavored to trace, some-
what minutely, the origin and transmission and transmutation of the par-
ish idea. Under the awakening power of the eformation, there were some
whose eyes were opened to see how grievously the church, in the guise of
a parish, had departed fVom the New Testament original. In that volume
they read the command for Christiafns to come out and be separate ft-om
the world. But in the parish they saw that the command had been quite set
at naught. There pious and profane alike were admitted to the table of
the Lord. A reformation of the parish, 'then, a separation of believers ft'om
unbelievers, of Christian people in the parish ftom those who were Chris-
tians only in virtue of their baptism, became with them an urgent and vital
matter. And because the ecclesiastical authorities of England were not
prepared for this step, — emphatically resisted it, — they proceeded to take
it for themselves. As one of them expressed it in the title of his book,
** they went for reformation without tarrying for any." They separated
themselves ft>om the worship and ordinances of the parish, and worshipped
and communed apart by th^selves. They became the famous Separatists
of history. For this they were persecuted by the English hierarchy, the
upholders of the parish. Some were imprisoned, a few were hung, many
were forced into exile. From the answer of John Greenwood, one of their
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1877.] THE PAHISH SYSTEM. 265
nnmber, we get some light on the parish question as it then was. Green-
wood was a prisoner and under examination before the Court of High Com-
mission, at the head of which was Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury.
To the question, ** Do you not hold the parish to be the church ?" Green-
wood answered, '* If all the people were faithfkil, baring God's law and
ordinances practised among them, I do.'* From this we gather two things :
First, that the chief authority of the Church of England held the doctrine
that the territorial parish, with all its inhabitants, godly and ungodly, were
to be accounted as the church. Second, that the Separatists repudiated
this doctrine, and maintained that only the godly were entitled to that
name and privilege. Further light is shed on this point by the answer of
Henry Barrowe, another of the Separatists. " Why not come to our
churches?" demanded the inquisitors. ** Because," replied Barrowe, ** all
the wicked in the land are received unto the communion." Other questions
were agitated, — questions about hierarchy, ritual, ve8tment8,prayer-books,
tithes, — but they were of secondary moment compared with this church
parish question.
It is time to turn Arom Old England to New England. In doing so, the
important thing to bear in mind is, that the founders of New England were
men who came out Arom Old England, men who came out ffom the midst
of the church and parish controversy there, men who were familiar with
the English parish and all that it implied. This fact colored the whole
stream of thought and action in New England. Of those who settled this
commonwealth, there were, as we all know, two colonies, — that of Plymouth
and that of the Massachusetts Bay. The Plymouth Colony were none
other than the Separatists of whom I have just spoken. The colony of the
Massachusetts Bay were of a diiferent sort, and we should not fail to mark
the dilTerence. While the Plymouth Colony disowned the Church of Eng-
land, and stigmatized her as Babylon, the men of the Bay Colony remained
loyal to her, bade her farewell as their dear mother, and looked ba«-k to her
with yearning. They mourned her errors, but did not disapprove her pol-
ity. They desired to purify her worship, not to destroy her ftramework.
They were Puritans, not Separatists ; and they were flree colonists, not
exiles. They came hither to find a freer field in which to practise a purer
worship and to promote the kingdom of God. The Plymouth Colony, on
the other hand, were exiles, unworldly exiles ; and the whole machinery
of their simple little state was the brief compact of a dozen lines, written
and signed in the * * Mayflower " cabin. But the others were the stately Gov-
ernor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay. Vi^h them was an elabo-
rate charter, smd a great seal, and a great show of authority ; and the
notion of a state, not less than of a church, was predominant in their
minds. It was by this latter body that the legislation of Massachusetts,
touching church and parish, was inspired and shaped. A rapid sketch of
that legislation will bring us to the question as it confVonts us to-day.^
' So far as I have discovered, the word '* parish " occurs for the first time in the
statutes of Massachusetts in the year 1718. In the earlier legislation, '* precinct "
and " town " were the words used to denote the same thing. But in the Preface to
the Cambridge Platform, adopted in lf)48, and ordered to be printed by the Gen-
eral Court in 1680, the term " ftarish-church " occurs in contradistinction to the
New England type of a church.
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266 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
The key-note was struck at the very be^nning. On the eighteenth ol
May, 1631, only six months and nine days after the meeting of the first
General Court that was ever hfeld in Boston, it was enacted that only
church members should be freemen, that is, voters. This was not merely
a union of church and state, it was an identification of church and state.
The church was the state. At first tliis worked no hardship to any. All,
or nearly all, being church members, all, or nearly all, were consequently
voters. Practically, this was universal sufQ*age. This state of things con-
tinued many years. Each town had its church, or rather each church had
its town, which was taxed for Its support. But as the colony increased,
and fresh immigrants were attracted to its borders, and children grew to
manhood, there came in time to be many who were not members of the
church, and who, In the judgment of charity, were not personally fitted to
become such. But this was held to be their fault, not their misfortune,
and to furnish no reason why they should not be required to bear their part
in supporting the institutions of religion. Accordingly a law was passed
in 1638, setting forth that"** every inhabitant in any town is liable to con-
tribute to all charges, both in church and commonwealth, whereof he doth
or may receive benefit " ; and it was ordered that every such inhabitant as
should not voluntarily so contribute " should be compelled thereto by
assessment and distress to be levied by the constable." Thus the town
was made a parish, in which all non-church members were subjected to
church assessments, while yet they were denied any voice or vote In lay-
ing those assessments. This was the exclusive privilege of the free-
men, that is, church members. Curiously enough, by the way, some oi
them appear not to have greatly prized their privilege ; for in 1647 it was
set forth in the preamble to a law, <*that many members of churches, in
order to exempt themselves from public service, would not come in to
be made freemen." It was therefore ordered by the Court that, neverthe-
less, such should not be exempt, but if chosen for public service should
serve or pay a fine not exceeding twenty shillings. A suflicient proof
this, we may think, that the denial of the right to vote could not, in that
day at least, have been regarded as a serious hardship. Yet so late as
1660 the Court took occasion to re-enact the ancient law, that none but
church members In full communion should be freemen. Four years later,
however, this law was repealed, and the door was seemingly opened for the
admission of non-church members to the privileges of freemen. This was
done in response to a letter from King Charles II, to whom, it would seem,
the enemies of the Puritan commonwealth had made complaint touching
this point. But in the same breath, as it were, another law was passed,
which, we should think, quite sufficiently hedged up the way to the ballot-
box. This law provided that, in order to become a freeman, a person must
be an Englishman, must be certified to by his minister as orthodox in beliel
and not vicious in life, and be certified to by one of the selectmen to be a
freeholder, ratable at ten shillings, a householder, and twenty- four years
of age. And all this did not make him a freeman, but only qualified him to
become such, provided that the General Court should accept him. Non-
church members might be freemen and voters at last, but with a difference
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1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. 267
Still ; for in 1668 It was provided by law that no person, except one in ftall
communion with the church, should claim to act in the choice of a minister
or other church officer, upon penalty of being accounted a disturber of the
peace, and punished by admonition, fine, or Imprisonment. No longer
debarred from the right of voting in some things, he was still debarred
from voting in the choice of a minister, while yet compelled to contribute
to his support. For a non-church member to vote for his own minister
was made a penal offence. This state of things continued until 1692.
Meanwhile the great political troubles of the colony had broken out, and
when they were ended there was a new order of things. The old charter
of the commonwealth 'had gone down and a royal charter had taken its
place, and the old supremacy of the Paritan freemen was thenceforth to be
tempered by the authority of a governor, not chosen by themselves but
imposed upon them by the royal will. Church and parish felt the change.
In 1692 what was called the "parish controversy " culminated In a law
which reversed the relations of the two and placed the parish uppermost.
This law required that the town, that is, the parish, should choose their
minister and provide for his support; and it went on to say that "every
able, learned, and orthodox minister," so chosen by the town, should be
the minister, not of the church, but of the toWn. Throughout the act
there is no mention of such a body as a church This was a change indeed.
The church, which had before been so masterful, was neither heard nor
heard of, while the parish, which had been as the dumb ass on which the
prophet rode, now came to the front and lifted up its victorious voice.
The change, however, was too violent to endure in all its length and
breadth. In the same year, or In the next, the revolutionary act was re-
pealed for the alleged reason that it was found to be inapplicable to towns
having several precincts. At the same time a new law took its place, con-
taining the following provisions : The church was to choose the minister
and present him to the inhabitants of the town for their approbation ; if
that approbation was refUsed, " a council of three or five neighboring
churches ** was to be called in ; if these approved, the minister elect was to
be the minister of the whole town; if they disapproved, the church was
required to make another choice.
Thus the church regained a measure, but only a measure, of its ancient
ascendency. Here, however, the controversy rested. A choosing first by
the church, a concurrence afterwards by the town or parish, a compulsory
support by all the Inhabitants of the latter, — this was its final outcome.
And this, for substance, continued to be the church and parish way of the
commonwealth for nearly a century after. At the end of that period came
our State Constitution with its famous Third Article. This authorized and
required the several towns, parishes, and precincts to make provision, at
their own expense, for the public worship of God and the maintenance of
religious teachers ; and also gave the towns and parishes the exclusive
right — mark the word — the exclusive right of electing and contracting
with their religious teachers. This well-meant provision was the cocka-
trice's egg out of which those great judges, Parker and Shaw, successively
sitting thereon, afterwards hatched dire mischief to the churches.
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268 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
Six years later, that is, in 1786, a law was passed providing for parishes
to remain as they were, and empowering the qnalifled voters in any parish,
that is, in any town, to vote such sums as they chose for the support of
the minister, for building and repairing churches, and for other parish
charges ; and the town was made a l>ody corporate for those purposes. By
another act of the same year — and this was but the re-enactment of an
old province law of 1754 — the deacons of a church were also made a body
corporate so far as to take all gifts and grants to their church, to the poor
of their church, or to themselves in succession. But this, it will be seen,
gave the church no advantage in any controversy with the parish.
In 1811 there came a degree of relaxation. An act was then passed,
Icnown as the Religious Freedom Act, which gave the citizen some choice.
He was still compelled to pay a parish tax, and to pay it to the town col-
lector; but he might elect to have it applied to the support of the religious
teacher upon whose ministry he attended. A citizen of a town could re-
lease himself fh)m the obligation to support the minister of that town — a
minister, it might be, heretical, immoral, doltish, or otherwise ftnsatis-
factory — only by filing with the town clerk a certificate that he had become
and continued to be a member of some other religious society.. Thus the
late Daniel Waldo, and others who with him afterwards organized the
Calvlnist society in this city, were at first obliged to certify their member-
/^hip in4the society of a neighboring town, in order to escape the obliga-
tion to support a minister whom the old parish had settled against their
vehement protest.
Such, briefly, appears to have been the legal status of church and parish
when, in 1820, Chief Justice Parker astounded the commonwealth by his
decision in the famous Dedham case, — that, in effect, churches had no rights
which parishes were bound to respect. The church was held to be but an
incident of the parish. Divorced ft'om that, it was a legal nonentity. Ten
years later, the same doctrine was reaffirmed in the Brookfield case in our
own county, by the greater Chief Justice Shaw, with all his surpassing
clearness of statement and cogency of argument. To this complexion had
it come at last ! The churches that were the lineal descendants and heirs-
at-law of the churches which had founded the commonwealth, which had
ruled it for a great part of a century, and whose legal status had l>een the
most assured and unquestioned, were declared by the highest Judicial
authority to be naught. In the Brookfield case, the church and the minis-
ter, in their exodus out of the parish Egypt, had claimed the right to keep
the poor tankard with which they had been wont to celebrate the sacra-
ment of the Holy Supper. But by the decision of the chief justice it was
taken Arom them and delivered over to the two male members, only two,
who adhered to the parish. As flrom a single small bone the great natu-
ralist Cuvier was wont to construct a complete skeleton, so the chief jus-
tice assumed that upon the pitifhl fragment adhering to the parish a com-
plete church might be reconstructed. But if otherwise, still the tankard
belonged to the parish ; for in the Dedham case the principle had been laid
down that if not a particle of the church remained with the parish, it
would still be competent for the latter to organize another church to take
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1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. 269
its place and take Its property. This, to be sure, would be very like ** cre-
ating a soul under the ribs of death," but the court seemed to regard it as
a very facile afikir.
Such was the outcome of that alliance of church and parish which had
been fostered through the first two centuries of the commonwealth. The
parish was all in all, and the church was nothing at all.
When the people had recovered breath after the court's decisions, they
made haste to change both the Constitution and the law. In the autumn
of 1838, by a vote of more than 82,000 against less than 8,500, the oppres-
sive Third Article was replaced by the Eleventh Amendment, and in the fol-
lowing spring the law which now, for substance, governs parishes and
religious societies, was placed upon the statute book.
Our review has exhibited the church in several attitudes. We have seen
her in her pristine purity, simplicity, and self-support, leaning not upon an
arm of flesh, but upon the arm of her Lord. We have seen her as she
appears, disguised, submerged, lost as to her proper identity in the English
parish, with baptismal regeneration substituted for the regeneration of the
Holy Ghost. We have seen her in New England, recovering herself, sep-
arated ft'om the world, herself and not another, but yet in alliance, and at
last in somewhat disastrous alliance with the parish. The church without
the parish, the parish without the church, the church with the parish, are
the three attitudes. Our fathers rejected the second, and we reject At also.
Our fathers adopted the third, and thus far we adhere to the same. The
question now is, Shall we continue so to do, or is there a more excellent
way?
There are some obvious objections to our present system. Its double-
headedncss is an objection. In what other important interest is such a
device to be found? Why should the church, which is one body, be com-
pelled to wait for another body, differing in mind, kind, and constitution,
before its purpose can be consummated? Why should the risk of a disa-
greement be nm? Why should disagreement be provided for? This is not
a case like the two houses of legislature, where the one is designed to be a
check upon the other, and where the precipitancy of the one may be cor-
rected by the deliberateness of the other, and the folly of the one by the
wisdom of the other. The theory Is that the parish Is a help to the church.
But It may be a hindrance, and sometimes is. Instead of co-operation we
sometimes find collision. If I am rightly informed, collision recently arose
between the church and parish of a town represented in this club. The
church elected a pastor, and the parish rejected him. The parish so far
dictated to the church as to say whom It should not have for its pastor ; and
it is obviously in the power of any parish to say also whom the church
shall have by the alternative of not having any. Cotton Mather was not
an enemy to the parish system, and yet he Is forced to say that ** there
grows too much upon the inhabitants who are not yet come into the com-
munion of the churches a disposition to supersede it and overrule it."
This suggests the fUrther objection that in order to be in harmony with
the parish, the church is under temptation to lower its tone apd compro-
mise its aims. The spirit and Influence at wprk in the two bodies are
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270 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
always more or less diverse. If those in the church are not in fact more
elevated, it will be conceded that at least they ought to be. They are less
likely to be, however, when the church Is in alliance with the parish than
when it stands alone. Such a thing has been known as an attempt to pack
a parish with new members, between two meetings, in order to outvote
old members upon a pending report. Can a church be packed in that way?
Men have been known to secure membership apparently for such a pur-
pose, and upon the failure of that purpose straightway to dissolve the
membership. Can men play at fast and loose with the church in that way?
And yet a church in alliance with a parish given over to such ways needs
must suffer. In the nature of things, alliance involves concession ; and
since the church is the dependent body — dependent for its temporalities
— the concession will come from that. But any temporal advantage de-
rived from such concession must be a poor compensation for the harm
entailed upon church, parish, and community alike.
Another objection grows out of the judicial decisions to which I have
adverted. If my apprehension is correct, the law then laid down is the
law to-day. That being the case, I see not why the fate which then over-
took the churches nflght not overtake them again. It is true that the stat-
ute of 1834, the statute of to-day, declares that the churches connected
with parishes or religious societies shall continue to have and ei\Joy ail
thelr«ccustomed privileges of worship, order, and discipline. But so did
the statute long prior to the decisions of Parker and Shaw, indeed, the
present statute is almost an exact copy of a law passed so long ago as
1692. It had always existed ; yet the Supreme Court found a way to take
from the Dedham church its fUnds, and from the Brookfield church its com-
munion service, and give them to their respective parishes. In his book on
Congregationalism, Dr. Dexter says that the churches of Massachusetts
have never acquiesced in those decisions, and never will. But so long as
the decisions are law, so long we must expect them to govern the relations
of church and parish, whether with or without acquiescence. Within the
past few years, several costly church edifices have been erected within this
city [Worcester]. In each case it is probable that the money to pay for
them was given chiefly by members of the church. But the property is held
by the parish. At present, church and parish are in frill accord. But sup-
pose that in time, it might be a long time, the two should come to differ,
and so to diifer as not to be able to walk together, whose then would be
the costly church edifice? In the Dedham case, the orthodox church went
out, and the heterodox parish kept the property. And so it may well hap-
pen again. While the decision of Chief Justice Shaw continues in force,
it will deal no more kindly with the church hereafter than it has dealt here-
tofore. It is the parish, not the church, that is the creature of the law,
and that will take care of its own.
Another objection to the system is, that for some it provides two votes,
while for others it provides but one vote. There are some members of the
church who are not members of the parish, and there are many members
of the parish who are not members of the church. All of these have but a
single vote. But those who belong to both church and parish plainly have
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1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. 271
a vote in each, and so have two strings to their bow. By this means a per-
son when defeated in the church may be able to Succeed in the parish. The
church, for instance, by a majority vote, calls a minister. The defeated
minority, by a union with members of the parish, not members also of the
church, nullify the call. This is legitimate action, since the system contem-
plates it and provides for it. But because It is legitimate, the system Itself
appears objectionable. It cannot be for the harmony and well-being and
efficiency of a church that the will of its minority should triumph over that
of its majority. The theory of the church is, that Its members are bound
together by Christian love, by a bond stronger than any other. In this
spirit they deliberate for the common good. But since men are not made
alike, even loving Christian men must needs sometimes differ. When, how-
ever, a decision has been reached, loyalty to the church ideal requires that
those whose views have not prevailed should conscientiously acquiesce in
that decision. If, now, the parish door is opened, as it is, for a review of
the church action, the temptation is great for one who has suffered defeat
within the pale to seek for victory in the outer court of the Gentiles.
Nature prevails over grace ; the Christian Is demoralized, desplritualized,
If I may so say; in the place of hearty union comes alienation, and a cre-
vasse is opened in the church, through which rush the waters of strife,
overspreading and devastating the fair growths of Christian life.
The objections now presented are in the interest of the church, and
they contemplate that as the body chiefly to be cared for. So far as they
have force, they tend to depreciate the parish, as a true auxiliary of the
church. They point to the abandonment of our present system. Should that
conclusion be reached, what then, we are next to inquire, shall take its
place? Shall the church return to the status which it held in the apostolic
age? Shall it stand alone, stripped of the venerable paraphernalia of the
parish, relying only upon itself, under its Divine Head? That were Indeed
a startling proposition for us in Massachusetts. How shall the champion
of Israel put aside the armor of Saul for the simple sling and stone? Let
us, however, enlarge our horizon. We shall And that elsewhere the
notion of a church, self-contained, self-sustained, is an actual reality.
"There are at this moment," says Prof Pond, of Bangor, ** hundreds of
Congregational churches in different parts of our land who have no con-
nection with incorporated parishes or religious societies, and never had
any. Some of these churches are in the cities and older States, others are
in the newly settled parts of our country. They own their meeting-houses,
they settle and support their ministers, they exist and they !lourish with-
out the help or hindrance of connected parishes." Now what happier state
could any church be in than that? Who would counsel a church thus tree
and flourishing, sole mistress of itself and all its belongings, to become
entangled in the yoke of parish bondage? If such had been the way of the
churches of Massachusetts Arom the beginning, we may well believe that
they would not be persuaded to depart from it now. But since it has been
otherwise, since the parish way he^s always prevailed, and since ancient
customs are not easily changed, it might not be wise to pass at once flrom
the complexity of our present system to the simplicity of the New Testa-
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272 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [|877.
ment model. There is, however, an intermediate way, which, without jar
or sense of unpleasant change, would lead the churches into substantially
the same position and secure substantially the same advantages. That way
Is the identification of church and parish. The church becomes the parish.
Both are comprehended in one. The parish is the alter ego of the church, its
other self. By this plan both the free and independent life of the church
and its legal status are alike secured.
But how, it may be asked, could the change be brought about? So for
as the formation of new churches and societies is concerned, the plan
might be adopted at once and in all its completeness. A body of Christian
people having been first constituted into a church, with creed and cove-
nant and rules, would next proceed to take upon itself the character and
powers and responsibilities of a parish. No act of incorporation would be
needed, for the State has liberally provided by general law that whoever
will may become a religious corporation and body politic, provided only
that at least seven persons agree together to that end. Having complied
with the requirements of law as a parish, having provided by church rules
that none but members of that church should be members of that parish,
the church would become the parish and the identification would be
complete. The churches recently constituted in this city might in the out-
set have adopted this way, and as our argument seeks to maintain, with
great advantage.
In the case of churches and parishes already existing, the adoption of
the plan proposed would necessarily be gradual. In most, if not all par-
ishes, there is an element which is not of the church. Time would be re-
quired to eliminate this element. Apparently, every member of a parish is
by law entitled to remain such until he shall die or withdraw ; for the lan-
guage of the statute is, ** Persons belonging to a religious society shall be
held to be members until they file wi^h the clerk a written notice deqlaring
the dissolution of their membership." I find reason, however, for thinking
that the parish, as well as the individual member, has power to terminate
membership. In 1849, long after the foregoing statute was enacted, the
Supreme Court remarked as follows: "We have no doubt that in cases
where no restrictions are found in the charter or articles of association,
voluntary societies or poll parishes have a right to make by-laws declar-
ing what shall constitute membership and what shall operate to cause a
forfeiture of membership, and that such by-laws may as well apply to
present as to future members." (4 Cush. 526.) If, then, the parish has the
power to make such by-laws, the question naturally arises, whether it has
noli power to make a by-law declaring non-membership in the church a
cause of forfeiture of membership in the parish, and to make it applicable
to present members. However that may be, it would clearly be most un-
wise to make such a by-law with such an application. Far from every one
be the thought of thus putting out those already in I But in view of the
court's declaration, it is clear that a by-law might be made, and properly
made, that would keep other non-church members, not already in, from
coming in. Then, when death or their own act should have removed all non-*
church members from the parish, the change would be consummated. And
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1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. 273
a change so effected would be without violence or Injury to any. For It Is
not an act of violence when a majority so uses Its power as only to co-op-
crate with time, that gentlest of change-workers, and it is not an Injury to
any of a minority, since it touches no rights of theirs.
In this reasoning it is assumed, of course, that a majority in the parish
are members of the church. In one parish in this city whose record I
have, the male church members are about two to one of others. In another
patish in this city the number of church members is as 78 to 82 ; and in
still another it is as 93 to 60 In one of the parishes out of the city, the
proportion Is as 80 to 59, and in another it is as 49 to 43. All of these five
parishes are represented in this club. It is probable that they may be
taken as representative instances, and that the' average of the proportions
would fiftlrly indicate the average of the parishes at large. And as that
shows a great preponderance of church members, it consequently shows
that the control of parish action is in their hands. A by-law, therefore,
restricting future membership in the parish to church members could be
adopted whenever the church should be united in determining so to act
As a correlative to such a parish by-law, it would be needfhl to have a
church by-law requiring every male person, on joining the church, to join
the parish also. If otherwise, the scheme of identification would be liable
to fall. And still further to insure the scheme, the parish by-law already
described should provide that the termination of membership in the church,
by dismissal or excommunication, should operate as a termination of mem-
bership in the parish also. This would seem to be such a cause of forfeit-
ure as the Supreme Court may be presumed to have contemplated in their
language just recited.
I am aware that in this connection the question of female suffrage in
church and parish will naturally occur. But that I do not now propose to
discuss. It is sufficient to remark that it would present no more difficulties
in the scheme of identity than it now does In the church alone. It would
be competent for the church to require that all Its adult male members
should belong to the parish, and competent for the parish to say that none
but adult male members should so belong. This is not exact identifica-
tion, since it would not include women and children. But it would suffice
for the identification contemplated In this essay, and it would perfectly
secure the ends for which the scheme Is proposed. The essential point is
that the voting power In the church should be coextensive with that In
the parish.
Is it now objected that there are men not members of the church who
yet are Aiendly to it, and desire to have a hand in ordering its aflklrs?
But would any wrong be done to such In excluding their agency? I ques-
tion whether there are many who would feel such exclusion to be a hard-
ship. The exclusion would be from responsibility rather than ftom privi-
lege. Without doubt, a large portion of those who contribute to the
support of religious institutions do not belong to any parish, and do not
care to. They are deterred by the responsibility attaching to parish mem-
bership If now the church is ready to assume that responsibility exclu-
sively, she is but doing what most men seem to prefer that she should.
18
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274 THE PABISH SYSTEM, [1877.
But there is another side to the matter. If the parish door is thrown open
to friendly non-church members because of their support, It at the same
time admits otliers for whom no such plea can be offered. Under our
present method of meeting church expenses by pew rentals, many mem-
bers of parishes may, and doubtless do, escape all pecuniary responsibility,
while yet retaining the right to vote in parish affliirs. It is an anomaly
incident to our present system, but one that under the proposed scheme
would disappear. And this leads to a final suggestion, that there should
be revived a provision found in some of the older covenants, whereby a
person on joining the church promised to contribute of his substance to
support the gospel according as God gave him ability.
The scheme thus imperfectly outlined is not presented as a novelty.
Mention is made of it by Dr. Dexter in his work on Congregationalism ;
and it is matter of regret that one of such authority in things ecclesiasti-
cal should not have devoted a larger share of his book to its discussion.
But another writer, of the highest authority among us, the acknowledged
Nestor of our Congregatioiml body, has devoted his entire book, not indeed
to the formulated scheme, but to the underlying idea. *^ The Genesis of the
New England Churches," by Leonard Bacon, is but a prolonged and elo-
quent historical exposition of that principle of separatism which issued
in the founding of the Pilgrim church upon the Plymouth Rock. The logic
of that book, in its final results, is the Identity of church and parish in the
present, and in the happier future, a return to the New Testament model.
Charles £. Stevens.
Worcester, Mass., April 16, 1877.
THE WISCONSIN ACT.
We subjoin a copy of the recent Wisconsin Act, for which we are
indebted to Rev. H. H. Dixon, of Ripon, who (we are informed
by others) had a responsible agency in its preparation and passage.
Section 11, exempting the Protestant Episcopal Church by request,
is omitted. The addition, in substance, of the following section
of the Massachusetts Statutes, even though not necessary, would
be a valuable guarantee : —
'*The respective churches, connected and associated in public worship
with such religious societies, shall continue to have, exercise, and enjoy all
their accustomed privileges and liberties respecting divine worship, church
order, and discipline, and shall be encouraged in the peaceable and regular
eiijoyment and practice thereof.^
AN ACT
TO PROVIDE FOR THE INCOBPOBATION OF RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.
The people of the State of Wisconsin, represented in senate and assembly, do
enact as follows : —
Section 1. The male members who are of tall age of any Christian or
Hebrew Church, which has been or may be organized in any town, village,
» Gten. Stat. 18eo-€6, Ch. SO, Sect a
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1877.] THE PARISH SYSTEM. 275
or city of this State, and which at the time maintains regular public wor- ^
ship, not less than three in number, may, after due public notice, organize
a religious society for religious, charitable, and educational purposes, and
may incorporate the same In the manner hereinafter provided.
Section 2. A certificate or statement of such organization may be
signed and acknowledged before some officer authorized by law to take the
acknowledgment of deeds in the county where such society is organized,
and shall be recorded in the office of the register of deeds of such county,
in a book to be kept by him (or such purpose, which certificate shall be, in
substance, of the following form : —
Know all men by these presents : The undersigned (Insert the names of
signers) and those who are or may become associated with them for the
purposes herein specified, have organized themselves Into a religious soci-
ety of the church (or denomination) located in (name of town,
village, or city) In the county of , State of Wisconsin, for religious,
charitable, and educational purposes, which society shall be known and
incorporated by the name of (insert name.)
Section 3. When such certificate shall have been duly recorded as
aforesaid, the society named therein shall be a corporation under this act,
and may make a constitution and by-laws not inconsistent with the laws
of this State for the regulation and government of such society, and its
officers, and may fix the terms and qualifications of office and membership
in such organization, and may have and use a common seal, and alter or
change the same at pleasure, aud by their corporate name may sue and be
sued, and may take, receive, purchase, hold and use both real and personal
estate for the purposes for which they have been incorporated, and may
mortgage, sell and dispose of the same, or any portion thereof, subject to
the rules and by-laws for such cases made and provided.
Section 4. Such society may take also by purchase, gift or otherwise,
and may forever hold and improve any lands intended to be used for cem-
etery grounds or burial places, and sections fourteen, fifteen, and sixteen,
of chapter sixty-seven of the revised statutes, shall apply to all lands so
heretofore or hereafter acquired for burial purposes.
Section 5. The secular business and temporal affairs of every such
society, organized aud incorporated under this act, shall be managed and
administered by not less than three, por more than nine trustees, who shall
be elected In the manner, and hold office for the time prescribed by the
constitution and by-laws of the society.
Section 6. Whenever the established rules of any church or religious
denomination provide for the election of trustees, and prescribe that they
shall hold the property of such church or denomination in trust, then they
shall be elected in the manner and for the time prescribed by such rules,
and the trustees so elected may become a corporation in the same manner
as is hereinbefore provided for a society, and when so incorporated shall
be subject to all the provisions of this act applicable thereto.
Section 7. No failure to elect trustees at the proper time or in the
proper manner shall work the dissolution of any such corporation, aud
those once elected shall hold their office as such trustees until their suc-
cessors are duly elected.
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276 THE PARISH SYSTEM. [1877.
f Sbction 8. The trustees of every such church or society shall appoint
a clerk or secretary, and a treasurer, with power to remove the same, and
shall cause accurate record of all their proceedings, and of all business
meetings of such society to be kept, and they shall be governed in their
official acts by the rules of their church or denomination applicable thereto,
and not inconsistent with the laws of this State, and by the constitution
and by-laws of the society.
Section 9. Any existing religious society heretofore organized under
the laws of this State may, by Ave or more of its members, including in
every case all the members at the time acting as trustees thereunto duly
authorized, become a corporation under this act, by making and recording
the certificate provided in this act, with an additional statement in such
certificate of the name by which such society, and the corporation con-
nected with it, has before that time been known and called, and that such
society and corporation are reorganized under this act, but such reorgan-
ization shall not work a change of the ecclesiastical connection of any
such society.
Section 10. If any such religious corporation heretofore incorporated
under the laws of this State shall fail to become reincorporated as herein
provided, such corporation shall not thereby be dissolved, but shall be sub-
ject to the rules and regulations of the church or society with which it is
connected, and to all the provisions of this act which relate to the election
and duties of trustees, and to the powers, franchises, and privileges of relig-
ious corporations.
Section 11. This act shall take effect and be in force flrom and alter its
passage and publication.
Approved March 18, 1876.
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1877.]
THE PARISH SYSTEM.
277
CONTENTS OF THE REPORT.
Civil and Ecclksiastical Constitution: 191
Plymouth Colony 192
Massachusetts Colony 193
Connecticut Colony 196
New Haven Colony 196
Maintrnancb of the Ministhy : 197
The Parish 197
Voluntary and Compulsory 198
Massachusetts, 16S0 199
New Haven, 1640 201
United Colonies, 1644 202
Connecticut, 1644 203
Cambridge Synod, 1648 205
Plymouth, 1656 205
Aims and Principles Identical 207
City of Boston excepted 209
Weekly ofTering 210
Choick or THK Minister : 212
Practice in Massachusetts 212
Practice in Connecticut 216
CoKixiCTiNO Elkmknts: 216
Question in Connecticut 217
Issue in Massachusetts 218
Incorporated Churches 226
New Hampshire Decision 228
National Council, 1865 231
Review 232
Biblical Argument 233
Rbprrsentattve Views 286
Results gathered bt Committer: 236
Society Membership 236
Society Proceedings 236
Moral Considerations 239
Points of Agreement 241
Judgment of Committeb 242
Supremacy of the Church 244
Legal Corporation: 244
Extent of Corporation 246
Laws of the States 246
Proposed Constitution 247
Proposed Compact 248
Conclusion 249
APPENDIX.
Correspondence of Commiitre: 260
Rev. Leonard Bacon, d. d 260
Rev. Nathaniel Bouton, d. d 261
Rev. Henry M. Dexter, d. d 267
Prof. David N. Camp 269
Charles £. Stevens, Esq 260
Wisconsin Act 274
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CONSTITUTION, BY-LAWS, AND RULES OF ORDER
OF THE
NATIONAL COUNCIL.
CONSTITUTION .
[Adopted Nov. 17, 1871.]
Thu Congregational churches of the United States, by elders and mes-
sengers assembled, do now associate themselves in National Council : —
To express and foster their substantial unity in doctrine, polity, and
work; and
To consult upon the common interests of all the churches, their duties
in the work of evangelization, the united development of their resources,
and their relations to all parts of the kingdom of Christ.
They agree in belief that the Holy Scriptures are the sufficient and only
Infallible rule of religious faith and practice ; their interpretation thereof
being in substantial accordance with the great doctrines of the Christian
faith, commonly called evangelical, held in our churches &om the early
times, and sufficiently set forth by former General Councils.
They agree in belief that the right of government resides in local
churches, or congregations of believers, who are responsible directly to
the Lord Jesus Christ, the One Head of the Church Universal and of all
particular churches; but that all churches, being in communion one with
another as parts of Christ's catholic church, have mutual duties subsist-
ing in the obligations of fellowship.
The churches, therefore, while establishing this National Council for
the Airtherance of the common interests and work of all the churches, do
maintain the Scriptural and inalienable right of each church to self-
government and administration; and this National Council shall never
exercise legislative or judicial authority, nor consent to act as a council
of reference.
And, for the convenience of orderly consultation, they establish the fol-
lowing rules : —
I. Sessions. — The churches will meet in National Council every third
year. They shall also be convened in special session whenever any live
of the general State organizations shall so request.
II. Representation. — The churches shall be represented, at each ses-
sion, by delegates, either ministers or laymen, appointed In number and
manner as follows : —
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] CONSTITUTION, BY-LAWS, RULES OF OKDER. 279
1. The churches, assembled in their local organizations, appoint one
delegate for erery ten churches in their respective organizations, and one
for a fraction of ten greater than one half; it being understood that
wherever the churches of any State are directly united in a general organi-
zation, they may, at their option, appoint the delegates in such body,
instead of in local organizations, but in the above ratio of churches so
united.
2. In addition to the above, the churches united in State organizations
appoint by such body one delegate, and one for each ten thousand com-
municants in their fellowship, and one for a major fraction thereof: —
3. It being recommended that the number of delegates be, in all cases,
divided between ministers and laymen, as nearly equally as is practicable.
4. Such Congregational general societies for Christian work, and the
faculties of such theological seminaries as may be recognized by this
Council, may be represented by one delegate each, such representatives
having the right of discussion only.
III. Officers. — 1. At the beginning of every stated or special session
there shall be chosen by ballot, from those present as members, a moder-
ator, and one or more assistant moderators, to preside over its delibera-
tions.
2. At each triennial session there shall be chosen by a ballot a secre-
tary, a registrar, and a treasurer to serve from the close of such session
to the close of the next triennial session,
3. The secretary shall receive communications for the Council, conduct
correspondence, and collect such facts, and superintend such publications
as may from time to time be ordered.
4. The registrar shall make and preserve the records of the proceed-
ings of the Council ; and for his aid one or more assistants shall be chosen
at each session, to serve during such session.
5. The treasurer shall do the work ordinarily belonging to such office.
6. At each triennial session there shall be chosen a provisional com-
mittee, who shall make needfUl arrangements for the next triennial ses-
sion, and for any session called during the interval.
7. Committees shall be appointed, and in such manner as may ftom
time to time be ordered.
8. Any member of a church in fellowship may be chosen to the office
of secretary, registrar, or treasurer ; and such officers as are not delegates
shall have all the privileges of members except that of voting.
rv. By-Laws. — The Council may make and alter By-Laws at any
triennial session.
v. Amendments. — This Constitution shall not be altered or amended,
except at a triennial session, and by a two-thirds vote, notice thereof
* having been given at a previous triennial session, or the proposed alter-
ation having been requested by some general State organization of
churches, and published with the notification of the session.
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280 CX)N8TITUTION, BY-LAWS, RULES OF ORDER. [1877.
DECLARATION OF THE UNITY OF THE CHURCH.
[Adopted In 1871 ]
The members of the National Council, representing the Congregational
churches of the United States, avail themselves of this opportunity to
renew their previous declarations of faith in the unity of the church of
God.
While affirming the liberty of our churches, as taught in the New Testa-
ment, and inherited by us from our fathers, and from martyrs and confes-
sors of foregoing ages, we adhere to this liberty all the more as affording
the ground and hope of a more visible unity in time to come. We desire
and purpose to co-operate with all the churches of our Lord Jesus Christ.
In the expression of the same catholic sentiments solemnly avowed by
the Council of 1865, on the Burial Hill at Plymouth, we wish, at this new
epoch of our history, to remove, so far as in us lies, all causes of suspi-
cion and alienation, and to promote the growing unity of counsel and of
the effort among the followers of Christ. To us, as to our brethren,
** There is one body and one spirit, even as we are called in one hope of
our calling."
As little as did our fathers in their day, do we in ours, make a preten-
sion to be the only churches of Christ. We find ourselves consulting
and acting together under the distinctive name of Congregationalists,
because, in the present condition of our common Christianity, we have felt
ourselves called to ascertain and do our own appropriate part of the work
of Christ's church among men.
We especially desire. In prosecuting the common work of evangelizing
our own land and the world, to observe the common and sacred law, that
in the wide field of the world's evangelization, we do our work in friendly
co-operation with all those who love and serve our common Lord.
We believe In " the holy catholic church." It is our prayer and endeavor
that the unity of the Church may be more and more apparent, and that
the prayer of our Lord for his disciples may be speedily and completely
answered, and all be one ; that, by consequence of this Christian unity In
love, the world may believe In Christ as sent of the Father to save the
world.
BY-LAWS.
I. In all its official acts and records, this body shall be designated as
The National Council of the Conouegational Chukches op the
United States.
II. It shall be understood that the term for which delegates to the
Council are appointed expires with each session, triennial or special, to
which they are chosen.
III. Persons selected as preachers, or to prepare papers, or to serve
upon committees appointed by this body, shall be entitled to seats In the
session In which they are to serve, without the privilege of voting.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] CONSTITUTION, BY-LAWS, RULES OF ORDER. 281
IV. The term " Congregational," as applied to the general benevolent
societies, in connection with representation in this body, is understood in
the broad sense of societies whose constituency and control arc substan*
tially Congregational.
V. The provisional committee shall consist of seven persons by appoint-
ment, with the addition of the secretary, registrar, and treasurer, ex offi"
ciis. This committee shall specify the place and the precise time at which
sessions shall commence ; shall choose a preacher of the opening sermon ;
may select topics regarding the Christian work of the churches, and per-
sons to propose and present papers thereon ; shall do any work which
shall have been referred to them by the Council ; and shall make a ftill
report of all their doings, — the consideration of which shall be the first
in order of business after organization.
YI. The sessions shall ordinarily be held in the latter part of October,
or the early part of November.
VII. The call for any session shall be signed by the chairman of the
provisional committee and the secretary of the Council, and it shall con-
tain a list of topics proposed by the committee ; and the secretary shall
seasonably fUrnlsh blank credentials, and other needftil papers, to the
scril)es of the sevenil local organizations of churches.
VIII. Soon after the opening of a stated or special session, tbe follow-
ing committees shall be appointed : —
1. A committee on credentials, w1m> shall prepare a roll of members.
2. A committee of nominations, to nominate ail committees not other-
wise provided for.
3. A business committee, to propose a docket for the use of the mem-
bers. Except by special vote of the Council, no business shall be
introduced which has not thus passed through the hands of this commit-
tee.
Committees shall be composed of three persons each, except otherwise
ordered.
IX. In the sessions of the National Council, half an hour shall every
morning be given to devotional services, and the daily sessions shall be
opened with prayer, and closed with prayer and singing. One evening,
at least, shall be entirely set apart for a meeting of prayer and conference ;
and every evening shall ordinarily be given to meetings of a .specifically
religious rather than business character. And the Council will join in the
sacrament of the Lord*s Supper at some convenient season.
X. No person slmll occupy more than one hour in reading any paper or
report, without the unanimous consent of the Council.
XI. An auditor of accounts shall be appointed at every session.
XII. The provisional committee may fill any vacancies occurring in any
committee or office in the intervals of sessions, — the person so appointed
to serve until the next session.
XIII The Council approves of an annual compilation of the statistics
of the churches, and of a list of such ministers as arc reported by the
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282 CONSTITUTION, BT LAWS, RULES OP ORDER. [1877.
several State organizations. And the secretary Is directed to present at
each triennial session comprehensive and comparative summaries for the
three years preceding.
XIV. The Council will welcome correspondence, by interchange of
delegates, with the general Congregational bodies of other lands, and with
the general ecclesiastical organizations of other churches of evangelical
ftiith in our land. Delegates will be appointed by the Council in the years
of its sessions, and by the provisional committee in the intervening years.
RULES OF ORDER.
The rules of order shall be those found in common parliamentary use,
not modified by local legislative practice, with the following explicit modi-
tications : —
When a question is under debate, no motion shall be received, except
the following, namely, to amend, to commit, to postpone to a time certain,
to postpone indefinitely, to lay on the table, and to adjourn — which shall
have precedence in the reverse order of this list — the motions to lay on
the table and to adjourn alone being not debatable.
No member shall speak more than twice to the merits of any question
in debate, except by special permission of the body ; nor more than once
until every member desiring to speak shall have spoken.
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1877.] OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES. 283
OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES
OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL.
Officers for the Session of 1877.
Moderator^ Hon. Willum B. Washburn, ll. d., Greenfield, Mass.
Assistant Moderators, Rev. Aaron L. Ciiapin, d d , Beloit, Wis« ; Dea.
Charles Q. Hammond, Chicago, 111.
Secretary, Rev. Alonzo H. Quint, d. d., New Bedford, Mass. *
Registrar, Rev. William H. Moork, Hartford, Conn.
Assistant Registrars, Rev. George Huntington, Oak Park, 111. ; Rev.
Jamks Df.ank, Westmoreland, N. Y. ; Rev. Cuarlks H. Richards, Madi-
son, Wis ; Rev. Elijah C. Baldwin, Branford, Conn. ; Rev. Hiram N.
Gates, Omaha, Neb.
Officers for 1877-1880.
Secretary, Rev. Alonzo H. Quint, d. d., New Bedford, Mass.
Begistrar, Rev. William H. Moore, Hartford, Conn.
Treasurer, Charles Demond, Boston, Mass.
Auditor, Lanodon S. Ward, Boston, Ma^s.
Provisional Committeb.
Hon Horace Fairbanks, St. Johnsbury, Vt. ; Hon. John E Sanford,
Taunton, Mass. ; Hon. Amos C. Barstow, Providence, R. I ; Rev. Lean-
DBR T. Chamberlain, Norwich, Conn. ; James B. Angeli^, ll. d., Ann
Arbor, Mich ; Dea. Charles G. Hammond, Chicago, 111. ; Rev. John K.
McLean, Oakland, Cal. ; also, ex officiis, the Secretary, Registrar, and
Treasurer.
Special CoMMrrrEES to report in 1880.
Publishing CommUtee:
The Secretary, Registrar, Treasurer, and Rev. Henry M. Dexter, d. d.,
Boston, Mass., and Frankun Fairbanks, St. Johusbury, Yt.
Committee on the Paper on the Parish System :
Hon. Jonathan E. Sargent, ll. d.. Concord, N. H. ; Hon. La Fayette
S. Foster, ll. d., Norwich, Conn. ; Hon Edward B. Gillette, Westfleld,
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
284 OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES. [1877.
Mass. ; Rev. John O. Fiskb, d. d., Bath, Me. ; Rev. George B. Safford,
Burlington, Vt. ; Hon. David J. Brewer, Leavenworth, Kan. ; Rev.
Edward H. MEnflHI^Ripon, Wis.
Committee to confer with Committee of American Congregational Union :
Hon. William B. Washburn, ll. d., Greenfield, Mass.; Dea. Elipua-
LBT W. Blatciiford, Chlcago, 111.; Amos D. Lockwood, Providence, .
R. I.; Rev. Edward F. Williams, Chicago, 111 ; Dea. Wiluam H.
Whitin, WhitinsviUe, Mass. ; Rev. Augustus F. Beard, d. d., Syracuse,
N. Y. ; Rev. Samuel E. Herrick, Boston, Mass.
Committee on Ministerial BesponsihilUy and Standing :
Rev. Egbert C. Smyth, d. d., Andover, Mass. ; Rev. George L. Walker,
d. d., Brattleboro*, Vt. ; Rev. George B. Safford, Burlington, Vt;
Rev. Henry P. Higley, Beloit, Wis ; Rev. Levi H. Cobb, Minneapolis,
Minn.
Committee on " Pastorless Churches and Churchlesa Pastors ":
Rev. FiiANK P. Woodbury, Rockford, HI.; Rev. Robert West, St.
Louis, Mo. ; Rev. Charles H. Richards, Madison, Wis. ; Rev. Moses
Smith, Jackson, Mich. ; Rev. Louis W. Hicks, Woodstock, Vt. ; Rev.
William S. Palmer, Norwich, Conn.; Rev. Henry M Dexter, d. d.,
Boston, Mass.
Committee on Disabled Ministers :
Rev. Justin E. Twitchell, d. d., Cleveland, Ohio; Rev. Cyrus W.
Wallace, d. d., Manchester, N. H. ; Hon. Charlf^ Theodore Russell,
Boston, Mass.; Rev. William H. Moore, Hartford, Conn.: Rev. Hiram
N. Gates, Omaha, Neb.
Committee on Monument to Bev, John Bohinson :
Rev. Henuy M. Dexter, d. d., Boston, Mass. ; Rev. Samuel C. Bart-
lett, d. d , Hanover, N. H. ; Hon. Alpiieus Hakdy, Boston, Mass. ; Rev.
George E. Day, d. d.. New Haven, Conn.; Alfred S. Barnes, New
York, N. Y. ; Dea. Elipiialet W. Blatciiford, Chicago, 111. ; Dea.
Stephen S. Smith, San Francisco, Cal.
Delegates attending sessions of corresponding bodies are also expected
to report at the next session of the Council.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
THE ANNUAL STATISTICS.
The following pages contain the statistics of the Congregational Ministers
and Charches in the United States, collected In the year 1877 by the Secre-
taries of the several State organizations, and complied for this publication by
the Secretary of the National Council.
The Secretary in no case presumes to Insert or omit the name of church or
minister on any authority but that of the State Secretaries, representing their
own organizations ; or of Councils since the Issue of State Minutes.
The contents of the statistics are as follows : —
1. The Statistics of the Churches and Pastors, by States.
2. List of Foreign Missionaries, arranged by Missions.
3. List of Ministers without Pastoral Charge, by States.
4. General Summary tables for the year.
5. Tables of Summaries, as printed 1850-1878.
6. Remarks upon the Statistics.
7. The National Co-operative Societies, with officers.
8. The Theological Seminaries.
9. The National and State Organizations of the Churches.
10. Alphabetical List of Ministers, with P. . address, and Indexed to pages.
11. Alphabetical List of Licentiates.
RULES OF COMPILATION.
1. To arrang3 in alphabetical order everything capable of it; except that
the churches in any one town or city are placed according to age.
2. To make each State list conform strictly to the State boundaries.
Churches or ministers reported by the Association of a State other than their
own are, therefore, transferred to their proper places ; and the summaries are
correspondingly corrected.
8. To make new tables each year. No church or name of minister is brought
from last year. " Last year's report " (if known to be such) is always omitted,
but the membership of enrolled churches, and of their Sabbath Schools, not
reporting, are Included In the summary of their State, provided such a church
reported the previous year; If not, not The list of churches of this year is
compared, name by name, with that of last year, and all variations are specifi-
cally mentioned with the State summary, so that each church can be traced
from year to year.
4. To examine carefliUy all the tables, with a view to correction or addition
by correspondence, especially to correct «* pastoral supply" to the latest mo-
ment, the several State Secretaries oiten doing this, and examining all
*' proofs*' when time allows. But any such changss do not alter the original
summary.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
286 ANNUAL STATISTICS. [1877.
6. To complete the statistics by (1) giving in some fonn every statistical
flBict obtainable, — items given by some States, but not by all, being aggre-
gated with the respective State summaries; and (2) putting into finished
State and general summaries, with ** totals" in all cases, everytMng capable
of it ; so that no person in search of any statistical fact shall be obliged to
perform any arithmetical calculation to find it.
MINOR EXPLANATIONS.
L When any church is given in brackets, it is one organized since the
date of State report, and is not included in the summary, but is inserted for
information.
2. Installed pastors are marked **p"; others in service are not marked.
Blanks in the column of pastoral supply, meaning no regularly engaged min-
ister, are left blank for the convenience of those who note pastoral changes.
8. Post-offlce addresses of ministers in pastoral service are not certainly
found in the tables of churches, but are in the Oeneral Alphabetical List of
Ministers.
4. The two columns following the names of ministers in the tables of
churches denote (1) the year of ordination, (2) the year when the minister
was installed, or commenced service with that church.
5. A star (*) prefixed to the name of a minister in pastoral service, not
installed, implies that he is not a member of any organization of churches or
ministers in that State ; but not many States so designate in the tables. A star
similarly prefixed in the General Alphabetical List of Ministers denotes that
he is found in the original State alphabetical list, but is reported not to be a
member of any such organization in the United States. Similarly, a star pre-
fixed to a church denotes that it is not associated, and a foot-note so states ;
but ordinarily such are new churches, yet to be associated. ** Independent"
churches are not regarded as Congregational churches, but a few not asso-
ciated are enrolled by their own wish.
6. Licentiates are not reckoned as ministers. Churches supplied by such,
or by ministers of other denominations, are reckoned as vacant; but the
number of such churches is given with each State summary. No ministers of
other denominations (if so known) are Inserted in the General Alphabetical
List, unless they happen to belong to the two denominations at the same
time.
7. Under "Church Members," "Absent," are included in "Males," "Fe-
males," and "Total." "Additions," "Removals," and "Baptisms" cover
the twelve months next preceding the date of report given with the name of
each State.
8. Blanks in any column of figures are such as were so left in the State
Minutes. They ought always to signify " no report," but some States dp not
follow the proper rule of inserting a cipher where " none " is meant, and the
examiner must decide, in any given case, whether "none" or "no report" is
intended. In our General Summaries, a blank invariably signifies " no report."
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.]
STATISTICS. — ALABAMA.
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392
STATISTICS.
-WISCONSIN.
[1877.
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(106)
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1877.]
STATISTICS. — WISCONSIN.
393
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394
STATISTICS. — WISCONSIN ; WYOMING.
[1?77.
^1
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Digitized by VjOOQ IC
lo77.]
STATISTICS. — MISSIONARIES.
395
CONGREGATIONAL MISSIONARIES FROM THE UNITED
STATES, December, 1877.1
CONNBCrpD WITH THE AMERICAN BOARD OP COMMISSIONERS
FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS.
*^
^
o
o
'45
^46
'4ti
W
'i>fs '^-je
'6:i
(J2
'B7
•m
'TO 70
'70 71
74
74
75
76
75
*4r
76
MK
Mahratta. 181S.
Sam*] B. Fairbanks, d.d., Ahmed-
nuifjfur,
Allen Hazen. d.d^ Bombay,
Charles Harding, Sholapnr,
Henry J. Bruce, Satara(Sholapar),
Spencer R. Wells, Panohgani,
Charles W. Park, Bombay,
Richard Wiusor, Satara,
Robert A. Hume, Ahmednuggur,
Edward S. Hume, Bombay,
Lorin S. Gkites, Sholapur,
Cbtlok. 1816.
William W. Howland, Tillipally,
Wm. E. De Riemer, Dodoopitty, 'ffF "68
Tbomas S. Smith, Manepy, 7 1 71
Samuel W. Howland, Oodooville, 7a 73
I
Hawaiian Islands. 1820. *
Dwi|;ht Baldwin, m.d., Honolulu,
David B. Lyman, Hilo,
Lowell Smith, d.d., Honolulu,
Titus Coan, Hilo,
Elias Bond, Kohala,
Isaac W. Atherton, Kohala,
John D. Paris, Honolulu,
Daniel Dole, Koloa,
James W. Smith, m.d., Koloa,
Hiram Bingham, Honolulu,
Char lesM. Hyde, d.d., Honolulu,
Western Turkey. 1826.
Edwin E. Bliss, d.d., Constanti-
nople,
Wilson A. Farnsworth, d.d., Cesa-
rea,
Sanford Richardson, Broosa,
Ira h\ Pettibone, Constantinople,
Julius Y. Leonard, Marsovan,
Joseph K. Greene, Constantinople,
Geo. F. Herrick, Constantinople,
Jobn F. Smith, Marsovan,
Lyman Burtlett, Cesarea,
Milan H. Hitchcock, Constantino-
ple,
'*>
30
'33
31
'3-
32
"Si
33
'40
41
77
'd^
41
'40
41
■57
"42
'5t^
66
'ti2
77
'4:r48
■54 1 '64
'5-.. 55
'57 '57
'6b '59
^6^1 '63
'fit.'W
Tt 69
John O. Barrows, Constantinople, '^4
Chas. H. Brooks, ConsUntinople, 74
Daniel Staver, Cesarea, 76
Charles C. Stearns, Manisa, 76
Madura, South India. 1834.
James Herriok, Tirumangalum, '46
Thomas S. BumelL Melur, '66
Joseph T. Noyes, Pehakulam, '48
George T. Washburn, Pasumalai, '69
Wm. S. Howland, Mandapasalie, '73
John S. Chandler, Battalagundu, '73
James E. Tracy, Tirupuvanam, '77
ZuiiUB, South AlFrica. 1836.
David Rood, Umvoti, '47
William Ireland, Amausimtote, '48
Josiah Tyler. Umsumduzi, '49
Stephen C. Pixley, Inanda, '66
Elijah Bobbins, Amanzimtote, '69
Henry M. Bridgman, Umzumbi, 'dO
Myron W. Pinkerton, Indundumi, *71
Charles W. KUbon, Untwalumi, '73
BA8TBKN Turkey. 1835.
George C. Knapp, Bitlis, '66
Crosby H. Wheeler, Harpoot, '62
Mopes P. Parmelee, M.D., Erzroom, '61
- . ^ ^. ^ '67
'67
'71
'76
'77
i
'66
'74
76
•76
John E. Pierce, Erzroom,
Royal M. Cole, Erzroom,
George C. Reynolds, m.d.. Van,
John K. Browne, Harpoot,
Willis C. Dewey, Maruiu,
Central Turkey. 1847.
Giles F. Montgomerr, Marash, '63
Lucien H. Adams, Aintab, '62
Henry Marden, Aintab, '69
Americus Fuller, Aintab, '62
Thomas D. Christie, Marash, '77
FooGHOW, China. 1847.
Charles Hartwell, Nautai,
Joseph E. Walker, Shao-wu, '72
Josiah B. Blakely, Shao-wu, '74
46
'48
'48
'60
73
'73
77
'47
48
'49
66
69
60
71
71
•65
•67
63
•68
68
'79
•76
•77
•63
'66
69
•74
77
62
'72
•74
I The miasioDB are arraoged aocordinff to age, and mlnionaries In each according to seniority
of service. The drst oolamn of flgnree against names of missionaries gives year of ordination; the
second, year of commencing service.
(109)
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
396
STATISTICS. — MISSIONARIES.
[1877.
Dakota. 1852.
Alfred L. Rifcgs, Santee Asry. Neb/BS
Thomas L. Riggn. Bogue, Dak., 72
Charles L. Hall, Fort Berthold. '76
MiCBONBSEA. 1852.
Beigamin G. Snow, Ebon, '51
Albert A. Sturges, Ponape, '51
Joel F. Whitney, Ebon, 71
Robert W. Logau, Ponape, 70
Edmnnd M. Pease, M.D., Ebon, 77
KoBTH China. 1854.
Henry Blodeet, D.D.jPeking, '54
Charles A. Stanley, Tientsin, '61
John T. Gulick, Kalgan, '64
Chaunoey (Goodrich, Tangcho, '64
Mark Williams, Kalgaii; '»i5
Thomas W. Thompson, Kalgan,
Isaao Pierson, Pautingfoo, '70
Henry D Porter, M.D., Tientsin, '72
Arthur H. Smith, Tientsin, Ti
William P. Spragae, EUlgan, '73
WUliam S. Ament, Pautingfoo, '77
James U. Roberts, Peking, '77
BUBOPBAK TUBKKY. 1858u
.Janfes F. Clarke, Samokov,
William E. Locke, Samokov, '68
George D. Marsh, Eski Za^ra, '72
John W. Baird, Monastir, 72
J. Henry House, Samokoy, '71
ku, Wintorop Jenney, Monastir, 78
Japan. 1669.
Daniel C. Greene, Yokohama,
Orramel H. Gulick, Kobe,
.Terome D. Davis, Kioto,
John L. Atkinson, Kobe,
Horace H. Leavitt, Osaka,
Wallace Taylor, M.D., Kioto,
John H DeForest, Osaka,
Joseph H. Neeoima. Kioto,
D fright W. Learned, Kioto, ^
William W. Curtis, Osaka, ^
Otis Cary, Jr., Kobe,
Spain. 1872.
William H. Gulick, Santander,
Thomas L. Gulick, Zaragosa,
AusTBiA. 1872.
Henry A. Sehauffler, Brflnn,
Albert W. Clark, Grata,
EdiriQ A. Adams, Prague,
Edwin C. Bissell, d.d., GraU,
Wbstbbn Mbzioo. 1872.
David F. Watkins, Gnadal)\)ara,
John Edwards, Guadali^ara,
NoBTHifttN Mbxioo. 1872.
James K. Elilboume.
-61 B
6\3
•«70
•62 '70
*6»,T1
'flB.'73
73/73
73,73
71'74
74 74
75,75
77 '77
77 '78
74|'71
70 '73
'65 72
•72
73
'59
72
72
74
72
75
74
NOT NOW CONNECTED WITH THE BOARD.
Cyrus Hamlin, d.d., Robert ColL,
Constantinople, '
William Bird, Syria. '52
Daniel Bliss, d.d.. Pros, of Syrian
Prot. Coll., Beirut, '55
'58
George Washburn, d.d., Pres. of
Robert Coll., Constantinople, '63
Henry H. Parker, Honolulu, H. I.,'63
'58
'63
CONNECTED WITH THE AMERICAN MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION.
Mbndi, West Afbioa,
ITloyd Snelson,
I Wabrikoton TSBSnOBT.
71 74 I Myron Sells, Skokomish.
Also, many In Southern States, given in tables.
(110)
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
1877.]
MINISTERS WITHOUT PASTORAL CHARGE.
397
MINISTERS WITHOUT PASTORAL CHARGE.*
George E. Hill, Marion.
Charles Noble, Montgomery, [N.Y.], 1873
CAUFOBNIA.
Lindsey A. Roberts, Athens, 1872
Jof^eph A. Benton, D.D., Prof.
Theol. Setn., Oakland.
James S. Berger, colporteur, Red
BlafiH.
Samnel V. Blakeslee, associate editor
of Pacific, Oakland.
Charles M. Blake, Teacher, San
Francisco.
James W. Brier, sen.. Grans Valley.
Sherlock Bristol, San Buenaventura.
Hiram Cumraings, Colusa.
Lucius Foote, Sacramento, [Wis.]
Algernon M. Goodnough, Vallejo,
[C<mn.], 1866
Mifflin Harker, East Oakland.
Elijah Janes, Oakland, 1874
John L. Jones, colporteur, Modesto.
5lartin Kellogg, Prof. State Univer-
sity, Berkeley.
Orville A. Ross, Lockeford.
Jaseph Rnwell, seamen's chaplain,
San Francisco.
Milton B. Starr, Berkeley.
James H. Warren, d.d., Sup't
Am. H. M. Soc'y, San Francisco.
Aaron Williams, city missionary,
San Francisco.
fCOLORADO.
•Micah S. Croswell, Ashland, Neb., 1869
Enoch N. Bartlett, Colorado Springs,
Richard C. Bristol, Colorado Springs.
Samnel K. Dimock, Denver, 1857
Thomas N. Haskell, Denver.
CONNECTICUT.
John W, Allen, North Woodstock,
[Wis ], 1838
Samuel H. Allen, Windsor Locks, 1846
Josiah L, Arms, Woodstock, 1846
Edward E, Atwater, New Haven, 1841
David R. Austin, South Norwalk, 1H32
Jared R. Avery, Groton, 1833
Frederick H. Ayres, Long Ridfje, 1833
Leonard W. Bacon, New Haven,
[ N. Y.], 1856
William T. Bacon, editor, Derby,
John G. Baird, Ass. Sec. Conn. Bd.
of Ed., New Haven,
Abraham C. Baldvrin, Hartford,
Henry Barbour, London, Eng„
Samuel W. Barnum, New Haven,
William E. Basse tt. New Haven,
Aaron C. Beach, East Haddam,
Bronson B. Beardsley, Bridgeport,
Hubbard Beehe, Dist. Sec. A. S. F.
Soc., New Haven,
Samuel B. S. Bissell, Sec. Am. Sun-
day School Union, Norwalk,
Seth Bliss, Berlin,
Alvan Bond, dd., Norwich,
Charles E. Brandt, Teacher, Farm-
ington,
David Breed, Putnam,
Charles H. BuUard, Dist. Sec. Am.
Tr. Soc., Hartford,
Zalmou B. Burr, Southport,
Harvey Bushn«ll, Saybrook,
John Churchill, Woodbury,
William P. Clancy, Staffordville,
Henry Clark, Avon,
Nehemiah B. Cook, Ledyar*!,
Franklin Countryman, Prospect,
Chauncey D. Cowles, Farmington,
William B. Curtiss, North Guilford,
Oliver E. Daggett, d d., Hartford,
George E. Day, d.d.. Prof. Theol,
Sem., New Haven,
Guy B. Day, Teacher, Bridgeport,
Henry N. Day, D.p., New Haven,
Theodore L. Day, New Haven,
i [Mass ],
Edgar J. Doolittle, Wallingford,
Solomon J. Douglass, New Haven,
Timothy D wight, d d.. Prof. Theol.
Sem., New Haven,
Francis Dyer, Wolcott,
Edward B. Emerson, Teacher, Strat-
ford,
Samuel C. Fessenden, Stamford,
Thomas K. Fe-senden, F. Sec. H.
I., Farmington,
Thomas P. Field, New London,
George P. Fisher, d.d., Prof. Theol.
Sera., New Haven,
Samuel B. Forbes, West WInsted,
William C. Foster. Middletown,
[Mass.],
1842
1859
1846
1827
1863
1856
1842
1850
1837
183()
1825
1819
1865
1852
1853
1845
1821
1840
1875
1841
1825
1874
1841
1843
1833
1840
1849
1836
1872
1842
1863
1861
1852
1&38
1838
1839
1840
1854
1857
1848
* This list Is made from the reports of the several State OrgaaUatlons, and Is sapposed to include
only membem of some organlza ion of ministers or churohes. A few noc members (but inserted on
authority from the States) are starred. The flirures asraiast names denote the year of ordination,
which some States do not furnish. The (contracted) name of a State against any person's name de*
notes that he is reported by SQch St^te. and not by the one where ho resides,
(Xll)
Digitized by (^OOQ IC
MINISTERS WITHOUT PASTORAL CHARGE.
[1877.
William C. Fowler, ll. d., Dnrham
Centre, 1825
Daniel 0. Frost. Killingly, 1840
Willinm H. Gilbert, Di». Sec. Am.
Bible See., New Haven, 1846
George P. Gilman, Watertown, 1872
.7 oh n Greenwood, T^ew Mi Herd, 1822
Leverett Griggs, d.d., Bristol, 18^3
K. Edwin Hull. Fair Haven. 1843
Samuel Harris, d.d., Proi. TheoL
Sein.. New Haven, 1841
Henry Herrick, No. Woodstock, 18;i0
J«)8bua A. Hill, Hartford, 1873
Piatt T. Holiey, Bridgeport, 1832
L. Ives Hoadly, New Haven, 1823
James M. Honpin, D D., Prof.
TheoL Sem., New Haven, 1850
Lent S. Hough, East Lyme, 1831
Stephen Hubbell, Monnt Oarmel, 1830
Nathan S. Hunt, Bozrah, 1834
Austin Isham, Roxbury, 1839
Spofford D. Jewett, Middlefield, 1830
Henry Jones, Bridgeport, 1825
William S.E.arr, d.d., Prof. inXheo.
Sem., Hartford.
John R. Keep, teacher, Hartford, 1842
KodolphusLandfear, Hartford, 1829
William B. Lee, Portland, 1853
Aaron K. Livermore, North Haven, 1843
Stephen A. Loper, Hadlyme, 1827
Jc»el Mann, New Haven, 1815
Abram Marsh, West W<K)dstock, 1829
Bobert McEwen, d.d., New London,
[Mass.], 1833
Daniel D. T. McLanghlin, Litchfield, 1846
Nathaniel Miner, Salem, 1826
William H. Moore, Sec. Conn. Home
Miss. Soc, Hartford, 1846
Mj^ron N. Morris, West Hartford, 1846
David Murdoch, d.d., New Haven, 1850
Charles Nichols, New Britain, 1825
Elliot Palmer, Portland, 1832
William Patton, d.d.. New Haven, 1820
Whitman Peck,Teacher,NewHaven, 1844
Lyman B. Peet, West Haven, 1837
Dennii« Piatt, South Norwalk, 1828
Noah Porter, d.d., ll.d., Pres. Yale
Coll., New Haven, 1836
Thomas S. Potwin, Snpt. Orphan
Asylum. Hartford, 1861
Edward H. Pratt, Sec. Conn. Temp.
Union. East Woodstock, 1858
Charles Pyko, Waterbury, 1861
Alfred C. Raymond, New Haven, 1845
Henry Robinson. Guilford, 1823
Samuel Rockwell. New Britain, 1832
Henry A. Russell, Colebrook, 1854
George E. Sanborne, steward, Insane
Retreat, Hartford, 1857
Elias B. Sanford, editor. Tbomaston, 1869
Thomas L. Shipman, Jewett City, 1826
Ana B. Smith, Rocky Hill, 1837
^urritt A. Smith, Teacher, Middle-
1;<»wn, 1865
James A. Smith, XJnionville, 1832
Aldeu South worth, Woodstock, 1865
Samuel N. St. John, Georgetown, 1844
Judson B. Stoddard, Cheshire. 1850
Calvin B. Stowe, d.d., Hartford, 1823
Thomas B.Sturges, Greenfield Hill, 1842
David H. Thayer, East Windsor, 1853
William Thompson, d.d., Prof.
Theol. Inst., Hartford, 1833
George J. Tillotson, Rocky Hill, 1831
William W. Turner, Sec. Miss'y Soc.
of Conn., Hartford, 1828
Henry Upson, New Preston.
Moses C. Welch, Hartf.»rd, 1862
Orlando H. White, d.d., Sec. F. M.
A. S., London, England, 1851
Joseph Whittlesey, Berlin, 1830
William Whittlesey, Chap. Orph.
Asylum, New Haven, 1837
George I. Wood, Ellington, 1840
Theodore D. Woolsey, d.d., ll.d.,
New Haven, 1846
William S. Wright, Glastonbury, 1851
DAKOTA.
See MiesUmariee.
DISTRICT OF GOLtTKBIA.
William M. Birchard, [Conn.], 1843
John W, Chickering, jr., Prof. Deaf
Mute Coll., 1860
Fred. W. Fairfield, Prof. Howard
Univ. 1871
Solomon P. Giddings.
Royal Parkinson,Agricu1tnral Dept., 1848
William W. Patton, d.d, Pres. How-
ard Univ.. 1843
Benfamin W. Pond, Patent Office, 1862
William Russell, [Conn.], 1842
M. Porter Sneli, Int. Rev. Dept, 1870
Eliphalet Whittlesey, Indian Com' n, 1851
GEORGIA.
Horace Bumstead, Prof. Univ., At-
lanta.
FleU^er Clark, 1877
Cyrus W. Francis, Prof. Univ., At-
'lanta.
ILUNOn.
1864
Edwin N. Andrews, St. Charles,
Aaron H. Annis, (Kansas].
Edwin D. Bailey, Wheaton, 1876
George H. Bailey, Griggsville, 1867
Phi neas A. Beaue, Jacksonville, 1852
William H. Beecher, Chicago, 1830
James C Beekman, Byron, 1863
J. A. Bent, Wheaton.
Jonathan Bianchard, Pres. Wheaton
Coll., Wheaton, 1837
Geo. N. Board man, d.Di, Prof. Theo.
Sem., Chicago, 1854
Henry L. Boltwood, Teacher, Prince-
ton.
Hope Brown, Rockford, 1820
Henry S. Bullen, Moline, 3H50
Henry Buss, merchant, Creston, 1856
Daniel Chapman, Huntley.
Henry W. Cobb, Wheaton,
William U. Collins, Quincy.
(U2)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.]
MINISTERS WITHOUT PASTORAL CHARGE.
399
Robert B. Cutler, TiskiloTft.
Geoi^e A. Diokerman, Chioairo.
Edmund F. Diokinson, CityMission-
axY, Gbioago, 1841
William Q. Diokinson, Creston, 1873
Sylvester R. Dole, Crete, 1864
Franklin W. Fisk, dj>., Prof. Tbeo.
Sem., Chicago, 1850
Hiram Foote, Rockford, [Wis.], la'fi^
Horatio Fuote, Quincy, 18*25
Charles Oranger, farmer, Paxton, 1813
John L. Granger, Polo, 18fi6
Mason Grosvenor, d d., Jacksonville. 1831
Joseph A. Hallock, Chicago, 18.')f>
Henry L. Hammond, Chicago, 1841
James T. Hanning, meroh., Mar-
seilles, 1866
Benjamin F. Haskins, Viola, 1851
Samuel C. Hay, Woodstock, * 1863
Elias W. Hewitt, P^catonioa, 1844
Hiram L. Howard, Lisbon, 1864
George B. Hubbard, Shirland, 1848
Simon J. Humphrey, Dis. Sec. A. B.
C. F. M., Chicago, 1854
Thaddeus B. Hurlbut, Upper Alton, 1834
Azariah Hyde, merchant, Galesburg, 184(5
James T. Hyde, d.d., Prof. Theo.
Sem., Chicago. 18.53
Elisha Jenney, Galesburg, 1831
Gideon S. Johnson, Hale, 1H41
Henry C. Johnson, Dallas City.
George P. Kimball, Chicago, 1851
Francis Lawson, A. B. Soc*y, Earl-
ville, 1847
Joseph Mason, Godfrey, 1847
William D. A. Matthewrs, Chicago, 1872
James McChesney, Prospect Park, 1848
Rot>ert McCrackeii, retired, Paxton.
D. Bar Nichols. New Milford.
Wai«hington A. Nicholn, Luke Forest, 1838
T. C. Northoott. Woodstock, 1875
James Oakey, Ridgefield, 1875
Theophilus Packard, Manteno.
G«orge C. Partridge, in business,
Batavia, 1840
Renel M. Pearson, Polo, 1844
Andrew L. Pennoyer, farmer. Rose-
ville, 1837
8. Wallace Phelps, Lombard, 1854
Samuel Porter, Chicago, [Mich.]
James Powell, Sec. A. M. A., Chi-
cago, 1869
John h. Richards, Danville, 1844
Jacob P. Richards, Bowensburg, 1861
Jos. £. Roy, D.D., Sup't Am. Home
Missionary Society, Chicago, 1853
George F. S. Savage, d.d., Treas.
Theol. Sem.. Chicago, 1847
William T. Savaare, d.d., Qoincy, IKJS
Jc»hn Scotford, Chicago, 1842
Calvin Selden, Aurora, 1845
Robert F. Shinn, Qnincv, 1848
Edwin G. Smith, Morrison.
Nathaniel Smith, Genesee.
Roswell R. Snow, Elgin, 1845
James P. Stoddard, Byron, 1861
Richard C. Stone, Bunker Hill, 1834
S. Fay Stratton, Prof Wheaton Col
lege, Wheaton, 1865
Guy C. Strong, Paxton, 1852
Julian M. Stnrteviint, D.D., Pres.
Illinois College, Jacksonville, 1825
Charles E. Sumner, Chicago, 1873
Samuel R Thrall, Galesburg, 1842
Alpha Warrfln, Rosooe, [Wis ]
John C. Webster, Wheaton.
Martin K. Whittlesey, d.d., Sup*t
A If. M. S , Jacksonville, 1849
Samuel E. Willing, Prospect Park.
Ephraim M. Wright, Lee Centre,
[Coiin.J, 1861
Aionzo D. Wyckoff, druggist, Che-
ban se.
INDIANA.
John G. Brice, Winchester.
William Goodman, Neli*on.
Aaron Heustin, Carthat^e.
Ebenezer Tucker, Randolph County.
Levin \V. Wilson, C3ynthiana.
Ephrnim Adams, Sup't Home Missions,
Waterltx).
Benjamin M Amsden, Manchester.
William P. Avery, Chapin.
David J. Baldwin, Iowa Falls.
Charlt^N Barrttow, Ames, [Mich.], 1852
A. J. Belknap, Otley.
Ethan O. Bennett, Brighton.
John M. Bowers, Rhinebeck, 1866
Timothy G, Brainanl, Grinnell.
William M. Brookn, Pres. Coll., Tabor.
C. C. Burnett, Fairfield. [Epis.], 1862
Gi-or^e Cakebrearl, Mt. Pleasant, 1872
Philo Canfifld, Wasbington.
Joshua M Chamberlain, Grinnell.
Ezra Coinly, Tyson's Mills.
Oramel W. Cooley, Gleuwood.
John Cross, College Springs.
Moses K. CroHS, Waterloo.
Diivid B. Davidson, Grinnell.
H. K. EdAon. Prin. Acad., Denmark.
Thomas W. Evans, Columbus City.
T. T. Friok-itad, Pastor at Ser-
geant Bluffs, 1877
Heman Geer, Tabor, [Ohio], 1848
John F. Graf, Marshall, [vVis.]
J. F. Griwe, Bradford.
Josiah B. Grinnell, Grinnell.
Stephen D. Helms. Lima.
Stephen L. Herrick, Grinnell.
J. M. Hudson, Mason City, 1866
Darius E. Jones, Davenport.
Joseph R. Kennedy, Gnnnell.
Daniel Lane, Belle' Plaine.
Ozias Littlefleld, Seneca.
Addison Lyman, Kellogg.
Geo. F. Magoun, d.d., Fres. Coll.,
Grinnell.
William H. Marble, Grundy Centre.
B. H. Martin, Ogdeii 1873
James R. Mershon, Newton.
James M. Mitchell, Burr Oak.
(118)
Digitized by CjOOQ IC
400
MnnSTERS WITHOUT PASTOBAL CHARGE.
[1877.
John C. Moses, Clinton.
Jftmes A. Northrup, Otisville.
Jonathan H. Parlin, Staoeyville.
Henry M. Par melee, Iowa Falls.
Jonah W. Peet, Prescott.
Samael Penfield, Bioefield.
Joseph W. Pickett, Sap't Home Mis-
sion, Des Moines.
Giles M. Porter, Qamavillo.
Nelson D. Porter, Oskaloosa.
E. T. Preston, Newton.
William F. Rose, Cherokee.
Robert Stuart, Green Mountain.
BenJ. Talbot, Sup't Deaf and Dumb
lust., Council fluffs.
George Thacher, Pres. State Uniy.,
Iowa City.
A. £. Todd, Stuart, 1875
Asa Turner, Oskaloosa.
Ashbel S. Wells, Fairfield.
Beed Wilkinsou, Fairfield.
Loring S. Williams, Glenwood.
Zebina Baker, Waushara.
Elihu Barber, Beattie.
Wesley K. Blake, Phillipsburg.
Bobert Brown, Leavenworth.
James Brunker, Ninnescah.
John H. Byrd. farmer, Tjawrence.
James J. A. T. Dixon, Bunker Hill, 1866
Uriel Farmin, Shiloh.
D. William Hayens, Holton, [Conn.], 1847
Joseph B. Hiles, Ra<lical City.
Peter Mo Vicar, d.d., Pres. Wash-
burn College, Topeka.
Rodney Paine, farmer. North Topeka.
Roswell Parker, Manhattan.
Lewis E. Sikes, Vienna, 1848
Frank H. Snow, ProC State Uni-
versity, Lawrence.
Sylvester D. Storrs, Snpt of Mis-
sions. Topeka.
J. E. Young, Kirwin.
KBlfTUCKT.
Edward H. Fairchild, d.d., Pres.
Coll.. Berea, 1841
B. S. Hunting, Prin. Prep. Dep't,
Berea.
J. A. R. Rogers, Prof. Coll., Beiea.
LOUISIANA.
Nathan B. James, CarroUton.
Hardy Mobley, New Iberia.
J. A. Norager, New Orleans.
Peter P. Proctor, Abberville.
Charles E. Smith, a. p. at Abberville.
MAINB.
Jacob Abbott, Farmington, 1834
Jonathan E. Adams, Sec. Maine
Miss'y Society, Bangor, 1809
Thomas Adams, Winslow, 1818
J. W. H. Baker, New Sharon, 1865
Silas Baker, Standish, 1832
Ernest F. Borchers, Portland, 18G(l
Thomas E. Brastow, Rockland, ^Sfifi
Jonas Burnham, Farmington, 1868
Almon-W. Burr, Hallowell, 1875
Calvin Chapman, Kenn^bunk Port, 1842
Henry Carpenter, Bridgton, 1864
Charles D. Crane, South Paris, 1874
Ephraim C. Cummings, Portland, 1838
David Q. Cnshman, Bath, 1838
Edward F. Cutter, Belfast, 1833
Thomas M. Davies. Yarmonthf 1869
Samuel- L Gould, Bethel, 1839
Henry F. Harding, Qallowell, 1865
Henry B. Hart, Holden, 1869
George W. Hathaway, Skowhegan, 1833
Herbert R. Howes, Gray, 1870
Horatio Ilsley, South Freeport, 1837
Alfred E. Ives, Castine, 1838
Marcus R. Keep, Dalton, 1847
Elbridge Knight, I ort Fairfield, 1843
John K. Lincoln, Bangor, 1862
Amasa Loring, Fozcroft, 1842
Joseph Loring, East Otisfleld.
George S. Osboni, South Sauford, 1836
Edward R. Osgood, Blue Hill.
Alpheus S. Packard, Pro£ Coll.,
Brunswick, 1850
Levi L. Paine, Prof. Theol. Sem.,
Bangor, 1861
Wooster Parker, Belfkst, 1832
John Parsons, Keunebunk, 1857
William Pierce, West Buxton, 1836
Enoch Pond, Prof. Theol. Sem.,
Bangor, 1815
J. Evarts Pond, Milltown, a. p. N.
Brunswick.
Daniel F. Potter, Brunswick, 1852
Henry Richardson, Gilead, 183J
John S. Sewall, Prof. Coll., Bangor, 1859
Alfred L. Skinner, Bucksport, 1854
Daniel Smith Talcott, Prof. Theol.
Sem., Bangor, 1836
Henry G. Storer, Oak Hill, 1850
Daniel D. Tappan, Weld, 1826
Sewall Tenney, Ellsworth, 1831
James B. Thornton, Scarborough, 1851
Stephen Thurston, Searsport, 1826
Stephen Titcomb, Farmington, 1856
Henry M. Vaill, Cape Elizabeth, 1861
Israel P. Warren, editor, Portland, 1842
William Warren, Dis. Sec. A. B. O.
F. M., Gorham, 1840
John G. Wilson, Portland, 1851
MABSACHUSBmS.
Frederick R. Abbe, Dorchester, 1857
Edward Abbott, editor, Boston, 1863
William P. Alcott, Boston, [Conn.], 1818
Edmund K. Alden, d.d., Sec. A. B.
C. F. M., Boston, i860
George E. Allen, East Somerville, 1858
Rufus Anderson, d.d., Boston, 1826
George N. Anthony, Peabody, 1865
Lewis P. Atwood, South Middleboro', 1866
William F.Avery, Lane8boro*,[ Wis. 1,1866
Thomas E. Babb. Oxford, 1869
William F. Baoon, Chelsea, [N. H.], 18b7
(114)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.]
MINISTERS WITHOnr PASTORAL CHARGE.
401
Hom«r Barrows, Andover, ' 1836
William Barrows. D.D., Sec Mass.
H. M. Society, Boston, lM5
Gharleii G. Beaman, Boston, 1839
Warren H. Beaman, Amherst, 1841
Edward A. Benner, Lowell.
Andrew Bisrelow, d.d.. Southboro', 1841
John H. Biflbee, Wei«tfield, la'U
Thoma8 G. Biscoe, Holliston, 1838
Oeoryce W. Blagden, d d., Boston, 1827
Henry B. Blake, Springfleld, 1M«
Gharles R. Bli^s, Wakefield, 1859
Milton P. Braman.D.D.,Anburndale, 1826
David Brif^ham, Bridge water, 1819
Levi Brighara, Marlboro', [N. H.], ia37
Frank L. Bristol, Boston. 1875
Asa Ballard, Gong. Pub. Society,
Boston, 1832
Ebenezer W. Bullard, Stockbridge,
[N. H.], 1838
Daoiel G. Burt, New Bedford, 1835
William Bushnell, m.d„ Boston, 1832
Daniel Butler, Sec. Mass. Bible Soci-
ety, Boston, 1838
Daniel R. Gadv.D.D.. Westboro', 1845
Willi;im Garruthers, Pittufield, 1868
Bufus Gase, Hubbardston, 1842
Elias Ghaproan. Boston Highlands, 1845
John W. Ghickering. dd.. Agent
Mass. Temp. 8oc., Wakefield, 1830
Benjamin F. Glark, No. Ghelmsford, 1839
E. Benedict Glark. Ghicopee, 1839
Edward W. Clark, Westboro', [N. H.],1850
N. George Glark, D.D., Sec. A. B. G.
F. M.. Boston, 1857
Sereno l>. Glark, d.d , Gamb'port, 1840
Dorus Glarke, d.d., Boston. 1823
Edward Glarke, Chesterfield, 1839
Nath'l Cobb, evangelist, Kingston, 1827
William S. Goggin, Boxford, 1838
Henry Cooley, Springfield, 1846
William M. Gomell, m.d., d.d., ll.d.,
editor, Baston, 1830
John P. Gowles, Ipswich, 1833
Josiah D. Cro^bv, Ashbumham, 1837
Joseph W. Gross, Worcester, 1834
Christopher Gushing, d.d., editor
of Oong. Quarterly f Boston. 1849
Sam'l H. Dana, Newton Highlands. 1872
Henry M. Dexter, d.d., editor of
CongregationcUUtt Boston, res. New
Bedford, 1844
Anstin Dodge, Boston Highlands, 1866
aeorge T. Dole, Reading. 1842
Michael A. Dougherty, Boston.
EzHkiel Dow, Becket Centre, 1845
Ellis R. Drake. Middleboro', 1868
Calvin Durfee, D D., Williamstown, 1828
E. Porter Dyer, South Abington, 1839
Lucius R. Eastman, evangelist, Bos-
ton, • 1873
Joseph M. R. Eaton, Fitchbnrg, 1840
Henry L. Edwards, Snp't Schools,
Northampton, 1857
Nathaniel Esrgleston, Teacher, Wil-
liamstown, [Conn.]. 1845
Alfred Emerson, Dorchester, 1845
Joshua Emery, North Weymouth, 1835
Samuel H. Emery, Taunton, 1837
Amzi B. Emmons, Oxford, 1873
William T. Eu.itis. pastor of Ind.
ch., Springfield, rc<mn.], 1846
Luther Farnham, Lib. Gren. Tbeol.
Library, Boston.
Warren G. Fiske, farmer, Charlton, 1847
Stacy Fowler, Millbury, 1862
Wakefield Gale, Easthampton, 1826
* A lien Gannett, Edgartown, 1836
William Gallagher, Jr., Teacher, Bos-
ton, [III. J, [N. J.], 1874
Austin S. Garver, Greenwood, 1872
Ebenezer Gav, Bridgewater, 1818
Edward J. Giddings, Housatonic, 1857
Mark Gould, Ashbumham, [N. H.], 1851
Benjamin F. Grant, Maiden, 1876
Edward H. Griffin, Frot Coll., Wil-
liamstown. 1868
Jos. G. Halliday, East Weymouth, 1864
Gharles Hammond, li«.d., Principal
of Academy, Monson, 1855
Frederick A Hand, Dorchester, 1872
Stedman W. Hanks, Sec. Am. Sea-
men's Friend Society, Boston, 1840
Eli W. Harrington, North Beverly, 1837
John Haskell, Billenca, [Conn.], 1850
Webster Hazlewood, Everett, 1869
Phineas G. Headley, Boston.
Simon L. Hobbs, Ashfield, 1854
Edwin R. Hodgroan, Westford, 1849
Francis Homes, farmer, Easton, 1854
Jacob Hood, Lynnfield, 1859
Henry B. Hooker, d.d., Boston, 1826
James M. Hubbard, Cambridge, 1862
Henry L. Hubbell, Amherst, 1861
John C. Hutchinson, Cummington, 1850
Alexis W. Ide. West Med way, 1859
George A. Jackson, Globe Village, 1872
Edwin L. Jaggar, Auburndale, 1862
Henry G. Jesup, Amherst, 1854
Gtoorge B. Jewett, d.d., Salem, 1855
John B. B. Jewett, Pepperell, [N.H.],1851
Seth H. Keeler, d.d., Somerville,
Caleb Kiinhall, Medway, 1832
James P. Kimball, Sec. Am. Tract
Soc, Boston, 1857
Matthew Kingman, Amherst, 1845
Gharles A Kingsbury, Chestnut
Hill, 1872
Isaac P. Langworthy, Sec. Am.
Gong. Assoc., Boston, 1841
Amos E. Lawrence, Newton Centre, 1848
E<lward A Lawrence, d.d., Mar-
blehead. 1839
Robert F. Lawrence, Maiden, 1834
John H. M. Leland, Amherst, 1847
Aretas G. Loom is, Greenfield, 1850
John M. Lord, Rockland, 1851
Henry A. Lounsbury, Boston, 1856
William DeLoss Love, d.d., Andover,
[Mich.l
Leonard Luce, Westford , 1 829
George Lvman, Amherst, 1851
Elbridge !P. McElroy, Brockton, 1870
(115;
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
402
MINISTERS WITHOUT PASTORAL CHARGE.
[1877.
William A. Mandell, insurance ag't,
CambridReport, 1842
Asa Mann, Raynham, 1844
Lorinjf B. Mar>«h, Sterling, [Oonn.l, 1859
Francis E, Marsten, Boston Hign-
lands, 1875
Abijah P. Marvin. Lancaster, 1844
Anson MoLond, Topflfield, 1841
CharlpsM. Mead, Prof. Theol. Bern.,
Andover, 1868
John O. Means, D.D., Boston High-
lands, , 1851
William Mellen, Oakham, 1877
Josiah Merrill, Boston. 1848
Selah Merrill, d.d., Andover.
Elbridfre W. Merritt, Haidwick, 1886
Stacy Fowler. Mill bury, 1862
JoelD. Miller, Teacher, Leominster, 1866
Simeon Miller. Springfield. 1846
S«irdis B. Morley. Pittsfield. 1851
Stephen S. Morrill, Amherst, 1859
Joseph U. Munsell, Harwichport, 1831
Myron A. Munson. Neponset, 1866
William H. H. Murray, pantor of
New England ch, Boston, [Conn.], 1868
Clarendon F. Muazy, Amherst, 18:^8
Ebeueser Newhall, Cambridge, 1823
John F. Norton, Hubbardnton, 1844
Smith Norton, Boston, [Wis.]
Benjamin Ober, Petersham, 1834
Bernard Paine, Boston, 1867
Calvin E. Park, Teacher, West Box-
foid, 1838
•Edwards A. Park, d.d. Prof. Theol.
Bem., Andover, 1831
Ebeneser 6. Parsons, Prin. Acad.
Byfield, [N. H.], 18^V
Charles Peabody, Springfield, 1841
Henry K. W. Perkins, Cambridge-
port, • 1858
Ralph Perry, Agawam, 1844
Austin Phelps, d.d.„ Prof. Theol.
Sem., Aodover, 1842
Winthrop H. Phelps, South Bgre-
mout, 1848
Daniel Phillips, North Chelmsford, 1861
Lebbeus R. Phillips, farmer, Groton, 1841
John Pike, d.d., Rowley, 1838
Jeremiah Pomeroy, South Deerfield, 1833
♦Edmund S. Potter, West Somer-
ville, 1843
Francis G. Pratt, Middlehorough, 1849
Llewellyn Pratt, D.D., Prof. Coll.,
Williamstown, 1864
Miner G. Pratt, Andover, 1828
Hiram B. Putnam, Salem, 1868
Alonzo H. Quint, d.d.. New Bed-
ford; present P. O. Dover, N. H., 1853
Frederick A. Reed, East Taunton, 1848
Austin Richards, d.d., Boston, [N.H.],1 827
Jacob Roberts, Auburndale, 1839
Rockwood, Samuel Ih, No. Wey-
mouth, 1840
Augustine Root, Taunton, 1858
William L. Ropes, Librarian Theol.
Sem., Andover, 1853
Ezekiel Russell, d.d. , Holbrook, 1836
Raalis Sanford, East Bridgewater, 1827
Enoch Sanford, Raynham, 1822
Willlaift H. Sanford, Worcester, 1«J3
Theophilus P. Sawin, Somerville, 1843
Julius H. Seelye, d.d., pastor and
Pres. C(»ll., Amherst, 1853
L. Clark Seelye, d.d., Pres. Smith
Coll, Northampton. 1863
Samuel T. Seelye, d.d., Easthamp-
ton, 1846
Alexander J. Sessions, Beverly, 1838
Jotham B. Sewall, 1855
Charles B. Smith, West Medford, 1879
William S. Smith. Auburndale, 1854
Egl>ert C. Smvth. D.D., Prof.
Theol. Sem., Andover, 1856
William S. Spaulding, Lynn, 1848
Charles V. Spear, Principal of Insti-
tute, Pittsfield, 1852
S. Lewis B. Speare, Charlestown, 1874
Milan C. Stebbins, Teacher, Spring-
field, 1864
RoUin S. Stone, Southampton
[N. Y.], 1S3S
Timothy D. P. Stone, Springfield, 1843
Joseph E. Swallow, Alford,
[Conn.1. 1848
Increase N. Tarbox, D D. , Sec. Am.
Coll. & Ed. Soc, Boston, 1842
John Tatlock, LI/.D., attorney, Pitts-
field, 1852
John u Taylor, d.d.. Prof. Theol.
^ Sem., Andover, 1839
John P. Taylor, Andover, [Conn.], 1868
Albert K. Teele, Blue Hill, 1854
Josiah H. Temple, Framingham, ISHS
Edward P. Tenney, Manchester, 1869
Francis V. Tenney, Saugus Centre, 1845
Erdix Tenny, Westbon/, [N. H.], 1831
Calvin Terry, North Weymouth, 1846
Isaiah C. Tharher, Lakeville, 1845
J. Henry Thayer, d.d.. Prof. TheoJ.
Sem., Andover, 1859
Wm. M. Thayer, See. Mass. Temp.
Alliance, Franklin, 1847
Leander Thompson, North Wo-
hum, 18S8
Joshua T. Tucker, d.d., Boston, 1837
James Tufts, Teacher, Monson, 1844
Henry M. Tyler, Prof. Smith Coll.,
Northampton, 1872
William S. Tyler, d.d., Prof. Coll.,
Amherst, 1859
•Daniel W. Waldron, City Mission-
ary, Boston^^ 1867
Cyrus B. Whitoomb, Shelburne
Falls, 1874
Lyman Whiting, D.D., Reading, [N.
J], 1843
James M. Whiton, ph.d., Prin.
Acad., Easthamptmi, 1854
Daniel Wight, Natick, 1842
Worcester Willey, Andover, 1844
Charles L. Woodworth, Dist. Secre-
tary, A. M. A., Boston, 1849
Isaac R. Worcester, Auburndale, 1837
Granville Yager, Boston, 1876
fn6)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1577.]'
MINISTERS WITHOUT PASTORAL CHARGE.
403
T. C. Abbott, Pres. Agricult. CJoll.,
Lansing, • 1867
Amos B. Adams, farmer, Benzonkt.
William C. Allen, Sau^atuck, 1873
James Armstronfi^, Orion, 1854
Henry A. Aostin, farmer, Pleasan-
ton, 18IS6
Charles E. Bailey, Sec. G. T. ColL,
Benzonia, 1855
Roberto. Baird, See. Agricalt Coll.,
Lansine:, 1859
John A Baldwin, Plymouth, Fresh., 1875
James Ballard, retired, Grand Rap-
ids, 1»»
Isaac Barker, retired, Rockford, 1827
Samuel P. Barker, Brantford, Ont, 1862
Alonzo Barnard, farmer, Benzonia, 1845
Step*n A. Barn-^rd, retired, Lansing, 1830
Frank T. Bayley, Detroit, Mich.,
Presh., 1873
Abraham L. Bloodiro«d, Monroe,
[Conn.], 1843
Samuel D. Breed, Tpsilanti, 1862
Alvin H. Brown, in business, Jack-
son, 1864
Tbeophilus S. Brown, in business,
, Croton, 1842
Thomas L. Brown, Vermont ville, 1873
Samuel E. Busser, Saranac, 1874
Horatio Q Butterfield, d.d., Pres.
Coll., Olivet, 1845
William L Camp, Solon, 1875
Davillo W. Comstock, Adrian, 1861
Joseph L. Daniels, Prof Coll. ,01lTet, 1876
John B. DawMon, Tmlay City, 1860
Edmund Dyer, Dundee, 1836
Hiram Elmer, Olivet, 1844
Reuben Evarts, Battle Creek, 1858
John Fawcett, Cedar Spriniirs, 1862
James G. Freeborn, Grand Rapids, 1863
Henry M Goodwin, Prof. Coll., Olivet, 1851
Simeon S. Haines, Tustitf, 1876
Eben L. Hill, Armada, 1876
Oramel Hosford, Prof Coll., Olivet, 1*58
Robert Hovenden, retired. Pontine, 1860
Philo R. Hurd, d.d., Detroit, 1840
Thomas Jones, Detroit
Adam S. Kedzie, Fin. Sec. Chicaf^o
Theol. Sem., Dowa^^iac, 1845
N. D. Lanphear, Ypsilanti, 1876
William S. Lewis, rarmer, Pleasan-
ton, 1843
Asa Mahan, d.d., I^frndon, England,
Moses Q. McFarland, Parma, 1843
James A McKay, retired, Grand
Rapids, 1844
Daniel Miller, farmer. Glen Arbor, 18()1
Henry C. Morse, farmer,nniou City.
James Nail, retired, Detroit.
Nicholas Neerken, Fruitport, 1876
Selah W. Noyes, in business, Litch-
field, 1866
Norman L. Otis, Crystal, 1859
Charles Parker, in business. Coral.
Samuel Phillip!^, Disco, 1837
John D. Pierce, retired, Ypsilanti.
Herbert A. Read, Marshall.
Samuel Sessions, retired, St. John's, 1832
Emerson F. Smith, Benzonia, 1875
Solomon Snider, Coral, 1849
Charles Spooner, retired. Olivet, 1839
William D. Stout, Ransom.
James F Taylor, SauRatiick, 1835
Charles Temple, retired, Otsego.
Oren C. Thompson, Detroit, 1834
George M Tuthill, Supt. Am. Bible
.Soc, Kalamazoo, 1847
Leroy Warren, Supt. A H. M. Soc,
Grand Rapids, 1862
Waters W:irrpn, retired. Three Oaks.
William P. Wastell, retired, Clin-
ton, 1832
Wolcott B. Williams, Snpt. Am.
Home Miss'y Soc, Charlotte.
MINNESOTA.
Jeremiah R. Barnes, Zumbrota, 1838
Sydney B. Barceau, Zumbrota, 1851
David Burt, State Supt. of Pub. In-
struction, St. Paul, 1851
Gabriel Campbell, Prof. Slate Univ.,
Minneapolis, 1868
Nathan C. Chapin, Rochester, 1851
L. Henry Cobb, Supt. A. H. M. S.,
Minneapolis, 1857
Ebenczer Douglas, Anoka, 1856
Prescott Fay, Minnea|>oli8, 1857
Richard Hall, St. Paul, 1850
Sylvanus H. Kellogg, Swansea, 1857
George M. Landon, Minneapolis,
[Wis.], 1868
Ephraim Lyman, Minneapolis,
[MassJ. 1835
Caleb W. Matthews, Le Verne,
[Wir».] , 1851
F. McCraken, Dodge Centre, 1875
Elijah W. Merrill, Spring Valley, 1864
William W. Norton, Alexandria, 1858
Nathaniel H. Pierce, Minneapolis, 1861
Alpheus J. Pike, Sauk Centre, 1859
Edward N. Raymond, Granite Falls, 1862
Charles Shedd, Waseca, 1842
Jesse G. D. Stearns, Zumbrota, 1843
James W. Strong, d.d. , Pres. Carle-
ton Coll!, Northfleld, 1862
John C. Strong, Chain Lake Centre, 1846
Cassius M. Terrv, St. Paul, 1871
Austin Willey, Northfield, 1859
Nelson Young, 1843
Frederick A. Armstrong, Webster
Groves. [III.]
Joseph Bartlett, North Springfield. 1847
Oliver Brown, Prof. Coll., North
SpringBeld.
Ellas E. Kirkland, TMicbJ
Cephas A. Leach, editor, Sedalia.
Nathan J. Morrison, d.d., Prea.
Druiry Coll., North Springfield.
(117)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
404
MINISTERS WITHOUT PASTORAL CHARGE.
[1877.
John D. Parker, editor, Kansas City,
[KanJ
Edwin D. Seward. Laclede.
Mortimer Smith, Pierce City.
William Twining, St Louia.
Eobert West, Supt of Missions, St.
Louis.
NBBBASKA.
J. Wing Allen, Saline Go.
' William B. Atkinson, Wahoo, [111.], 1851
Gharlefl G. Bisbee, Fontanelle.
John Gadwatlader, Lincoln.
* Edmnnd B. Fairfl»»ld,D.D., Chancel-
lor State Univ., Lincoln.
Asa Farwell, instructor Coll., Crete.
Hiram N. Gates, Sup't Home Mis-
sions. Omahs.
S. A. Groot, Macon.
Isaac £. Heaton, Fremont.
Charles Hibbard, Fairmont.
D. Brainerd Perry,Prof. Doane Coll.,
Crete.
Thomas Pu^^h. Fairfield, 1842
Julius A. Reed, Columbus.
Marshall Tinf^ley, Blair.
Jacob Winslow, Hastings, 1861
KBW HAXPSHIBB.
Almon Benson, Centre Harbor, 1840
Jeremiah Blake, H.D., Gilmanton
Iron Works.
Nathaniel Bouton, d.d., Concord, 1826
Justin E. Burbank, 1858
Alex. C. Child. Oxfordville,
John Clark, Plymouth, 1835
Sumner Clark, Wakefield, 1845
William Clark, d.d., Amherst, 1828
Liba Conant, Bristol, 1823
♦David Connell, Plymouth.
Jonathan B. Cook, Hebron, 1850
Corban Curtice. Til ton, 1843
Charles A. Downs, State Sup't Pub-
lic Instruction, Lebanon, 1849
♦Benjamin ^la, Merrimack, 1846
Brown H. Emerson, Thornton's
Ferry.
Albert W. Fiske, Fisherville, ISaS
Joshua S. Gay, Meredith, 1848
•William M. Gay, Thornton's Ferry, 1863
George Goodyear, Temple, 1828
Edward H. Greeley, Sec. N. H. Mis-
sionary Soc., Coupord, 1849
James B. Hadlev, Campton, 1837
•Jeffries Hall, Lyndeborough, 1833
Ezra Haskell, Dover, 1860
David S. Hibbard, teacher, Gilman-
ton Centre, 1860
Morris Holman, Antrim, 1845
♦Edwin JeDuison, Walpole, 1^31
William R- Jewett, Concord, 1837
Henry A. Kendall, Concord, 1840
Giles 'Leach, Meredith Village, 1833
•Samnel Lee, New Ipswtrh, 1830
Abel Manning, Goffntown, 1820
Daniel McClenning, £a.st Concord, 1852
Daniel J. Noyes, d.d., Prot Coll.,
Hanover, 1837
Israel T. Otis, Exeter, 1835
Jesse Page. Atkinson, 1835
Henry £. Parker, d.d., Pro£ ColL,
Hanover, 1849
William A. Patten, Kingston, 1850
•Daniel Pulsifer, Danbury.
William H. Rand. Manchester, 1872
Thomas E. Roberts, Keene, 1861
Heman Rood, d.d., Hanover, 1826
•Daniel Sawyer, Hopkinton.
•Edwin Seabury, Walpole.
Amos F. Shattuck, Hollis, 1868
John C. Smith. Winchester.
Charles L. Tappan, Sandwich. 1864
Lucius L. Tilden. Nashua, [Vt], 1830
Caleb B Tracy, Wilmot, 1830
George W. Thompson, Stratham, 1840
Isaac Willey, Sec. N. H. Bible Soc,
Pembroke, 1826
Horace Wood, Gilsum, 1830
VBW JEB8ET.
Benjamin F. Bradford, Montclair.
William T.Carr, Elizabeth. rConn.], 1864
Hiram Eddy, Jersey City, [Conn.l, 1839
Henry M. Grant, Stirling, [ConnJ. 1863
Edward C. Miles, Montclair, [N.Y.]
James B. Pearson, Montclair,
[Conn.], 1860
Cyrus Pickett, 1867
Daniel S. Rodman, teacher, Mont-
clair, 1849
Luke I. Stoutenburg, Teacher,
Schooley's Mountain, 1842
William fi. Smith, Newark. 1865
Mifhael E. Striehy, d.d., Sec. Am.
Miss. Ass. (56 Reade Street, Mew-
York), Newark, 1849
Almon Underwood, evangelist, Ir-
vington. [N. Y.], 1837
Rufus S. Underwood, evangelist, Ir-
vington, [N. Y.], 1867
•Dana M. Walcott, Rutherford.
KBW YORK.
Lyman Abbott, editor, New York, 1860
Simeon O. Allen. New York, 1870
Warren Allen, Oswego, 1835
Samuel Bayliss, Sec. Soc. for Poor,
Brooklyn, 1853
Edward Beecher, d.d., Brooklyn, 1826
James C. Beecher, Poughkeensie, 1856
Henry Belden, evangelist, Parkville,
L. I., 1830
Asher Blifls, Onovilk*.
Lewis Bodwell, Clifton Springs.
Charles P. Bush, d.d., A.B.C.F.M.,
New York, 1841
Henry H. Carpenter, Danby.
Shubael Carver, No. Bergen. 1840
Charles N.Cate, New York, [Conn.], 1875
A. Huntington Clapp, d.d., Treas.
Am. Home Miss. Soc., N-w York.
William N. Cleveland, Holland Pat-
ent, 1856
(118)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.]
MINISTERS WITHOUT FA8TOBAI. OHAHOE.
405
David B. Coe, d.d., Sec. Am. Home
Misni. Soo., N«w York.
James 6. Gorde11» Schenectady, 1837
Brastus M. Cravath, Am. Miss. Asso-
ciation. New York, 1860
Charles H. Crawford, Salamanca, 1876
Edward Davies, Waterville. 1853
Thoma8 Douglas, New York, [Iowa], 1868
Isaac M. Ely, Chenango Forks.
George R. Entler, PH.D., Franklin, 1845
Charles P. Evans, Wynantskill, 1874
J. F. Gibbs, East Hamburg.
Henry B. Gilbert, Moti's Cornerf*, 1870
Kflward W. Gilman, D.D., Sec. Am.
Bible Soc, New York.
Anson Gleason, City Missionary,
Brooklyn, 1835
Samuel B. Halliday, Pastoral Assist-
ant, Brooklyn, 1863
Charles A. Harvey, Middletown, 1861
W. Nye Harvey, New York, [Conn.], 1853
Andrew D. Hayford, Crary's Mills, 1852
William D. Heuiy, evangelist,
Jamestown, 1851
Ge<»rge H. Hick, New Hampton, 1871
L. Stnith Hobart, New York, 1841
John C. Holbrook, d.d., Sec, N. Y.
State Home Miss. Soc, Syracuse, 1812
Alfred Ingalls, Smithville, 1856
Simeon S JtKjelyn, Brooklyn, 1829
Edwin Johnson, New York, [Conn.], 1851
William J. Knox, Augnsta, 1862
Daniel Lancaster, New York, 1826
Henry LoomiR. Poughkeepsie, 1859
Benjamin N. Martin, d.d., Prof.N.Y.
Univ.. New York.
Henry H. MoFarland, Am. Sea
Friends* Soc, New Y«»rk.
William McKay, City Missionary,
Brooklyn, 1867
Darius Mead, New York, [Conn,], 1833
Harvey Miles, Runsell. 1845
(Jeorge C, Milne, Brooklyn, [Conn.], 1872
Ovid Miner, Syracuse, 1835
Mason Moore, Saratoga, [Vt.], 1873
Henry Morris, Bingham pton, 1832
John Newton, Philadelpnia.
George B. Nntting, Oramel, 1851
Simeon North, d.d., Clinton, 1842
J. A. Payne, Tarry town.
Ray Palmer, d.d,. Sec. Am. Cong.
trnion> New York.
Simeon Parm^lee, d.d., Oswego, 1808
John H, Pettengill, Brooklyn,
[Conn.], 1843
Gastavns D. Pike, Am. Miss. Ass.,
56 Reade Street, New York, 1862
Samuel F. Porter, Onskanv, 18.%
Isaac P. Powell, Clinton, [Conn.], 1868
Charles B. Ray, New York.
Morris Roberts, retired, Remsen
John R. Shipherd, New York City,
[111.]. 1857
Charles F. Stelling, d.d.. Red Hook.
Alexander D. Stowell, Nichols, 1858
Henry M Storrs, d.d , Sec. A. H. M.
Soc, New York, 1852
Charles Strong, Sing Sing, ' 1858
Edward Taylor, d.d., Bingham ton, 1847
Edwin B. Turner, Owe go. *
C. E. Upson, Lewis, 1875
H. R. Waite, editor, New York City. 1871
William H. Ward, d.d., editor of
IndepencUmt, New York.
Asahel C. Waahburne. Syracuse, 1827
William Westerfleld, Morris^nia, 1871
William H. Whittemore, Brooklyn, 1831
Moses H. Wilder, Brooklyn.
Wsrren W. Warner, Volney, 1858
J T. Wilson, 1876
Henry N. Wright, Babylon, L. I.
Nathaniel T. Yeomans. Bristol, 1832
Samuel Young. Brier Hill, 1840
Christopher Youngs, Aquebogue,
L. L, 1830
OHIO.
Israel W. Andrews, d.d., Pres. Coll.,
Marietta. 1857
George Bsrnum, retired, Wauseon, 1843
Elijah P. Barrows, d.d.. Prof. Theol.
Sem., Oberlin, 1832
Samuel B, Bell, Mansfield.
Jas. G. Bowersox, farmer, Edgerton, 1869
Aaron Brown, Delaware, 1867
Willard Burr, Oberlin.
Charles H. Churchill, Prof. Coll.,
Oberlin.
Cfeorge Clark, retired, Olierlin.
Edward P. Clisbee, Oberlin, [Wis.], ia57
Henry Cowles, d.d., lecturer, Oberlin,1828
John G. W. Cowles, Cleveland.
Abraham A. Cressman, Monroeville, 1877
Elam J. Cummings, retired, Kel-
loggsville, 1841
John M. Elli.s, Prof. Coll., Oberlin, 1866
David Evans, Oak Hill.
Evan Evans, evangelist, Oak Hall.
Thos. Evans, farmer, Mineral Ridge, 1841
Jas H. Fairchild, D.D., Pres. Coll.,
Oberlin, 1841
William W. Foot, teacher, Geneva, 1864
Andrew JJHadley, Toledo.
Heman B. Hall, Oberlin, 1851
Austin N. Hamlin, Westerville, 1844
Reuben Hatch, Oberlin. 1850
Henry B. Hosford, Prof. Coll., Hud-
son.
Benjamin Jones, ftrmer, Granville.
Sylvanus M. Judson, Sylvania,
[Mich.]
Theodore J. Keep, Oberlin, 1877
Henry Ketohum, Collamer.
Henry D. King, former, Orwell, 1856
Larmon B. Lane, Welling^n, 1848
John Lloyd, clerk, Shawnee.
Hiram Mead, d.d.. Prof. Theol. Sem.,
Oberlin, 1858
Daniel R. Miller, evangelist, Oberlin, 1837
John Morgan, d.d., Prof. Theol.
Sem., Oberlin, 1837
Charles E. Page. Chardon, 1873
Stephen D. Peet, Ashtabula, 1855
Samuel W. Pierson, in railroad of-
fice, Painesville, 1844
(119)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
406
HIMSTEB8 WITHOUT PASTOBAL CHABOB.
[1877.
David C. Perry, Col ambus.
William P«>tter, Hampden, 1820
Lemael S Potwin, Piofl GolL, Had-
son, 1860
Ira M. Preston, instraotor Coll., Ma-
rietta, 1848
Archibald S. Shaft^r. Oberlin.
Luther Shavr, retii;ed, Tallmad^re, 1830
Judson Smith, Prof. Theol. Sem.,
Oberlin, 18flR
Luciufl Smith, retired, Strongsville, 1841
B. T. Stafford, Streetsboro', 1877
Lewis B. Tackerman, Teacher, Aus-
tinburff, 1874
John Winans, retired. Freedom, 1826
Samuel Wolcott, do., Sec Ohio H.
M. Soc'y, Cleveland, 1838
OBBGOV.
Thomas Condon, Pro£ State Univ.,
Eugene City.
E. Go«lfr(*y, Philomath.
J. H. D. Henderxon, F^^uf^ne City.
Horaoe Lyman, Prof. Pacific Univ.,
Forest ijrove.
PBHW8YLVAKIA,
Seth C. Brace, Philadelphia, [Conn.], 1860
William Davi«*«, Mount Carmel.
Joseph Davidon, retired, Riceville.
Thomas Edwards, Birmingham.
E. B. Evans. M.D., Hyde Park.
Ivory H. B. Headley,a.p. Philadelphia.
Benjamin Labaree, d.d., Philadel-
phia, [N. H.]
Edward R. Lewis, Hyde Park.
William Macnab, Orwell.
John H. Nason, East Smith fiisld, 1862
William B. Orvis, m.d., editor, Phila-
delphia, 1847
L. Reed, retired, Erie.
Edwin W. Rice, editor. Am. S. S.
Union, Philadelphia, I860
Micah W. Strickland, Prentissvale, 1834
D. D. Thomas, EbensburRh. *
Henry C. Trumbull, editor Sunday
School Times, Philadelphia, 1R62
Georp:e W. Walker, Centre^^ille, 1862
Moseley H. Williams, iu literature,
Philadelphia, 1868
RHODE ISLAKO.
Henry T. Arnold, Providence,
William H. Ash, Providence,
J. Lewis Dimau, d.d.. Prof. Univ.,
Providence,
Daniel Dodeef Providence,
Walter P. Doe, Providence,
Grin P. Otis, Providence,
Augustus M. Rice, Little Compton,
David Shepley. d.d.. Providence,
Jeremiah Taylor, d.d.. Sec. R. I.
Miss. Soc'y, Providence,
Kinsley Twining, Providence.
John K. Wells, Kingston,
Nathan W. Williams, Providence,
1871
1877
1856
1826
1847
1847
1873
1829
1847
1851
1849
F. A. Chase, Prof. Fisk Univ. .Nash-
ville.
George W Moore, Nashville.
Adam K. Spenoe, Prof. Fisk Univ.,
Nashville.
TEXAS.
J. A. Adams, editor, Dallas.
1839
John F. Aiken, Pawlet.
William P. Aikin. Rutland.
.Tames Anderson, Manchester,
Thomas Baldwin, Plymouth.
Alanson D. Barber, editor of Vi.
Chronicle, Wallingford.
Eben C. Birge, Londonderry.
Moses B. Bradford, MoIudoe*s Falls, 1828
James Buckham. Burlington, 1820
Franklin Butler, editor, Windsor, 1843
Calvin B. Cady, 183«
Augustus Chandler, ed.,Brattleboro*, 1860
Josiah B. Clark. Ludlow. 1838
William Clark, Newbnry.
Jonathan Clement, d.d., Norwich, 1830
Nelson F. Cobleigh, Mclndoes.
John K. Converse, agent Col. Soc'y,
BurliuflTton, 1832
Samuel W. Dike, West Randolph, 1880
James Dougherty, d.d., Johnson, 1832
Henrv Fairbanks. Sec'y Vt. Y. M.
C. A., SL Johnsbury, 1858
Amos Foster, Putney, 1865
Qeorge H. French, Johnson, 1871
Lyndon S French, Franklin, 1834
Homer T. Fuller, Prin. Acad., St-
Johnsbury, 1870
Joseph Fuller, Vershire. 1830
Matthew A. Gates, St. Johnsbury,
[N. H.]
Jeremiah Glines, Lunenburg.
Daniel Goodhue, Burlington, 1848
John E Goodrich. Prof. Univ., Bur-
lington, 1*5*
Lewis Grout, agent A. M. A., West
Bratt:eboro', 1846
Robert V. Hall, Newport, 1835
James L. Harrington, Bennington
Centre, . 1876
Asa Hemenway, Manchester.
Henry P. Hickok, Burlington.
Hervey O. Higley, Castleton, 1829
Isaac Hosford, North Thetford.
James C. Houghton, Montpelier, 1840
Jabez T. Howard, West Charleston, 1841
Calvin B. Hulbert, Prea. Coll., Mid-
dlebury, 1859
Frederick Janes, Salisbury, [Conn.], 1837
Joseph Marsh, Thetford.
Spencer Marsh, Burlington.
Ulric Maynard, Cantleton, ' 1828
Still mau Morgan, Bristol.
Franklin W. Olmsted, WUliston.
Horace Pratt, Northfield, 1849
(120)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.J
MINISTERS WITHOUT PASTORAL CHARGE.
407
Charles Redfield, Plainfield, 1859
Amos J. Siiinson, St. Albans.
Charles M. Seaton. Essex Junction, 1837
Bezaleel Smith, West Randolph, 1829
Cbas. 8. Smith, Sec. Vt. Dom. Miss.
Soc*y,-Montpelier, 1865
Eben Smith, Middlebury.
Amasa Stewart, Pittsford, 1829
Oeori^e Stone, North Troy.
James P. Stone. HighKate. 1839
Levi H. Stone, Castleton.
Christopher J. Switzer,' Weston,
ri^.Y.], 1867
William. W. Thayer, librarian, St
Johusbary, 1839
Henry A. P. Torrey, Prof Univ.,
Burlinfirtop. 1865
•George L. Walker, Brattleboro*.
Jos D.Wickham, D.D, Manchester, 1823
J. C. Wilder, Charlotte.
Andrew J. Willard, Burlington, 1857
Robert G. Williams, Castleton.
John H.Worcester, d.d., Burlington.
VIROINIA.
J. B. Johnson, Herndon.
WISOONSIK.
Moses Alley. Waupaca.
George W. Barber, Soldiers' Home,
Milwaukee.
Thomas Bar] and, Eau Claire.
John Bascom, t^l.d., Pres. Coll.,
Madison. [Mass.], 1859
Dei\jamin S. Baxter, Mansion, 1852
Edwin B. Beanh.
Matthew Bennett, Baraboo, 1814
Homer H. Benson, Agent Beloit
C«.ll.,Beloit, 1W5
Jonathan E. Bissell, Milwaukee, 1877
James J. Blaisdell, d.d., Prof. Coll.,
Beloit, 1853
Edward Brown, La Crosse, 1863
Aaron L. Chapin, d.d.. Pres. Beloit
Coll., Beloit, 1844
Lnther Clapp, Wauwatosa. 1845
Otis F. Curtis, Emerald Grove, 1828
Hiram H. Dixon, Ripon, 18.'S2
Franklin B. Doe, Sup't Am. H. M.
Soc., Ripon, 1854
Solomon A. Dwinnell, Reedshnrg, 1853
Joseph Emerson, Prof. Coll., Beloit, I860
Robert Everdell, Fond du Lac, 1863
Hiram Freeman.
James T. Gaskill, Hartland, 1870
Nathaniel G. Goodhue, Johnstown
Centre, 1843
Henry A. Gould, Hammond, 1869
Chester Hinman, Clear Lake.
Horace H. Hinman, 1860
Philip J. Hof, Bo^obel, 1852
James Jameson, Magnolia, 1841
David M. Jones, Arena, 1881
Timothy Jones, Watertown.
William W. Jones, Glendale.
James Kilbourn, City Missionary,
Racine, 1840
Frank T. Lee, Milwaukee.
J. H. McChesney, Big Marsh, 1869
Moses M. Martin, Mazomanie, 1868
Nicholas Mayne, a. p. Pres. ch.,
Platteville. 1855
Edw. H. Merrell, Pres. Coll., Ripon, 18h9
William E. Merriman, d.d., Ripon, 1859
Henry A. Miner, Sup't Am. U. M.
Soc., Madison, 1859
Samuel E. Miner, Monroe, 1R44
Charles M. Morehouse, Evansville, 1848
David S. Morgan, Montello, [Mass.], 1867
Richard Morris, Allen's Grove.
John S. Norris, Mondovi.
Frank B. Norton, Burlington, 1864
William. Porter, Prof. Coll., Beloit, 1847
Levi P. Sabin, Centre, 1872
Edward P. Salmon, Beloit, 1831
John C. Sherwin, Menomonee. 1840
Samuel H. Thompson, Clear Lake, 1842
James H. Towle, Prof. Coll., Rinon.
James H. Towne, d.d., MilwauKee,
[Mass]
Thomas A. Wads worth.
Jeremiah W. Walcott, Ripon, 1852
William Walker, Milton.
James H. Waterman, Pewaukee, 1861
Robert M. Webster, Berlin, 1861
Milton Wells. Milwaukee, 1844
Horace A. Wentz, Menomonee, 1853
Lorenzo J White, Reading.
H. M. Whitney. Prof. Coll.. Beloit, 1869
Ludwig Wolfsen, Plymouth, 1873
Albert A. Younff, a. p. Pres. ch.,
New Lisbon, 1861
WTOMIKO.
Jeremiah Porter, Chaplain U. S. A.,
Fort Russell, 1831
|^~ For residences of Home of the above we cannot vouch : ~
L Some are names of ministers lately resigned, to whom we give last address.
2. Some are names appearing on lists of Associations in years long past, whose
present residence is not known.
The Secretary of the National Council will be glad to receive mi-ssing dates of ordi-
nation for names in the above list, and ftrat names instead of initials.
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420 REMARKS UPON THB STATISTICS* [1877.
REMARKS UPON THE STATISTICS.
In the present issue, some improyements may be noted: —
1. A larger type, abundantly clear.
2. In the tables by States, additional space, occupied by a general (but not com-
pleted) insertion of first names of ministers; and two new columns, viz , Families,
and Benevolent Contributions.
3. The transfer of " Ministers without Pastoral Charge," from the (bot of the
several State tables to a group by themselves, securing much greater opportunity for
accuracy; and the insertion, so far as reports and time allowed this year, of the year
of ordination of such ministers.
4. Some additional columns in the general summaries, and an unseen, but care-
ful revision of those of past yearn.
6. In the Alphabetical List of Ministers, reference in each case to the page where
the name may be found in the tables, both for convenience of reference, and for
accuracy in compiling the List.
Some of these improvements will, however, require another year to perfect.
States. — Indian Territory is added to our list. None are dropped.
CoKPABisoKS between figures reported last year and this year are as follows,
the specific changes by States being given in Summary lY: —
Number of churc?ie8 as printed Jan. 1, 1877, 3,609
New churches added to the list, 118
Churches dropped fh>m the list, 63
Net addition.
Total number as now printed.
Number of church members as printed Jan. 1, 1877,
Gain in 40 States gaining,
Loss in 2 States losing.
Total net gain,
Total membership as now printed,
Total number in Sabbath Schools, as printed (revised) Jan. 1, 1877,
Gain in 28 States gaining,
Loss in 13 States losing,
Total net gain.
Total as now printed,
(134)
66
3,664
14,936
147
360,668
14,789
365.447
18,845
6,660
412,036
8,186
420,220
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] BEMARKS UPON THE STATISTICS. 421
BenevolerU C(mtribuH(m$ for year printed (revised ) Jan. 1, 1877, $1 ,184,366.49
Increase in 14 States, reporting both years, $35,698.03
Decrease in 16 " " " 100,115.14
Net decrease in such States, $64,417.11
Increase by 4 States, reporting only this year, $1,075.17
Decrease by 2 " •* " last year, 3,206.11
Net decrease, by such States, 2,130.94
t
Total net decrease, 66,548.05
Total amount for year now printed, $1,117,808.44
For Home E^q>enditttre» for year printed Jan. 1, 1877, * $2,584,166.28
Increase in 10 States reporting both years, $91,565.92
Decrease in 10 " *' *• 170,753.81
Net decrease in sach States, $79,187,89
Increase by 8 States reporting only this year, $1,730. 00
Deoieaseby2 *' " ** last year, 230,544.02
Net decrease by such States, 228,814.02
Total net decrease by reports, 306,001.91
Total amount reported this year, $2,276,164.37
The net gain in church membership is the largest since that given in the issue of
January, 1860, nor does it include the results of the great reviyals of the past
year.
The additions by profession are also the largest since the same issue.
The percentage of deaths as reported is .0145,— doubtless a trifle lower than the
actual &ot. Of the churches actually reporting such items, the percentage appears
to be under .016.
The increase in the number of ministers reported seems to be 18 greater than the
increase in the number of churches. But some States have secured ftiller reports of
membership in Associations, which more than accounts for the difference; the
increase in the total number of ministers being 73, while the increase in the number
not in pastoral service is 84; and the number in pastoral service has diminished by 11.
The number ot installed pastors has diminished by 23; the number of acting pastors
has increased by 12.
The number of churches supplied by Oongregational ministers (either pastors or
acting pastors) has diminished by 20; the number supplied by licentiates, or minis-
ters of other denominations, has increased by 39, and the number unsupplied by
either has increased by 36.
Of course it is understood that most of the " vacant " churches have regular ser-
vice.
But as to pastorates; in the issue of 1858, we had 947 churches with installed
pastors. In this issue of 1878 we have but 898, — while the number of churches' has
increased by 1,249. In 1858 we had 953 iuMtalled pastors; in this issue of 1878 we
have but 889, — while the number of ministers has increased by 1,056.
(136)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
422 BEMABK8 UPON THE STATISTICS. [1877.
The " ordinatiom withoat iiittallAtion " still very decidedly oatnumber ordinaftiaas
to the pastorate.
Of the namber not in pagtoral charge^ a portion are aooonnted for, as follows, —
althoa(|:h the reports of oocapation are very defective, and the namber " retired "
shoald doubtless be counted decidedly larjcer.
Connected with education, n^eneril or professional:
Pftsidents of Colleges (21), Professors (64), other officials (8), Principals of Acade-
mies and teachers (32), State Superintendents (2), School Superintendent (1), — 128.
Connected with the Benevolent Societies, Secretaries, etc., 63.
In missionary work, as evangelists, chaplains, with asylums, etc., 96.
Editors, 2i.
In secular pursuits, — literary work (7), government offices (4), librarians (3), lawyer
(1), physicians (3), in business or farmers (65), — 83.
Betired, from age or infirmity, 102. Total, 436.
Others who have been on our list for years, without change of residence and with-
out even temporary pastoral charge, we do not include in the " retired."
Benevolent ConttibtUionM decreased by 966,548.05. The decrease in the three States
of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York — 870,690.26 — more than covers the
total decrease.
For Borne Expenditures, there appears a large decrease. But New Hampshire does
not report, and thus deducts $228,812.02; and the remaining decrease is more than
covered by the decrease in the single State of Ohio. The tofo/, however, is entirely
unequal to fects, only 23 States reporting, and none of even these fully.
The Secretary of the National Council will be grateful for the correction of errors;
and for information in two particulars; in (1) year of ordination of any minister,
(2) the first name of any minister now ill treated by the insertion of initials alone.
(336;
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] NATIONAL CO-OPERATIVB S'^OIBTIES, 423
NATIONAL COOPEEATIVE SOCIETIES.
L Ahbrioak Boabd of CoKMUSiONiEBS FOB FoBEXGiT M188IOK8. — Organized in
1810.
ComtpondSng Secretaries: Bar. N. Oeorf^e Clark, d.d., and Rev. Edmnnd K.
Allen, D D. Treasurer: Langdon 8. Ward, —all at Congregational House, Boston,
Mass.
District Secretaries:
Maine, New FTampshire, and Vermont, — ^Rey. William Warren, d.d., Gorham, Me.
Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Bhode Island, — in charge of the Secretaries.
New York City and the Middle States, including Ohio,— Bey. Charles P. Bush,
D.D., 39 Bible House, New York City.
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, and
Wisconsin, — Bev. Simon J. Humphrey, 112 West Washington Street,
Chicago, 111.
Women's Board (Auxiliary to the above):
Miss Ellen Carruth and Mrs. G. P. Putnam, Foreign Secretaries; Miss Abbie B.
Child, Home Secretary; Mrs. Benjamin E. Bates, Treasurer; and Miss Emma
Carruth, Assistant Treasurer, 1 Congregational House, Boston.
II. Ambrioait Conorboational yinoN. — Organized in 1853.
Corresponding Secretary: Bey. Bay Palmer, d.d., 69 Bible House, New York City.
Treasurer: Prof. N. A. Calkins, 69 Bible House, New York City.
III. AicBBiOAN HoKB M188IONABT SooiBTT. — Organized in 1826.
Secretaries for Correspondence: Ber. David Q. Coe, d.d., and Bev. Henry M,
Storrs, D.D., at Bible House, New York City.
Treasurer: Bev. Alexander H. Clapp, d.d., Bible House, New York City.
Secretaries of Auxiliaries :
Connecticut, — Bev. William H. Mooxe, Hartford.
Maine,— Bev. Jonathan E. Adams, Bangor.
Massachusetts, — Bev.WilUam Barrows, d.d., 22 Congregational House, Boston.
New Hampshire. — Bev. Edward H. Greeley, Concord.
New York, — Bev. John C. Holbiook, d.d., Syracuse.
Ohio, — Bev. Samuel Wolcott, d.d., Cleveland.
Bhode Island, — Bev. Jeremiah Taylor, d.d., Providence.
Vermont, — Bev. Charles 8. Smith, Montpelier.
8i^>erintendents :
Bev. James H. Warren, d.d., San Fran- Bev. Leroy Warren, Grand Bapids,Mich.
Cisco, Cal. Bev. Wolcott B. Williams, Charlotte,
Bev. Joseph E. Boy, d.d., Chicago, HI. Michigan.
Bev. Martin E. Whittlesey, Jackson- Bev. Levi H. Cobb, Minneapolis, Minn.
ville, HI. Bev. Bobert West, St. Louis, Mo.
Bev. Ephraim Adams, Waterloo, Iowa. Bev. Hiram N. Gates, Omaha, Neb.
Bev. Joseph W. Pickett, Des Moines, la. Bev. Franklin B. Doe, Bipon, Wis.
Bev. Sylvester D. Storrs, Topeka, Kan. Bev. Henry A. Miner, Madison, Wis.
(137)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
424 THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES. [1877.
IV. Ambbioajt Missionabt Association. — OrganiEed in 1846.
Corresponding Secretary: Rev, Michael E. Strieby, d.d , 56 Reade Street, New
York City.
Treasurer: Edf^ar Ketch nm, New Toric City.
Assistant Treasurer: H. W. Hubbard, 56 Reade Street, New York City.
District Secretaries: Rev. Oharles L. Wood worth, 2L Cenf^regattonal Houtte,
Boston, Mass.; ftev. James Powell, 112 West Washington Street, Chicago, 111.; and
Rev. Gustayus D. Pike, 56 Reade Street, New York City.
y. CoNORBOATiONAi* PcTBLiBHiNa SoGiBTr, — Organized in 1832.
Recording Secretary : Rev. Charles B. Rice.
Treasurer: William O. Groyer, Congregational House, Boston, Mass.
VL FOB MINISTERIAL EDUCATION:
1. Ambbican Colleob Ain> Educational Socibtt. — Reorganized in 1874.
Corresponding Secretary : Rev. Increase N. Tarbox, d.d., 32 Congregational House,
Boston, Mass.
Trecuurer : James M. Gkjrdon, 32 Congregational Hou!ie, Boston, Mass.
Assistant Treasurer: Rev. C. P. Bush, d.d., 39 Bible House, New York City.
2. Thb Westbbn Education Socibtt. — Organized in 1864.
Secretary : Rev. Edward F. Williams, Chicago, 111.
Treasurer: Lyman Baird, 90 La Salle Street, Chicago, III.
THE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES.
I. — Andover Theological Seminary, Andover, Mass. Opened for instruction
September 28, 1806.
n. — Theological Seminary, Bangor, Maine. ' Opened for instruction November,
1817.
IIL — Theological Department of Yale College, New Haven, Conn. Opened for
instruction in 1822.
IV. — Theological Institute of Connecticut, Hartford, Conn. Opened for instruc-
tion in 1834.
V. ^Theological Department of Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio. Opened for
instruction in 1836.
VI. —Theological Seminary, Chicago, HL Opened fur instruction October, 1858.
VII. — Pacific Theological Seminary, Oakland, California. Opened for instruc-
tion June, 1869.
Full lists of Faculty and Students, and statements of terms, vacations, etc., ap-
pear annually in the April number of the Congregational Quarterly,
(138)
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
1377.] NATIONAL AND STATE ORGANIZATIONS OF CHURCHES. 425
THE NATIONAL AND STATE ORGANIZATIONS OF
THE CHURCHES.
THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OP THE CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES
OF THE UNITED STATES.— Organized November 17, 187L
Delegates are sent by the churches in their respective local Conferences (one del-
estate for each ten churches and major fraction thereof)* and by the churches in their
respective State organizations (one delegate from each, and one for each ten thou-
sand communicants and m^vjor fraction thereof)* The National Benevolent Societies
and the Theological Semin-irios are also represented by honorary delegates (one
each).
Officers : Rev Alonzo H. Quint, d.d., New Bedford, Mass., Secretary ; Rev. Wil-
liam H. Moore, Berlin, Conn., Registrar; Charles Demond, Esq., Boston, Mass.,
Treasurer ; Langdon S. Ward, Boston, Mass., Auditor.
Ptwlsional Committee: Hon. Horace Fairbanks, St. Johnsbury, Vt., chairman ;
Hon. John E. Sanford, Tauuton, Mass. ; Hon. Amos C. Barstow, Providence, R. I. ;
James B. Augell, ll.d., Ann Arbor, Mich.; Dea. Charles G. Hammond, Chicago,
111.; Rev. James K. McLean, Oakland, Cal.
Stated Meetings^ — every third year Arom 1871. Special meetings to be called upon
the request of any five State organizations of churches.
Alabama, Thb Gbnbral Confbrbncb of the Conqbbgational Churches of.—
Organized April 6, 1876.
Officers and Session of 1878: — No report.
California, Gbxeral Association of. — Organized October, 1867.
Officers: — Rev. James H. Warren, d.d., San Francisco, Registrar and Treasurer;
Rev. Heury E. Jewett, Redwood, Statistical Secretary.
Session of 1878 : Place not selected, Tuesday, October — , at 7i o'clock, p. m.
Coi/OBADO Association of Conorboational CHURCHss.-Organized March 16, 1868.
Officers : Rev. Wiathrop D. Sheldon, Colorado Springs, Statistical Secretary.
Session of 1878: No report.
Connecticut, General Association of. — Organized May 18. 1709.
Officers: Rev. William H. Moore, Hartford, Registrar and Treasurer.
Session of 1878: Meriden, Tuesday, June 18, at 11 o'clock, a. m.
Connecticut, General Conference of. — Organized November 12, 1867.
Officers : Rev. William H. Moore, Hartford, Registrar and Statistical Secretary.
Se^ifion of 1878: New Britain, Tuesday, Nov. 12, at 11 o'clock, a. m.
Dakota, The Congregational Association of. — Organized in 1871.
Officers : Rev. Joseph Ward, Yankton, Corresponding Secretary.
Session of 1878 : Bon Homme, Thursday, October 17, at 7 o'clock, p. m.
District of Columbia : in New Jerset General Association.
(189)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
426 NATIONAL AND STATE ORGANIZATIONS OF CHUECHE8. [1877.
Geoboia, Alabah a, Tbnitbssbb, and Mississippi : Thb Cemtral South Ck>VFBBr
BNCB. —Organized October 25, 1871.
Officers : Rov. Henry S. Bennett, Nashville, Tenn., Statistical Seoretazy and
Treasurer.
Session of 1878: Chattanooga, Tenn., Thursday, Nov. 7, at7i o'clock, p. m.
Illinois, General Association of. — Organized June 21, 1844.
Officers : Rev. Martin K. Whittlesey, Jaclcsonville, Elegistrar and Correspondiag
Secretary.
Session of 1878: Galesburg, Monday, May 27, at 7i o'clock, p. x.
Indian Tbbbitobt. — Not associated.
Indiana, General Association of the Conokeqational Ghxtbchxs and Morra-
tbrs in. —Organized March 13, 1858.
Officers : Rev. Nathaniel A. Hyde, Indianapolis, Secretary and Treasurer. *
Session of 1878: Peru, Thursday, May 9, at7i o'clock, p. h.
Iowa, General Absociation of. Organized Noyember 6| 1840.
Officers : Rev. James G. Merrill, Davenport, Register.
Session of 1878: Tabor, Wednesday, May 29, at 7f o'clock, p. m.
Ejlnsas, General Oboanization of. Organized August, 1855.
Officers: Prof. Jonathan S. Slie, Topeka, Permanent Clerk; Rev. Albert M. Rich-
ardson, Lawrence, Statistical Clerk; William Crosby, Valley Falls, Treasurer.
Session of 1878: Lawrence, Wednesday, June 5, at 8 o'clock, p. h.
Kentucky, The State Association of Christian Chubches abdMinistbbs nr. —
Organized . . .
Officer: Rev. B. S. Hunting, Berea, Stated Clerk.
Session of 1878: No report.
Louisiana: The Southwestern Conference. — Organized January 26, 1870.
Officers: No report.
Session of 1878: Wednesday, January 9. '*
Maine, General Conference of. — Organized January 10, 1826.
Officers: Rev. Ezra H. Byington, Brunswick, Corresponding Secretary; Dea.
EInathan F. Duren, Bangor, Recording Secretary.
Session of 1878: Auburn, Tuesday, June 25, at 9 o'clock, A. H.
Maryland: In New Jersey General Association.
Massachusetts, General Association of the Conoreoational Churches of. —
Organized June 29, 1803, as a ministerial body; including also Conferences of
churches, June 16, 1868, by union of the Association and General Conferbncs
(which was organized September 12, 1860).
Officers: Rev. Alonzo H. Quint, d.d.. New Bedford, Secretary; Rev. James P.
Kimball, Boston, Registrar; George E. Clarke, Falmouth, Treasurer.
Session of 1878: Fall River, Tuesday, June 18, at 4 o'clock, p. H.
Michigan, General Association of. — Organized October 11, 1842.
Officers : Rev. Philo R. Uurd, d.d,, Detroit, Secretary.
Session of 1878: East Saginaw, Tuesday, May 21, at 7i o'clock, p. m.
Minnesota, General Conoreoational Conference of. — Organized October 23,
1856.
Officers: Rev. Nathan C. Chapin, Rochester, Corresponding Secretary; William
Cheney, Minneapolis, Statistical Secretary; Rev. Edward M. Williams, Minneapolis,
Treasurer.
Session of 1878: , Thursday, October 10, at 7 o'clock, p. x.
(140)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.] NATIONAL AND STATE ORGANIZATIONS OP CHURCHES. 427
Mississippi: see Gboboia.
Missouri, Obnie&al Association of thb Congbboational Churchbsof. — Organ-
ized October 27, 1865.
C^ers: Rev. Charles L. Mitchell, Sedalia, Secretary and Treasurer.
Session qf 1878: Kansas City, Thursday, October 17, at 7i P. M.
Nbbbaska, Conobboational Assooiation of. — Organized August 8, 1857.
Officers : Rev. Harmon Bross, Crete, Stated Clerk and Treasurer.
Session 0/1878: Fremont, Wednesday, October 23, at 7i p. h.
Nbyada : in Oenbbaii Association of Caufobnia.
Nbw Hahpshibb, Gbnbbal Association of. — Organized June 8, 1809.
Officers: Rev. Franklyn D. Ayer, Concord, Secretary; Rev. Samuel L. Gerould,
Goffstown, Statistical Secretary and Treasurer.
Session of 1878: Concord, Tuesday, September 10, at 7 o'clock, p. m.
New Jbbsbt, Gbnbbai« Association of. — Organized June 2, 1869.
Officers : Rev. George M. Boyuton, Newark, Secretary.
Session of 1878: Vineland, Tuesday, October 8, at 7i o'clock, p. h.
Nbw Yobk, Gbnbbal Association of. — Organized May 21, 1834.
Officers: Rev. James Deane, Westmoreland, Secretary and Statistical Secretary ;
Rev. William A. Robinson, Homer, Treasurer.
Session of 1878: Oswego, Tuesday, October 15, at 4 o'clock, p. K.
NoBTH Cabolina.— No organization.
Ohio, Conobboational Confbbbncb of.— Organised June 24, 1852.
Officers : Rev. John G. JTraser, East Toledo, Register, Statistical Secretary, and
Treasurer.
Session of 1878: Sandusky, Tuesday, May 7, at 7 o'clock, p. x.
Obbgon, Conobboational Association of. — Organized 1848 (?).
Officers : Rev. Horace L>man, Forest Grove, Registrar.
Session of 1878: Oregon City, Thursday, June 20, at 10 o'clock, a. h.
Pbnnstlyania. — No General Association. Local organizations, viz. :~
L Thb Wblsh CoNaBBOATiONAx* Association of Eastbbn Pennstlyania. —
Oiganized in 1840. Rev. Thomas C. Edwards, Wilkesbarre, Secretary; William S.
Davis, Neath, Treasurer. Session of 1878 : Kingston, in September.
IL Thb Wblsh Conobboational Association of Wbstbbk Piennstlyania. —
Rev. Hugh E. Thomas, D.D., Pittsburg, Secretary.
Session of 1878: Johnstown, in September. '
Other churches are connected with Nbw Tobk, Ohio, and Nbw Jbbsbt.
Rhodb Island Conobboational Confbbbncb. — Organized May 3, 1809.
Officers: Rev. Thomas Laurie, d.o.. Providence, Stated Secretary; George L.
Claflin, Providence. Treasurer.
Session of 1878: Peaoedale, Tuesday, June 11, at 10 o'clock, A. M.
South Cabouna. — Not assooated.
Tbnnbssbb.— 5ee Gboboia.
Tbxas, Conobboational Association of.— Organized December 4, 1871.
Q^tcers ; Rev. Bethuel C. Church, Goliad, Stated Clerk.
Session of 1878: No report.
(141)
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
428 NATIONAL AND STATE ORGANIZATIONS OF CHURCHES. [1877.
Utah. —Not associated.
Vbeuhostt, Gbicbbal Conybntion of Cong&bgational Ministbbs akd Chubohbs
IN.— Organized June 21, 1796. Incorporated June 18, 1873.
Officers: Rev. Charles H. Merrill, West Brattleboro', Secretary; Be7. Parsons T.
Pratt, Dorset, Corresponding Secretary; J. C. Emery, Montpelier, Treasurer.
Session of 1878: Rutland, Tuesday, June 11, at 10 o'clock, a. m.
Viboinia: In Nbw Jbbsbt Gbneral Absociatioit.
Washington Tbbritobt: In Oregon Association.
Wbst Vibginia: In Ohio Confebbnge.
WisooxsiN.— The churches are in the Congregational and Pbbsbttbbiak Con-
vention OF Wisconsin.— Organized October—, 1840.
Officers : Rev. Enos J. Montague, Fort Atkinson, Permanent and Statistical Clerk;
Rey. Henry C Hitchcock, Milwaukee, Stated Clerk and Treasurer.
Session of 1878: Waukesha, Thursday, September 26, at 7i p.m.
Wyoming.- Associated with Colorado.
MEETINGS IN 1878, IN ORDER OP DATE.
Louisiana,
Ohio,
Indiana,
Michigan,
Illinois,
Iowa,
Kansas,
Vermont,
Rhode Island,
Connecticut, —
Association,
Massachusetts,
Oregon,
Maine,
Texas,
New Hampshire,
Pennsylvania, —
Welsh, Eastern,
•• Western,
WiscojMiin,
California,
New Jersey,
Minnesota,
New York,
Missouri,
Dakota,
Nebraska,
Colorado,
Georgia, etc.,
Connecticut,—
Conference,
at Sandusky,
Peru,
East Saginaw,
Galesburg,
Tabor,
Lawrence.
Rutland,
Peacedale,
Meriden,
Pall River,
Oregon City,
Auburn,
Concord,
Annually in January.
Tuesday, May 7, at? o'clock, p. M.
Thursday, May 9, at?) o'clock, p. M.
Tuesday, May 21, at 7i o'clock, p. m.
Monday, May 27, at 7i o'clock, p. m.
Wednesday, May 29, at 7| o'clock, p. m.
Wednesday, June 5, at 8 o'clock, p. m.
Tuesday, Jane 11, at 10 o'clock, a. m.
Tuesday, June 11, at 10 o'clock, a. m.
Tuesday, June 18, at 11 o'clock, a. m.
Tuesday, June 18, at 4 o'clock, p. M.
Thursday, June 20, at 10 o'clock, a. v.
Tuesday, June 26, at 9 o'clock, a. m.
InJulyC?).
Tuesday, September 10, at 7 o'clock, p. i
Kingston, * In September, day not^xed.
Johnstown, In September, day not fixed.
Waukesha, Thursday, September 26,at 7i o'clock,p.M.
Tuesday, October 8, at 7i o'clock, p. m.
Vineland, Tuesday, October 8^ at 7^ o'clock, p. m.
Thursday, October 10, at 7 o'clock, p. m.
Oswego, Tuesday, October 16, at 4 o'clock, p. m.
Kansas City, Thursday, October 17, at 7i o'clock, p. m.
Bon Homme, Thursday, October 17, at 7 o'clock, p. m.
Fremont, Wednesday, October 23,at 7i o'clock, p. m.
In October (?).
Chattanooga, Tenn., Thursday,November 7, at 7i o'clock, p. m.
New Britain, Tue8day,November 12, at 11 o'clock, a. m.
(142)
Digitized by CjOOQ IC
1877.]
LIST OF CONGBEGATIONAL MINISTERS.
429
LIST OF CONGREGATIONAL MINISTERS IN THE
UNITED STATES.
REPORTED BY THE SEVERAL STATE ORGANIZATIONS.
Thb Natiokal Ooxjngil, in 1871, ananimoiuly adopted the following : —
''Rewlvedt That all ministers in oar denomination ought to be in orderly connection
with some nflnisterial or ecclesiastical organization, which nball be able t9 certify to
their regular standing in the ministry/'
The following appears among the Bt-Laws : —
" The Council approves of an annual compilation of the statistics of the churches,
and of a list of such ministers as are reported by the several State organizations."
The following list, in conformity to the above, is made up from the cUphabeticai lists
printed by the State Associations and Conferences (not flrom the preceding tables),
sometimes changed by letters from the Secretaries, with the names of persons regu-
larly ordained 'since the issue of the State Minutes. Any omissions (unless by acci-
dent) are due to the fact that no organization reported the names of the omitted.
Names starred (*) are of such as are reported to be members of no organization of
churches or ministers.
Licentiates are not included in this list, nor are ministers of other denominations,
unless they are also members of some Congregational organization, although they
may be temporarily supplying our churches. A list of Licentiates follows this.
Letters for foreign mis.sionaries are forwarded by the re-^pective Boards. See Mis
sionary Herald and American Mistionary for particular directions.
The figures refer to folios found at the bottom of the pages.
Abbe, Frederick R., Dorchester,
Mads. 114
Abbott, A., Fairfield, Neb. 67
Abbott, CharleM H., Huntley, III. 17
Abbott, Edward, Boston, Mass. .114
Abbott, Edward F., South Wards-
boro', Vr. 100
Abbott, Ephraim E. P., Newport,
N. U. 73
AbDott, Jacob, Furmington, Me. 114
Abbott, Lyman, Now York City, 118
Abbott, T. C, Lansing, Mich. 117
Abernethy, Henry C, Altona, 111. 15,20
Adair, Samuel L., Osawatomie, Kan. 31
■ Adamt), Aaron C, Wethernfield, Ct. 12
Adams, AUon D., Sioux FalN, Dak. 13
Adams, Amos B., Denzonia, Mich. 117
Adams, Benjamin S., Cabot, Vt. 96
Adams, Culvin C^ Montour, la. 2(3
Adams, Charles J., Winfield, Kan. 32
Adams, Daniel E., Ashburnham,
Mass. 41
Adams, Edwin A., A. B. C. F. M. liO
Adams, Ephraim, Waterloo, la. 113
Adam.4, ITred'k H ., New Hartford, Ct. 9
Adams, George B., New Marlboro*,
Mass. 49
Adams, Georgs C, Alton, 111. 15
AdamH,- George M., Holliston, Mass. 46
Adams, Harvey, Bowen's Prairie, la. 23
Adams, J. A., Dali <s, Tex. VJO
Adam«, John, HiUsboro' Centre,
N.H. 72
36
114
120
109
81
42
114
56
45
97
120
120
86
114
Adams, John C, Falmouth, Me.
Adams, Jonathan E., Bsngor, Me.
Adams, Joseph, Coriy, Ph.
Adams, Lucien H., A. B. C. F. M.
Adams, Myron, Rochester, N. Y.
Adams, Nehemiah, Boston, Mass.
Adams, Thomas, Winslow, Me.
Adams, William, Brown, Mich.
Adams, Wm. W., Fall River, Mass.
Aiken, James, Fair lee, Vf.
Aiken, John F., Pawlet, Vt.
Aikin, William P., Rutland, Vt.
Aikman, Joseph G., Utioii, O.
Alcotr, Wni. P., Boston, Mass.
Alden, Ebeuezer, jr., Marshfield,
Mass.
Alden, Edmund K., Boston, Mass.
Alderson, James, Sabula, la.
Aldrich, Jeremiah K., Nashua,
N.H.
Alexander, Walter S., New Orleans,
La.
Allen, Abram Barker, AJpena, Mich.
Allen, Cyrus W., West Hanover,
Mass.
Allen, Ephraim W , No. Middleboro*,
Mass. 48
Allen, Erwin W., Dayton, W. T. 102
Allen, Fredericic B., Boston, Mas«. 42
Allen, Frederick U, Walpole, N. H. 74
Allen, George E., East Somervilie,
Mass. 114
Allen, John A., Odell, IlL 19
47
114
27
73
33
55
4fi
(148)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
430
LIST OF CONGREGATIONAL MINISTERS.
[1877.
Allen, JohnW., North Woodstock,
Ct. Ill
Allen, J. Wing, Saline Co., Neb. 118
Allen, Samuel U., Windsor Locks,
Ct 111
Allen, Simeon O., New York City, 118
Allen, Warren, Oswego, N. Y. 118
Allen, William C, Sangatock, Mich. 117
Allender, John, Red Oak, 1». 27
Alley, Frederick. Wilber, Neb. 67, 69
Alley, Mo!4es. Waupaca, Win. 121
Alvord, Augustus, West Granville,
Mass. 45
Alvord, Frederick, Nashua, N. H. 73
Ament, William S., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Ames, Marcus, Lancaster, Mass. 46
Amsden, Benjamin M., Manchester,
la. 113
Amsden, Silas H., New Salem, Mass. 49
Anderson, Charles, No. Woburu,
Mass. 43, 54
Anderson, D. R., Oak Creek, Wis. 106
Anderson, Edward, Quincy, 111. 19
Anderson, George P., Gaines, N. Y. #78
Anderson, James, Manchester, Vt. 120
Anderson, Joi«eph, Waterbury, Ct 11
Anderson, Kerr C, Oshkosb, Wis. 106
Anderson, Lauren C, Florence, Ala. 1
Anderson, Rufus, Boston, Mass. 114
Andrews, Edwin N., St. Charles, 111. 112
Andrews, I»«raol W., Marietta, O. 119
Andrews, Samuel B., Lanesville,
Mass. 45
*Audru8, Elizur, Vicksburg, Mich. 60
Angier, Marshall B., Ifiswich, Mass. 46
Annis, Aaron H., Illinois, 119,
Anthony, George N., Peabody, Mass. il4
Apthorp, Rnfus, Big Rock, la. 23
Archer, M. D., Genoa Bluffs, la. 25
Archibald, Andrew W., Stuart, la. 24, 27
Arms, Hiram P., Norwich Town,,Ct. 9
Arms, fJosiah L., Woodstock, Ct.* Ill
A rmx, William F., Sunderland, Mass. 52
Arnisby, Lauren, Council Grove,
Kan. 29, 30
Armstrong, Frederick A., Webster
Groves, Mo. 117
Armstrong, James, Orion, Mich. 117
Armstrong. Julius C, Western
Springs, 111 18
Armstrong, Robert S., Winnebago
Agency, Minn. 63
Arnold, Arthur E., Ijemars, la. 26
Arnold, llenry T.. Providence, R. I. 120
Arnolil. Seth A., Newton, lo. 28
A.'*li, William H., Providence, R. I. 120
Ashley, James M., Ridgeway, Kan.
30 31 32
Ashley, Samnel S., Atlanta, Ga. ' ' 14
Ashley, W. H., Stranger, Kan. 32
Atherton, Isaac W., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Atkins, Doane R., Westbrook, Ct. 11
Atkinson, Get.rge H., Portland, Or. 89, 102
Atkiuson, John L., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Atkinson, William B., Wahoo, Neb. 118
Atkinson, William H., Orchard, la. 27
Atwat4;r, Edward E., New Haven, Ct. Ill
Atwood, Eugene F., Rodman, N. Y.
Atwood, Edward S., Salem, Mass. 51
Atwood, Lewis P., South Middle-
boro', Mass. 114
Auiitin, David R., So. Norwalk, Ct. Ill
Austin, Franklin D., Dunstable,
Mass. 44
Austin, Henry A., Pleasanton.Mtrh. 117
Austin, Lewis A., Plainfield, N. H. 73
Austiif, Samnel J., Chioopee Falls,
Mass. • 43
Avery, Frederick D., Colnmbia, Ct. 6
Avery, Henry, Tonica, 111. 20
Avery, Jared R., Groton, Ct. Ill
Avery, John, Central Village, Ct. 10
Avery, Williaifk P. Cbapin, la. 113
Avery, William F.,Lane8boro', Mass. 114
Ayer, Charles, L., Somersville, Ct. 10
Ayer, Franklin D., Concord, N. H. 70
Avres, Fred'k H., Long Ridge, Ct. Ill
•Ayres, Milan C, Avon, Ct. 5
Ayers, Rowland, Hadley, Mass. 45
Babb, Thomas E., Oxford, Mass. 114
Babbitt, James H.. Swanton, Vt. 120
Bacheler, F. E. M., Killingly, Ct. 8
Bachtell, W. B., Viola, 111. 20
Backus, Joseph W., Thomaston, Ct. 11
Bacon, Edw*d W., New London, Ct. 9
Bacon, Leonard, New Haven, Ct. 9
Bacon, Leonard W.,New Haven, Ct. Ill
Bacon, Edward E., Norway, Me. 37
Bacon, William F., Chelsea, Mass. 114
Bacon, William N., Shoreham, Vt. 99
Bacon, William T. , Derby, Ct. 11 1
Bailey, Amos J., Hennepin, III. 17
Bailey, Charles E., BeuKonia, Mich. 117
Bailey, Edward D., Wheaton, HI. 112
Bailey, George H., Griggsville, 111. 112
Bailey, John G.. Windsor, Mo. 65, 66
Bainuni, Geo. W., Bunker Bill, HI. 15
Baird, Enoch F., Mallet Creek, O. 85. W
Baird, John G., New Haven, Ct. Ill
Baird, JohnW., A. B. C. F.M. 110
Baird, Robert G., Lansing, Mich. 117
Bake, Henry P., Phoenix, N. Y. 80
Baker, Ariel A., E. Hardwiok, Vt 97
Baker, Edward P., San Francisco,
Cal. 3
Baker, Ephraim H., Waukegan, HI. 20
Baker, John W. H., New Sharon,
Me. 114
Baker, Orrin G., Jamaica, Vt. 98
Baker, Silas, Standish,Me. 114
Baker, Smith, Lr>well, Mass. 47
Baker, Zebina, Waushara, Kan. 114
Baldwin, Abraham C, Hartford, Ct. Ill
Baldwin, Charles H.. Medford, Mass. 48
Baldwin, Curtis C, Sullivan, O. 85, 87
Baldwin, David J., loyra Falls, lo. 113
Bahlwin, Dwight. A. B. C. F. M. 109
Baldwin, Elijah C., Branford. Ct. 5
Baldwin, Joseph B., West Towns-
bend, Vt. 100
Baldwin, John A., Plymouth, Mich. 117
Baldwin, Thomas, Plymouth, Vt 120
Baldwin. William 0., Maine, N. Y. 79
Bale, Albert G. Melrose, Mass. 48
Ball, John A., Rio, Wis. 106. 107
(140
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.]
LI8T OF CONGREGATIONAL MINISTERS.
431
Ballard, Jfw., Grand Rapidit, Mich. 117
Hancroft, Isaac, Belmont, Wis. 104
B«nfield, John A., Benicia, Gal. 2
Bansfi, Frederick E., Farminfrton, la. 24
Bankrt, Gporge W., Guilford, Ct. • 7
Barber, Alanflon D., Wallin^ford, Vt. 120
Barber, Arqzi D., Olaridon, O. 84, 86
Barber, Elihu. Beattie, Kan. 114
Barber, Geo. W., Milwaukee, Wis. 121
Barber, Lemau N., Robinson, Mich. 08, 09
Barber, Luther H., Hanover, Gt. 11
Barbour, Henry, London^ England, 111
Barbour, Wm. M., Ni^w Haven, Ct. 9
Barclay, Thomas D., Kent, Gt. 7
Bard, Gtjor^e L, Meredith, N. H. 72
Barker, Isaac, Rock ford, Mich. 117
Barker, Samuel P., Bran^ford, OnU 117
Barker. Nathaniel, Wakelleld, N. rf .
Barland, Thomas, Eau Claire, Wis. 120
BarnaH, Alonzo, Bf^nsonia, Mich. 117
Barnard, Elihu C, Moline, III. 18
Barnard, Pliny F., Westminster, Vt 100
Barnard, Stephen A., Lansinj;, Mich 117
Barnes, Henry E., Havertill, Mimb. 46
Barn(*8, Jeremiah R., Zumbrota,
Minn. 117
Barnes, John R., Eldora. la. 24
Barnett, James, Grand Haven, Mich. 67
Barnett, Jnmes W., Blackhawk, la. 23
Barnum, Augustine, Candor, N. Y. 77
Baruum, George, Wauseon, O. 119
Barnum, Sam*l W.Nhw Haven, Ct. Ill
Barrett, John P., Manchester, la. 28
Barrows, Allen C, Kent, O. 85
Barrows, Charles D , Lowell, Mass. 47
Barrows, Elijah P., Oherlin, O. 119
Barrows, George W., Elizabethtown,
N. Y. 77
Barrows, Homer, Andover, Mass. 110
Barrows, John H., Lawrence, Mass. 47
Barrows, John O., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Barrows, Simon, Osceola, Neb. 68, 69
Barrows, Walter M., Salt Lake City,
Utah. 95
Barrows, William, Boston, Mass. 115
Barrows, Wm. H., Staceyville, la. 27
Barstow, Charles, Am^^s, la. 113
Barteau, Sydney H., Zumbrota,
Minn. 117
Bartholomew, C. M., Rushville, X. Y. 81
Bartlett, Edw'd O., Lynnfield, Mass 47
Bartlett, £noch N., Colorado Springs,
Col. *^ ^ 111
Bartlett, Joseph, North Springfield,
Mo. 117
Bartlett, Leavitt, Olathe. Kan. 31
Bartlett, Lyman, A. B. C. F. M. 109
Bartlett, Samuel C, Hanover, N. H.
Barton, Alanson S., Colchester, Vt. 97
Barton, Walter, Lynn, Mass. 47
Bascom, Flavel, Bristol, 111. 10
Bascom, George S., Peru, 111. 19
Bascom, John, Madison, Wis. 121
Bassett, EdWiiid B., Shutesbury,
Mas«. 02
Bassett, John F , Jaffrev, N. HL 72
Bassett, William E , New Haven, Ct. Ill
Batchelder, John S., Hampton, N. H. 71
Bates, Henry, Plymouth, Neb.' 68
Bates, James A , Woloott, Vt. 101
Bates, S. Lysander, Newbury, Vt. W
Batt, William J., Stoneham, Muss. 52
Baxter, Benjamin S., Mauston, Wis. 121
Bayliss, Samuel. Brooklyn, N. Y. 118
Bayley, Frank T., Detroit, Mich. 117
Bayne, John S., Portland, Ct. 10
Bayne, Thomas, Columbus, Neb. 67
Beach, Aaron C , Esst Haddam, Ct. Ill
Beach, David N., Westerly, R I. 11, 93
Beach, Edwin R. [Wisconsin.] 121
•Beach, Elmer J., Hopkinton, N. Y. 78
Beach, George L., Rootstown, O. 87
Beach, John W., North Branford, Ct. 9
Beach, Nathaniel, Woodstock, Ct. 12
Beach, Samuel J., Corning, Isi. 24
Beaixeley, Theo., Rhonerville, Cal. 3
Beaman, Chas. C., BostofI, Masn. 115
Beaman, Warren H., AmhcHt, Mass. 115
Bean, David M., South Framingham,
Mass. 45
Bean, Ebenezer, Grav, Me. 36
Beane, Phineas A., Jscksonville, III. 112
Beard, Augustus F., Syracuse, N. Y. 81
Beard, Edwin S., BriK>klyn, Ct.
Beard, Wm. H., South Killingly. Ct. 8
Beardsley, Bronson B.,Bridgeport,Ct. Ill
Beardsley, Josiah, Snu Prairie, Wi««. 107
Beckwith, Clarence A., Brewer, Me. 30
Beokwith, Edw'd G., Waterburv, Ct. 11
Beckwith, Greo. A., Franconia, N. H. 71
Beebe, Hubbard, New Haven, Ct. Ill
Beecher, Charles, Georgetown, Mass. 40
Beecher, Edward, Brooklyn, N. Y. 118
Beecher, Frederick W., Wellsville,
N. Y. 82
Beecher, Henry Ward, Brooklyn,
N. Y. 76
Beecher, Jas. C, Pon^hkeepsie, N. Y. 118
•Beecher, Thomas K., Elmirs, N. V. 77
Beecher, Wm. H., Chicago, III. 112
Beekman, James C, Byron, III. 112
Behrends, Adolphus J. F., Provi-
dence, R. I. 93
Belden, Heurv, Parkville, L. I. 118
Bt'lknap, A. J., Otley, la. 113
Bell, James M., West Medway, Mass. 48
Bell, Newton H., Arcade, N.' Y. 76
Bell, Robert C, Mt. Carmel, Ct. 7
Bell, Samuel, Attleborough, Mass. 41
Bell, Samuel B., Mansfield, O. 119
Belt, Salathiel D., Rock Falls, 111. 19
Beman, Irving L., Crown Point, N.Y. 77
Benedict, Arthur .r., Gorham, N. H. 71
Benedict, Lewis, Aurors, III. 112
Benedict, Thtis. N., Aquebogue, N.Y. 76
Benedict, William A., Sutton, Mass. 08
Benjamin, A. J., Beloit, la. 112
Benner, Edward A., Lowell, Mass. 110
Bennett, Ethan O., Brighton, la. 113
Bennett, Henry S., Nashville, Tenn. 94
Bennett, John, Cahoka, Mo. 64, 60, 66
Bennett, Jos. L., Suspension Bridge,
N.Y. 79
Bennett, Matthew, Baraboo, Wis. 121
Bennett, William P., Lyndon, Vt. 98
Benson, Almon, Centre Harbor, N. H. 118
(148)
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
432
LI8T OF CONOREOATIONAL MINI8TEB8.
[1877.
Benson, Hdmer H., Beloit, Wui. 121
Bent, George, Seneca, Kan. 31
Bent, J. A., Wheaton, 111. 112
Bentou,Joiieph A., Oakland, Gal. HI
Bentou, Ledyard E., Ffemout, Neb. 68
Berger, James S., Bed Blaffi«, Gal. Ill
Beruey, Daniel, Port Sanilac, Micb. 69
Berry, Angustus, Pelham, N. H. 06, 73
Berry, Loren F., Plantoville, Gl. 11
Bettii, Darius, Ada, Mich. 66
*Bickford, Ijevi F., KiuffSTtlle, O.
Bickf«>rd, Warren F., Winthrop, Me. 40
Biddle, Jacob A., Milford, Ct. 8
Bid well, John B., Soniah, Wis. 107
Binrelow, Andrew, Sonthborough,
Mass. 116
Billings, Bichard S., Dalton, Mass. 44
Bill man, Ira G.. Adrian, Micb. 65
Bingham, Gharles M.. Millburn, HI. 18
Bingham, Egbert B., Bockville, Gt. 11
Bingham, Hiram, A. B. G. F. M. 10»
Bingham, Joel S., Dubuque, la. 24
Birchard, William M., Waahington,
D. 0. 112
Bird, William, Swia. 110
Birge, Eben G., Londonderrj, Vt. 120
Bisbee, Gharles Q., Fontanell*), Neb. 118
Bisbee, John H., Westfield, Mass. 116
*BiMbee, Marvin D., Cambridgeport,
Mass. 43
Biscoe, Qeorge S., Shnllsburg, Wis. 107
Biacoe, Thomas G., HoUiston, Mass. 115
Bissell, Gharles H., Traer. la. 28
Bissell, Edwaid G., A. B. G. F. M. 110
Bi:(iiell, Jonathan E., Milwaukee,
Wis. 121
Bissell, Oscar, Westford, Gt. 6
IMsatA], Samuel B. S., Norwalk, Gt. Ill
Bittinger, John Q , Haverhill, N. H. 72
Bixby, Alanson, Oswego, Kan. 31
Bixby, Joseph P., Norwood, Mass. 49
Bixby, Solomon, Petersham, Mass. 60
Blagden, George W., Boston, Mass. 116
Blades, John L., Saco, Me. 38
Blair, Harlan P., Gopenhagen, N. Y. 77
Blair, John J., Rockland, Me. 38
Blaisdell, James J., Beloit, Wis. 121
Blaisdell, William S., Randolph, Vt. 99
Blake, Ghas. M., San Francisco, Gal. Ill
Blake, Geo. O., Kir win, Kan. 30, 31
Blake, Henry A., Athol, Mass. 41
Blake, Henry B., Springfield, Mass. 116
Blake, Jeremiah, Oilmanton Iron
Wurks, N. H. 118
Blake, Joseph, Gilmanton, N. H. 71
Blake, Lyman H., Boston, Mass. 42
Blake, Alortiraer, Taunton, Mass. 62
Blake, Wesley R , PbiUinsburg, la. 114
Blakeley, Josiab B., A. B. G. F. M. 109
Blakely, Quincy, Gampton, N. H. 70
Blakeslee, Allen D., Brownhelm, O. 84
Blakeslee, Newton T., Baraboo, Wis. 103
Blakeslee, Samuel V., Oakland, Gal. Ill
Blakesley, Linus. Topeka, Kan. • 32
Blanchara, Addison, Gumberland
Mills, Me. 104
Blanchard, Geo. P., Rochester, Minn. 63
Blauchard, Jouuthau, Wheaton, III. 112
Blenkarn, Wm. T., Wabanwe, Kan. 32
Bliss, Asher, Onoville, N. Y. 118
Bliss, Gharles R.. Wakefield, Mass. 115
Bliss, Daniel, BdnU, Syria. 110
Bliss, Dtniel J., Peru, Mass. 50
Bliss, Edwin E., A. B. G. F. M. 10!l
Bliss, J. Henry, Glinton, Gt. G
Bliss, Setb, Berlin, Gt. Ill
Blodgett, Gonstautine, Pawtucket,
R.L 93
Blodgett, Edward P., GreenwkOi,
Mass. 45
Blodgett, Henry, A. B. C. F. M. 110
Bloodgixid, Abraham L., Munzoe,
Mich. 117
Boardman, Geo. N., Ghicaf^o, III. 16, 112
Boardmao, Joseph, Graftsbury, Vt« 97
Bodwell, Joseph G., Leavenworth,
Kan. 30
Bodwell, Lewis, Glifton Sprin«i,
N. Y. *^ 118
Boltwood, Henry L., Princeton, 111. 112
Bonar, James B., New Milford, Gt. 9
Bond, Alvan, Norwich, Gt. Ill
Bond, Elias, A. B. G. F. M. 109
B<ind, John J., West Spring Greek, .
Pa. 92
Bond, Wm. B., New Braintree, Mass. 49
Bouney, John R., Bronson, Mich. 66
Bonney, Nathaniel G., East Hart-
land, Gt. 7
Booth, Edwin, Grand ville, Mich. 67
Borchers, Ernest F^ Portland, Me. 114
Bordwell, Daniel N., Webster Gity,
la. 28
Boss, Thomas M., Springfield, Vt. 99
*Bo8worth, Quincy M., Goshen, Ct. 8
Bosworth, Wm. A., Deering, Me. 36
Bourne, James B., No. Stonington,
Gt. 9
Bourne, Shearjashub, Paterson, N. J. 75
Bouton, Nathaniel, Concord, N. H. 118
Bowers, Albert, Huntington, W. V. 102
Bowers, George, Warrenville, N. J. 75
Bowers, John M., Rhinelieck, la. 113
Bowersox, James G., Edzerton, O. 119
Bowker, Samuel, Salem, N. H. 73
Bowler, Stephen L., Machias, Me. 37
Bowman. Geo. A., So. Windsor, Gu 11
Boyd, Pliny S., Amesbury Mills,
Mass. 41
Boynton, Francis H., Raynham, Ms. 60
Boynton, George M., Newark, N. J. 76
Boynton, Lyman D., Nashua, la. 23, 26
Brace, Seth G., Philadelphia, Pa. 120
Bradford, Amory H. , Montclair, N.J. 75
Bradford, Benj. F., Moutclair, N. J. 118
Bradford, D. B , Bangor, N. Y. 76
Bradford, Moses B., Mclndoes, Vt. 120
Bradley, Gharles F., Derby, Gt. 6
Bradnack, Isaac R., Riga. N. Y. 81
Bradtfhaw, John, De Kalb Centre, Dl. 16
Bradshaw, John W.. Batovia, 111. 16
Brainard, Timothy G., Grinnell, la. 113
Braiuerd, Gharles N., South Dennis,
Mass. 44
Braman, Milton P., Aubnmdale,
Muss. 115
(146)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.]
LIST OF OONGfiEOATIOXAL MINISTERS.
433
Branch, Ed^rin T, Grand Ledf^,
Mioh. 07
Brand, James, Oberlin, O. 86
Brandt, Charles E., Farmiofirton. Gt 111
Brastow, Lewis O., Bnrlinfcton, Vt 96
Brai*tow, Thomas E., Bockport, Me. 104
Bray. William L., Clinton. la. 23
Breokinridge, Daniel M., Fort Dodge,
la. 25
Breed, Charles C. Gilmanton, Minn. 61
Breed, Dayid, Putnam, Ct 111
Breed, D. Payson, Oxford, Mich. 60
Breed, Samuel D., YpsiUnti, Mich. 117
Bremner, Dayid, Bozftird, Mass. 73
Brewer, James, Lee Centre, III. 17
Brewster, Wm. H., Blue Island, IlL 15
Briant, 8. Infferrtoll, Hartford, Vt. 97
Brice, John G., Winchester. Jnd. 113
Brickett, Harry, Hillshoro' Bridge,
N. H. 72
Bridgman, Chester, Torringford, Ct 11
Bridgman, Henry M., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Bridgman. Lewis, Grove Hill, Dak. 13
Brier, James W., sen., Grass Valley,
Cal. Ill
Briggs, Wm. T., East Douglas, Mass. 44
Brigham, David, Bridgewater, Mass. 114
Brigham, Levi, Marlhoro', Mass. 115
Brintnal],Loren W., Monticello, la. 23,26
Bristol, Frank L., Boston, Mass. 115
Bristol, Richard C, Colorado Springs,
Col. Ill
Bristol, Sherlock, San Buenaventura,
Cal. Ill
Broad, L. Pmon, Paolo, Kan. 31
Broad well. Homer J., Stanwich, Ct 7
Bronson, George F., Clinton, Wis. 103
Brooks, Charles H., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Brooks, Charles S., Putnam, Ct. 10
Brooks, Geo. W , Wonnsocket, R. I. 93
BrookH, William E , West Haven, Ct. 10
Brooks William M., Earlville, la. 22, 24
Brooks, William M., Tabor, la. 113
Bross, Harmon, Crete, Neb. . 67
Brown, Aaron, Delaware, O. 119
Brown, Alvin H., Jackson, Mich. 117
Brown, Anselm B., Morrisianna,
N. Y. • 79
Brown, Charles O., Rochester. Mich. 59
Brown, Edward. La Crosse, Wih. 121
Brown, Henry E., East Tawas, Mich. 56
Brown, Hope, Rockford. III. 112
Brown, Israel, Olney, III. 1«)
Brown, J. Newton, Wilton, N. H. 74
Brown. Oliver, No. Springfield, Mo. 117
Brown, Robert, Leavenworth, Kan. 114
Brown, Theophilus S., Crot<m, Mich. 117
Brown, Thomas L., Yermontviile,
Mich. 117
Brown, Willard D.. Gilbertville,
Mass. 46
Brown, William B., Newark, N. J. 75
Browne, John K., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Brownville, John W ., Sol«m, Me. 39
Bruce, Henry J., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Bruce, Wallace, Scribner, Neb., 67, 68
Brundidge, Hiram A., Neodesha,
Kan. 31, 32
(14
Brunker, James, Ninnescah, Kan. 114
Brush, Jesse, North Stamford, Ct. 11
BruHke, August F.. Charlotte, Mich. 55
Bryan, George A. Preston, Ct. 10
Bryant, Albert, West Somerville,
Mass. 51
Bryant, Sam'l J., South Britain, Ct. 11
Bryant, Stephen O., Mancelona,
Mich. 58, 60
Buck, Samnel J., Grinnell, la. 25
Buckham, Jame^, Burlington, Vt 120
Buckingham, Sam'l G., Springfield,
Mass. 52
Biidington, William I., Brooklyn,
N. Y. 76
Bugbee, Rolla G., West Hartland, Ct. 7
Bugbey, William S., West Stewarts-
town, N. H. 74
Bulfinch, John J., Waldoboro', Me. 39
*Bnll, Richard B., Fairhaven, Ct 6
BuUard, Asa, Boston, Mass. 115
Bullard, Charles H., Hartford, Ct 111
Bullard, Ebenezer W., Stookbridge,
Mass. • 115
Bnllen, Henry S., Moline. 111. 112
Bullions, Alexander 8., Sharon, Ct. 10
Bullock, Motier A., Oikwood, Mich. 58
Bumstead, Horace, Atlanta, Ga. 112
Bunnell, John J., Eastmanville,
Mich. 55, 56
Burbank, Justin E. [N. H 1 118
Bnrbank, Lysander T., Herndon, Va. 101
Burnard, William H., Algona, la. 22
Bumell, John C, Freedom, O. 85
Burnell, Thomas S.. A. B. C. F. M. 109
C. C. Burnett, Fairfield, lo. 118
Burney, Daniel, Port Sanilac, Mich. 59
Burnham, Abraham, East Concord,
N. H. 70
Burnham, Charles, Fayetteville. Vt 98
Burnham, .lonas. Farmington, Me. 114
Burnham, Michael, Fall River, Maus. 45
Burr, Almon W., Hallowell, Me. 114
Burr, Austin H., Franklin, N. H. 71
Burr, Enoch F., Lvme, Ct 8
Burr, Horace M.. Plymouth, Dl. 19
Burr, Willard, Oberlin, O. 119
Burr, Zalmon B., Southport, Ct. Ill
Burrows, Edwin R., Mt. Vernon, O. 86
Burt, Daniel C, New B«*dford, Mass. 115
Burt, David, St Paul, Minn. 117
Burton, Horatio N., Kalamazoo,
Mich. 57
Burton, Nathaniel J., Hartford, Ct. 7
Burton. Nathan L , Lamoille, III. 17
Bush, Charles P., New Vork City, 118
Bush, Frederick W., Alamo, Mich. 55
Bushee, William A., Brookfleld, Vt 96
Bnshuell, Albert, Sterling, 111. 20
Bushnell, Alexander, Blaudinsville,
III. 15
Bushnell, George, Belolt, Wis. 103
Bushnell, Harvey, Saybrook, Ct 111
Bushnell, Horace, Cincinnati, O. 84
Bushnell, William, Boston, Mass. 115
nuss, Henry, Creston, III. 112
Bunser, Samuel E., Saranac, Mich. 117
'Butcher, William R., Kokomo, Ind*. 22
7)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
434
LIST OF oongreoahonal hinistebs.
[1877-
Butler, Daniel, Bonton, Mara. 115
Butler, Edward P Lyme. N. H. 72
•Butler, F. H., Strntton, Vt. 100
Butkr, Franklin. Windsor, Vt 120
Butler, Gardner 8.. North Troy, Vt. 100
Butler, Jeremiah. Fairport, N. Y. 77
Butler, William, Lake P«>igneur, La. 33
Bntterfield, Horatio Q., Olivet,
Mich. 58, 117
Buxton, Edward. Webeter, N. H. 74
Byin^n, Ezra H . Brunswick, Me. 35
Byinffton, Oeorf^e P., We^tford, Vt. 100
ByinRton, Swift, Exeter, N. H. 71
Byrd, John H., Lawrence, Kao. 114
Cadwallader, John, Lincoln, Xeb. 118
Cadwalader, John, Newark, O. 88
Cady, Calvin B , Alburgh Springs,
Vt. 120
Cady, C. Sidney, Royal Oak, Mich. 59
Cady, Daniel B., Weiitboro', Maw. 115
Caldwell, Jamep, Tout Mill-, Vt. 99
Caldwell, Wm. E., Pentwater, Mich. 59
Calhoun, Newell M.. Cleveland, O. 84
Calhoun, S. F., So. Dartmouth, Mara. 44
Calkins, Lvman D., West Spring-
field, Masfl. 53
Callan, Michael J., Hadlvme, Ct. 6
Cameron, John H., Pewaukee, Wis. 106
Oamp, Charles W., Waukesha. Wis. 107
Camp, William L., Solon, Mich. 117
Campbell, Alexander B., Mendon, Jll. 18
Campbell, Daniel A., Big Sprinqr,
Wis. 103, ia5, 106, 107
Campbell, Gab'l, Minneapolis Minn. 117
Campbell, James, Pickney, Mich. 59
Campbell, Randolph, Newburyport,
Mass. 49
Can dee, George, Carson City, Mich. 65
Canfield, Philo, Washington, la. 113
Carey, Isaac £., Huntsburg, O. 85
Carlton, Israel, XJtica, Mo. 66
Carpenter, Charles C, So. Peabody,
Mass. 50
*Carpenter, Elbridge G., Golden
Prairie, la. 25
Carpenter, Henry, Bridgton, Me. 114
Carpenter, Henry H.. Danby, N. Y. 118
Carpenter, H. 8., Brooklyn, N. Y. 76
Carpenter, P. H., Worcester, Mass. 101
Carr, William O., Barnstead Parade,
N. H. 70
Carr, William T , Elizabeth, N. J. 118
Carrutherfl, John J , Portland. Me. 38
Carrnthers, Wm , Pittsfield, Mass. 115
Carter, Clark, Lawrence, Mass. 47
Carter, Homer W., Ripon, Wis. 106
Carter, Nathan F., Bellows Falls, Vt. 99
Carver, Shubael, No. Bergen, N. Y. 118
Gary. Otis*, jr., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Gary, William B., Lyme, Ct. 9
Case, Albert M. , Sharon, Wis. 106
Case, Harlan P., Brimfleld, III. 15
Case, Horatio M., Allen's Grove, Wis. 103
Case, Rufns, Huhbardston, Mass. 115
Caswell, J. C, Strvkersville, N. Y. 79
Gate, Charles N., New York City, 118
Cat«, George H., Markesan, Wis. 106
Catlin, William E.. Lsmar. Mo. 65
Caton, J. L., Brookfield, Ma 64, 66
Cavemo. Charles, Lombard. III. 18
Chaddock, Emery G. , Wellflept, Mass. 53
Chafer, Thomas, East Smithfield, Pa. 92
Chalmers, John R, Fair Haven . Vt.
Chalmers, Wm. J., Riverhead, Lu L 80
Chamberlain, Bertwell N., Garrett*-
ville, O. 85
Chamberlain, Charles, East Granby,
Ct 6
Chamberlain, Edward B., Sharon, Vt. 99
Chamberlain, John P., Bloomer, Wis. 103
Chamberlain, Joshua M., Grinnell,
la. 113
Chamberlain, Leander T., Norwich,
Ct 9
Chamberlin, Uriah T., Hartfoml. O. 85
Chamberlin, Wm. A., Oneida, HI. 19
Chambers, jsmes, Sherburne, N. Y. 81
Champlin, Oliver P., Sleepy Eye,
Minn. 61,63
Chandler, Aug., Brattleboro', Vt 120
Chandler, Frederick D., Kensington.
N. H. 72
Chandler, John S., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Chandler, Joseph, Glencoe, Minn. 61, 63
Chaney, Lucien W., Maukato, Minn. 62
Chapin, Aaron L., Beloit, Wis. 121
Chapin, Franklin P., North Wey-
mouth. Mass. 63
Chapin, George F., Alstead, N. H. 70, 72
Chapin, Nathan C , Rochester, Minn. 117
Chapin, Roswell, At water, O. 83
Chapman, Andrew W., Minooka, HI. 20
Chapman, Calvin, Kennebunkport,
Me. 114
Chapman, Daniel. Huntley. HI. 112
Chapman, Elias, Boston Highlands,
Mass. 115
Chapman, Jacob, Kingston, N. H. 72
Chase, Auntin S., Queechee, Vt 97
Chase, Edward, Biddeford, Me. 34
Chase, Ezra B., Conrtland, O. 85, 86
Cha^e, F. A., Nashville, Tenn. 120
Chase, Henry A., Green Mountain, la. 25
Chase, James B., Jr., Weeping Wa-
ter, Neb. 69
Chase, Levi G., Dummerston, Vt 97
Cheney, R. L., Bloomington, Wis. 103
Chesebrough, Amos S , Durham, Ct 6
Chickering, John W., Wakefield,
Mass. 115
Chickering, John W., Jr., Washing-
ton. D. C. 112
Child, Alex. C , Orfordville, N. H. 118
Childs, James H., Byfield, Mass. 49
Chipmau, B. Manning, Jewett City,
Ct 6
Chittenden, A. J., Boulder, Col. 4
Chitteuden, E. P., Barton Landing,
Vt fM
Christie, George W., Wiscasset Me. 40
Christie, Thomas D., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Church. Bethuel C, Goliad. Tex. 94
Church, Leonard W., West Winfleld,
N. Y. 76, 82
Churchill, Charles H., Oberlin, O. 119
(!«)
\
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.]
LIST OF OONGBEOATIONAL MIKISTERS.
435
Churchill, John, Woodhnry, Ct. Ill
Claflin, George P., MoPherson Cen-
tre, Kan. 90
Clancy, Wm. P., Staffordville, Ct 111
Clapp, A. Huntington, New York
City, 118
Clapp, Cephas F., Prairie du Chien,
Wis. 106
Clapp, Charles W., Waverly, IlL 20
Clapp, Luther, Wanwatofia, Wis. 121
Clark, Albert W , A. B. G F. M. 110
Clark, Allen, Bridgeport, Ct 5
Clark, Anson, West Salem, Wis. 107
Clark, Asa F., Leverett Mass. 47
Clark. A. T., Ironville, N. Y. 77
Clark, Benjamin F., No. Chelmsford,
Mass. 115
Clark, Charlie W.,Gay8ville,Vt 99
Clark, DeWitt S., Clinton, Masfi. 44
Clark, E. Benedict Chicopee, Mass. 115
Clark, Edson L., Southampton, Ma>8. 51
Clark, Edward W., Westboro', Mass. 116
Clark, Fletcher, [Georgia,] 112
Clark, Frank £. , Portland, He, 38
Clark, Frank G., Rindge. N. H. 73
Clark, George, Oberlin, O. 119
Clark, Gieorge L., Sbelburne, Mass. 51
Clark, Henry, Avon, Ct. Ill
Clark, Jacob S , Morgan, Vt
Clark, John, Plymouth, N. H. 118
Clark, Joseph B., Jamaica Plain,
Mass. 42
Clark, Jofliah B., Ludlow, Vt 120
Clark, Neliton, Stillwater, Minn. 61
Clark, N. Georfi:e, Bo?<ton, Mass. 115
Clark, Orville C., Vermillion, O. 87
Clark, Sereno £>., Cambridgeport,
Mass. 115
Clark, Solomon, Plainfield, Mass. 50
Clark, Sumner, Wakefleld, N. H. . 118
Clark, Theodore J. , Northfield, Mass. 49
Clark, William, Amhi^rst, N. H. 118
Clark, William, Newbury, Vt 120
Clark, William J , Oakalla, III. 19
Clark, William L. S., Temple, N. H. 74
Clarke, Almon T.. Tiverton, R. I. 120
Clarke, Dorus, Boston, Mass. 115
Clarke, Edward, Chesterfteld, Mass? 115
Clarke, James F., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Clarke, Samuel W., Wenham, Mass. 53
♦Clarke, William B., Griswold, Ct 7
Clarke, William W., Painesville, O. 68
Cl%y, Daniel, Terrebonne, La. 33
Cleaveland.Edw'd, Burlington, Kan. 29
Cleayeland, James B., Kensington,
Ct 5
Cleaveland, William N., Holland
Patent, N. Y.
Clement, Jonathan, Norwioli, Vt
Clements, Joseph, East Pharsalia,
N. Y.
Clift, William, Mystic Bridge, Ct
Clifton, Theodore, St Loui.^, Mo.
Clinton, Orson P., Mf^nasha, Wis. 103,
Clisbee, Edward P., Oberlin, O.
Clizbe, Jay, Newark Valley, N. Y.
Closson, Josiah T., North Deer Lile,
Me.
118
120
77
11
66
104
112
79
S5
48
120
65
67
34
47
74
71
Coan, Leander S., Alton, N. H. 70
Coan, Titus, A. B C. F. M. 109
Cobb, Elisha G., Florence, Mass. 49
Cobb. Henry W., Wheaton, 111. 112
Cobb, Len Henry, Minneapolis,
Minn. 117
Cobb, Nathaniel, Kingston, Mass. 115
Cobb, Solon, Jacksonville, Fla. 14
Cobb, William H., Medfield, Mass.
Cobleigh, Nelson F., Mclndoes, Vt
Cochran, Samuel D., Kidder, Mo.
Cochran, Warren, Fairmount, ^cb.
Coddington, George S., Dell Rapids,
Dak. 13
Coe, David B., New York City, 119
Cogcin, William S., Boxford, Mass. 115
Coggswell, Elliot C, Epnom, N. H. 71
Cogswell, Joseph S., West Auburn,
Me.
Coit, Joshua, Lawrence, Mass.
Colburn, Henry H., Stwldard. N. H.
Colby. John, Fitzwilliam. N. H.
Cole, Albert, Cornish, Me. 35. »{
Cole, Royal M., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Coleman, Geo. A., Bartlett, 111. 15, 20
Coleman, William L.. Spencer, la. 27
Coles, Solomon M., Corpus Christi,
Tex. 95
Collie, Joseph, Delavan, Wis. 103
Collier, Johi» L., Nebraska City. Neb. 68
Collins, Charles T., Cleveland. O. 84
Collins, William H., Quincy, III. 112
Colman, George W., Sheffield, 111. 15, 20
Co I ton, Aaron AL, Easthamptou,
Mass. 44
Colton. Erastus, Willington, Ct. 12
C«»Iton, Theron G., Hudson, Mich. 57
♦Colton, Willis S.. Warren, Ct 11
Colwell, John W., West Concord,
N. H. 70
Comly, Ezra, Tyson Mills, la. 113
Comstock,DavilloW., Adrian, Mich. UT
Conant, Charles A., Duluth, Minn. 61
Conant, Liba, Bristol, N. H. 118
Condon, Thomas, Eugene City, Or. 120
Cone, Luther H., Springfield, Mass. 52
Conkling, Benj. D., White Water,
Wis. 107
♦Connell. David, Plymouth, N. H. 118
Connet. Alfred. Solsberry, Ind. 21, 22
Conrad, Charles E., Quincy, III. 17, 19
Converse, John K., Burlington, Vt 120
Cook, Jonathan B.. Hebron, N. H. 118
Cook, Nehemiah B., Ledvard, Ct 111
Cook, Silas P., Ludlow, Vt 98
Cooledge, Charles B., Westminster,
Mass. 53
Cooley, Henry, Springfield, Mass. 115
Cooley, Oramel W., Glenwood, la. 113
Co ilidge, Amos H.. Leicester, Mass. 47
Cooper, James W., New Britain, Ct. 9
Copeland, Jonathan. Dunlap. la. 24
Cordell. James G.. Si;henectady, N.Y. 119
Cordley, Richard, Flint Mich. 56
Cornell. Wm. M., Boston, Mass. 115
Corn well. Isaac D., Hancock, N. Y. 78
Corsbie, H. M., Seymour, Wis. 103, 106
Corwin, Eli, Jaoksonville, 111. 17
(149)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
436
U8T OF CONOBEGATIONAL MmiSTERS.
[1877.
Couch, Paul, Stonington, Ct. 11
Coulter, CyreuiuB, N., Atwood,
Mich. 65
*Countryman, Asa, Towa Fallg, la. 25
CouDtryman, Franklin, I^o.«nect, Ct. Ill
Cowan, John, Eswx Centre, Vt. 97
Cowan, John W.. Norwalk, O. 86
Gowles, Chauncy D., Farinington, Ct 111
Cowles, Henry, Oherlin, O. 119
Cowles, John G. W., Cleveland, O. 119
Cowles, John P., IpRwich. MaMt. 115
Crasin, Charle8 C. McGregor, la. 26
Craig, Henry K., Falmouth, Masn. 45
Crane, Charles D., South PariH, Me. 114
Crane, Ethan 6., South Meriden, Ct. 8
Crane, Kenrlrick H., Ranaoni, Mich. 50
Crane, Henry C, Allegheny City, Pa. 90
Crang, Frederick, Astoria, Or. 89
Cravat b, Kraatua M., New York City, 119
Crawft>rd, A., Clover Bottom, Ky. 33
Crawford. Chan. H., Salamanca, N. Y. 119
Crawford, Otis D., West Bloomfield,
N. Y. 82
Crawford , . Rohert, Deerfield , Mass. 44
Crawford, Sidney, Lyou.*<, la. 26
Crawford, Wni., Green Bay, Wis. 107
Creegan, Charlet* C, Wakenian, O. 83, 87
Cressman, Abraham A. , Monroeville,
O. 119
Croft, Charles P., Torrington, Ct 11
Croft8, George W. , Sandwich ,111. 20
Cn shy, Benjamin S , Arvonia, Kan. 32
CroHby, James H., Bangor, Me.
CroRby, Josiah D., Ashburuham,
Mass. 115
CrosF, Gorham, Richville, N. Y. 77, 80
Cross, John, College Springs, la. 113
Crosp, Joseph W., Worcester, Mass. 115
Cross, Rolatid S , St Johnsbury, Vt 99
Cross, Mones K., Waterloo, la. 113
Cross, Robelle T., Colorado Springs,
Col. 4
Cross, Wellington R., Camden, Me. 35
Cross, William H., River Side, Cal. 3
•Croswell. Micah S., Ashland, Neb. Ill
Crowell. Zeuas, Houlton, Me. 36
Crum, John H., Antwerp, N. Y. 74
Cruzan, John A , Portland, Or. 89
CummingP, Elam J., Kelloggsville,
O. 119
Cummings, Ephraim C, Portland,
Me. 114
Cummingfi, Henry, Sfrafford, Vt 100
Cummings. Hiram, Colusa, Cal. Ill
Cumings, John N.. Exira, la 24
•Cunningham, John, West Groton,
N. Y. 82
Currier, Albert H., Lynn, Mass. 47
Curtice, Corban, Tilton, N. H. 118
Curtis, Asher W., Hastings, Neb. 67
Curtis, Chas. B., Burlington, Wis. 103
Curtis, Don E., Albany, Vt 96
Curtis, Ethan, Camden, N. Y. 77
Curtis, E. D.. Sand Bank, N. Y. 81
Curtis, Otis F., Emerald Grove, Wis. 121
Curtis, Walter W., North Walton,
N. Y. 80, 82
Curtis, Wm. C, Richmond, Me. 38
Curtis, Wm. W., A- B. C. F. M. 110
Curtiss, Daniel C, Fort Howard,
Wis. 104
Curtiss, George, Amherst, Mass.
Curtiss Gilbert A., Soutli Hartford,
N. Y. 81
Curtiss, Leander, Weldon Creek.
Mich. 55,60
Curtiss, Samuel I . Union. Ct 11
Curtiss, Wm. B , North Guilforvl. Ct 111
Cu»<hing, Christopher. Boston, Mass. 115
Cushman, Chester L., Phillipston,
Mass. 50
Cushman, David Q, Bath, Me, 114
Cutler, Calvin, Auburndale, Mass. 49
Cutler, Charles, Burton, O. 84
Cutler, El)enezer, W(»rcester, Mass. 54
Cutler. Robert £., Tiskilova, 111. ll.H
Cutler, Tt-mple, Chattanooga, Tenn. 94
Cutler, William A., Dallas City, 111. 1ft
Cutler, William H., East Marsbfield,
Mass. 48
Cutter, Edward F..Belf2ist, Me. 114
Cutter, Marshall M., West Medford,
Mass. 48
Cutting, Charles, Ledyard, Ct 8
Daggett, Oliver E., Hartford. Ct 111
Daly, James A., Wellington, O. 88
Dame, Charles, W. Newburv, Mass. 53
Damon. John F., Port Gamble, W. T. 102
Dana, J. Jay, Alford, Mass. 41
Dans, Malcolm McQ., St Paul,
Minn. . 63
Dana, Sam'l H., Newton Highlands,
Mass. 115
Danforth, James R., Philadelphia,
Pa. 90
Dangremond, Gerret, Fremont Cen-
tre. Mich. 66
Daniels, Charles H., Cincinnati, O. 84
Daniels, Daniel, South Gibson, Pa. 91
Daniels, Henry M., Dallas, Tex. 94
Daniels, Joseph L., Olivet, Mich. 117
Danielson, Joseph, Southbridge,
Mass. 01
Danner, Edgar V. H., Cuyahoga
Falls, O. 85
Darling, George, Wanpun, Wis. 107
Darling, Walter £., Farmington,
N. H. -71
Dasoomb, Alft«d B., Winchester,
Mass. 54
Davenport, John G., Bridgeport Ct 5
Davidspn, David B., Grinuell, la. 113
Davies, D. F., Findlay, O. 85
Davies, Daniel T., Shamokin, Pa. 91
Davies, David, Parisville, O. Wl
Davies, David D., New York City, 79
Davies, David R., Brady's Bend, Pa. 92
Davies, Edwkrd, Waterville, N. Y. 119
Davies, Henry, Arvonia, Kan. 29, 31
Davies, John A., Patriot, O. 88
Davies, John I^ Paddy's Run, O. 86
Davies, R. R., Cameron, Mo. 65
Davies, Thomas E., Unionville, Ct. 7
Davies, Thomas M., No. Yarmouth,
Me. 37
(150)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.]
LIST OF. CONOAEGATIONAL MINISTERS.
437
Davies. William, Monnt Garm^l, Pa. 120
Davis, Elnathan, Auburn, Mara. 41
Davis, Franklin, Tam worth. N. H. 74
Davis, Jerome D., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Davis, John D., Blue Mounds, Wis. 103
Davis, Josiah 6., Amherst, N. H. 46
Davis, Perley B., Hyde Park, Mass. 70
Davis, R. Henrv, Granby, Mass. 40
Davis, W. H., Beverly. Mass. 42
Davis, William V. W., Manchester,
N. H. 72
Davison, Charles, Greenville, Me. 30
Davison, Joseph, Riceville, Pa. 120
DavisoD, Joseph B.. Riceville, Pa. 90
Dawes, Ebeuezer, Di^hton, Mass. 44
Dawson, John B.. Imlay City, Mich. 117
Day, George E.. New Haven, Ct 111
Day, Guy B , Bridgeport, Ct. Ill
Day, Henry N., New Haven, Ct 111
Day, Hiram, Chatham, Mass. 43
Day, Philemon B., Burlington, Ct. 6
Day, Rodney C.< Lisbon. N. Y. 78
Day, Theodore L., New Haven, Ct. Ill
Day, Warren F., E. Saginaw, Mich.* n6
Dean, Benjamin A., Sibley, la. 27
Dean, Gardiner, HarpersBeld, N. Y. 78
Dean, Herman B., Paris, Texas. M6
Deau, Oliver S., Milford, Mass. 48
Dean, Samuel C. Steele City, Neb. 69
Dean, William N. T., Norton, Mass. 49
Deane, James, Westmoreland, N. Y. 82
DeBevoise, Gabr'l H., No. Brookfield.
Mass. 49
DeRos, Frederick K., No. Beverly,
Mass. 42
DeBuchananne, James, Dover, N. H. 71
DeCamp, Allen F., Egremont, Mass.
44 48
DeForest, Henry 8,, Waterloo Is. * 28
DeForest, John K., A. B. C. F. M. 110
DeFore.Ht, Heman B., Westborough,
Mass. 53
DeHart, Andrew J., Cleveland, O. 84
De la Vergne, Alex. F., Great Bend,
Kan. 31
DeLong, Thomas W., Sheffield, O. 87
Demarest, Sydney B., Dartford, Wis. 103
Demerits John P., Winiam8town,Vt. 100
Denison, Andrew C, Middlefield, Ct. 8
Denisou, Daniel. Cobalt, Ct 5
Denison, John H., New Britain, Ct. 8
Dennen, Stephen R., New Haven, Ct 9
DeRiemer, Wm. D , A. B. O. F. M. 109
Dering. Charles 4?., Ronemond, 111. 20
Deucher. John H., Springfield, Mass. 52
Dewey, William, Bristol, N. Y. 76
Dewey, Willis C, A. B. C. F. M. 109
Dexter, Granville M., Pachero, CaL
Dexter, Henry M., Boston, Mas:*. 115
Dexter, H. Morton, Taunton, Mass. 52
Dickerman, Geo. A., Chicago, 111. 113
Dirkerman, Geo. S., Lewiston, Me. 37
Dickerman, Lysander, Chioo, Cal. 2
Dickerson, Orson C, Boonsborough,
la. 23, 25
Dickinson, Cornelius E., Elgin, 111. 16
Dickinson, Edmund F., Chicago, 111. 113
Dickinson, Edward, Brodhead, Wis. 103
Dickinson, Ferdinand W., Vermont-
ville, Mich. 58, 60
Dickinson, George L., Schroon Ijike,
N.Y.
Dickinson, Henry A., Huntington,
Mass. 46
Dickinson, Samuel F., Cambridge,
111. 15
Dickinson, Samuel W.. Jefferson, O. 85
Dickinson, William E.^ Chioopee,
Mass. 43
Dickinson, Wm. G., Crefrton, HI. 113
Diffenbacher, , Mainland, Neb. 68
Diggs, Marshall W., Fort Recovery,
Dike, Samuel W., West Randolph, Vt 87
Dikeman, Charles F., Nora Springs.
la. 26,27
Dilley, Alexander B., Greene, N. Y. 78
Dilley, Samuel, Reno Centre, Kan. 31
Diman, J. Lewis. Providence, R. I. 120
Dimook, Samuel R., Denver, Col. Ill
Dingwell, James, W. Killinely, Ct. 8
Dinsmore, John, Winslow. Me. 34, 40
Dixon, Hiram H , Ripon, Win. 121
Dixon, James J. A. T., Bunker Hill,
Kan. 114
Dodd, Henry H., Wet Glaze, Mo. 65. 66
Dodge, Austin, Bostou Hiehlands. 115
Dodge, Bei^amin, Lebanon, Me.
Dodge, Daniel, Providence, R. I.
Dodge, D. D., Wilmington. N. C.
Dodge, Geo. S., Rutland. Mass.
Dodge, John W., Yarmouth, Mass.
Dodson, Geo., No. Weymouth, Mass.
Doe, Franklin P., Ripon, Wis.
Doe, Walter P.. Providence. R. I.
Doldt, James, Canterbury. N. H.
Dole, Daniel, A. R C F. M.
Dole, George T.. Reading, Mass.
Dole, Sylvester R., Crete, III.
Donaldson, John W., Hancwk. Wis. 104
Donald.xon, Levi J., Gustavns, O. 85
Doolittle, Charles, LRmoiit, Mich. 57
Doolittle, Edgar J., Wallingford, Ct 111
Doolittle, John B., Bridgcwster, Ct. 5
Doremus, Andrew, Centre, Wis. 57
Dougherty, James, Johnson, Vt.
Dougherty, James G., Ottawa, Kan.
Dougherty, Michael A
Douglas, James, Pulaski, N. Y.
Douglass, Ebeneser, Anoka, Minn.
D<»ugla8s, Francis J., Genoa Junction
Wis 19, 104
Douglass, John A., Waterford. Me. 39
Douglass, Solomon J., New Haven,
36
120
83
51
54
53
121
120
70
109
115
113
120
31
115
80
117
Ct.
Douglass, Thomas, New York City,
Douglass, Truman Ol, Osage, la.
Dow, Ezekiel, Becket Ci'ntre, Mass.
Dow, William W., Douglas, Mass.
Dowd, Quincy L., Warren, Wis.
Dowden, Wm. H., E. Jaffrey, N. H.
Downer, Sawyer B., Pnittsville,
Mich. 69
Downs, Charles A., Lebanon, N. H. 118
Downs, Edward C. National, la. 24, 25
Dowse, Edmund, Sherborn, Mass. 51
111
119
27
115
44
107
72
(151)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
438
UST OF OONOBEOATIONAL MimSTEBS.
[1877.
Drake, Andrew J., Dodge Centre,
Minn. 61
Drake. Charles W., Anfola, N. Y. 76, H
Drake, Cyrus B.. Royal ton, Vt 99
Drake, Ellis R., Middleboro*, Maji^ 115
Drake. Samuel S., Sullivan, N. H. 74
Dresser, Amos. Sohuvler, Neb. 67, 69
Drew, John, Ari«»l, Kv. 33
Dudley, Horace F., Warsaw, N. Y. 82
Dudley, Joseph F.. Ean Claire, Wis. 101
Dudley, Martin. Ewiton Ct. 6
Dudley, Myron S.. Cromwell. Ct. 6
Duncan, Andrew C, Soqnel, Cal. 3
Dunham. Dwight, Cambridgebor-
ou«h, Pa. 90
Dunham, Isaac, Bridgewater, Mass. 43
Dunlap, Qeorge H., Charlestown,
N. H. 70
Dunlap, S. P., No. Topeka, Kan. 32
Dunning. Albert E., Boston High-
land.0, Mass. 42
Dnnning, Homer N., So. Norwalk,
Ct. 9
Duren, Charles, Granby, Vt. 97
Durfee, Calvin, Williamstown, Mass. 115
DuKtan, George, Peterboro*, N. H. 73
Dutton. .Albert L. East Longmead-
ow, Mass. 47
Dutton, Horace, Northboro', Mass. 49
Dutton, John M., Lebiuon. N. H. 72
Dwighl, Edward S., Hadli»y, Mass. 25
Dwight, M. Everett, On^rira, III. 19
D Wight, Timothy, New Haven, Ct 111
Dwinell. Israel B., Sacramento, Cal. 3
Dwinnell, Solomon A., Beedsburg,
Wis. 121
Dyer. Edmnnd, Dundee, Mich. 117
Dyer, E. Porter, So. Abington, Mass.
46,115
Dyer, Francis, Wolcott, Ct. Ill
Eastman, Edward P., Ossipee Cen-
tre, N. H. 73
Enstman. .Tohn, West Hawley, Mass. 45
Eastman, Lucius R., Boston, Mas.s. 115
Eastman. Lucius R., jr., Framing-
ham, M:iss. 45
Eastman, Morgan L., Royalton, Wis.
103,106
Eastmai^ Samuel E., Swampscott,
Mass. 52
Eastman. William R., Suffield. Ct. 11
Easton, D.ivid A., Naugatuck, Ct. 8
Eaton, Cyrus H., Farragut. la. 24
Ei*ton, Danforth L , Lowell, Mich. 58
Eaton, Edward D., Newton, la. 26
Eaton, James D., Bound Brook,
N.J 75
Eaton, Joseph M. R., Fitchburg,
Mass. 115
Eaton, Samuel W., Lancaster, Wis. 105
Ebbs, Edward, Plainfield. 111. 19
Eckman, James K., Bloomington,
Kan. 29
Ecob, James H., Augusta. Me. 34
Eddy, Hiram, J.»rj«ev City, N. J. 118
Eddy, Zacharv, Detroit, Mich. 66
Edgar, John C, Heath, Mass. 46
Edson. Henry K., Denmark, la. 113
E^!ward<«, G^niige Ll, Windsor. Ma-w. 54
Edwards, Henry L., Northampton,
Mass. 115
Edwards, John, Tonngstown. O. 90
Edwards, John. A. B. C. F. M. 110
Edwards, Jonathan, East Orringtoo,
Me. 37
Eklwards, Jonatbaa, Grantvilla,
Mass. 45
E<lwards, Richard. Princeton, III. 19
Edwards. Thomas, Birmingham. Pa. 120
Edwards, Thomas C, Wilkesbarre,
Pa. 91
Edwards, William. Syracyse, O. 88
Edwards, WUliam P., Mineral
Ridge, O. 89
Eells, Cushing. Colfkx, W. T. 101
Eells, Dudley B., Mankato, Minn. 61, A3
Eells, Myron, Skokomish. W. T. 102, 110
Egelston, Wm. R . Frankfort, Kan. 32
Eggleston, Nath*l H., Williamstown,
Mass. 115
*Ela, Bei\{amin, Merrimack, N. H. 118
Elder, Hugh. Salem, Mas& 51
Elderkin, John, West Suffield. Ct. 11
Eldredge, Henry W., B. Weymouth,
Mass. A3
Elliot, Henry B., Stonington, Ct. 11
Elliot, John, Rumford Point, Me. 38
•Elliot, John E., South Glastonbury,
Ct. 7
Elliot. Lester H., Bradford, Vt 96
Elliot, S. G., Aurora, M«. 64, 66
Elliott, Asa S., Cincinnati, la. 23, 26
E11i«<, Jacob F., Seattle, W. T. 102
Ellis, John M., Oberlin, O. 119
Ellsworth, Alfred A., Galesburg, Dl. 17
Elmer, Hiram, Olivet, Mich. 117
Ely, Isaac M., Chenango Forks,
N. Y. 119
Ely, Joseph A. , Orange Valley, N. J. 75
Emerick, Frederic E., Mechanic
Falls, Me. 37
Emerson, Alfred, Dorchester, Mass. 115
•Emerson, Brown H., Thornton's
Ferry, N. H. 118
Emerson, Chas. A., Creighton, Neb 67
Emerson, Edward B.. Stratford, Ct. Ill
Emerson, .John D., Underhill. Vt. 100
Emerson, Joseph, Beloit, Wis. 121
Rmerson, Oliver, Miles, la 24, 27
•Emerson, Oliver P., Shelburne Falls,
Mass. * 51
Emerson, Rufus, Dra^ut, Mass. 44
Emerson, Rufus W., Blanchard, Me.
34, 38
Emerson, Thomas A., Brain tree,
Mass. 43
Emery, Joshua, North Weymouth,
Mass. 115
Emery, Samuel H., Taunton, Mass. 115
Emmons, Amzi B., Oxford, Ma«s. 115
Emmons, Henry V . Hallowell. Me.
Entler, George R., Franklin, N. Y. 119
•Esler, William P., Sherman, Mioh. 59
Estabrook, Joseph, Ypsilanti, Mich. 60
Ethridge, Albert, Marseilles, IlL 18
(152)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.]
LIST OF CONGREGATIONAL MINISTERS.
439
Enatfs, Wm. T., Sprinsfield, MasR. 115
Evaas, Chas. P., Wynant««kin, N. Y. 119
Evans, Daniel A., Lansford, Pa. 91
Evan A, David, Oak Hill » O. 119
Evanii, D. R., Plymouth, Pa. 91
Evanfl, E. B., Hyde Park. Pa. 12Q
Evans, Evati. Oak Hill, O. 119
Evanji, F. Telio, Blowburjr, Pa. 91
Evans, Griffith B., Brareviile, III. 15
Evans, John M., Church Hill, O. 89
Evans, Lewis D., Bristol, Me. 35
Evans, Robert, Remsen, N. Y. 76, 80
Evans, Thomas, Mineral Rid|?e, O. 119
Evans, T. B. W., New Orieans, La. 33
Evans, Thomas W. , Columbus City,
la 113
Evarts, Nathaniel K., Dorr, Mich. 56
EvartJ*, Reuben, Battle Creek, Mich. 117
Everdell, Robert, Fond dn Lac, Wis. 121
Everesr, Asa E., Belle PUine, la. 23
Everest, Charles H., Chicago, 111. 16
Bversz, Moritz E., Columbus, Wis. 103
Ewell, John L , WaveHy, Ma<w. 42
Ewin^, Edward C, Enfield, Mass. 44
Fairbank, John B., Farmington, III. 17
Fairbank, Samuel B., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Fairbanks, Edward T., St Johns-
bury, Vt. 99
Fairbanks, Francis J., West Boyl-
ston, Mass. 53
Fairbanks, Henry, St Johnsbury,
Vt 120
Fairchild, Edward H., Berea, Ky. 114
Fairchild, James H., Oberlin, O. 119
Fairfield, Edmund B., Lincoln, Neb. 118
Fairfield, Frederick W., Washington,
D. C. 112
Fairfield, Minor W. , Komeo, Mich. 59
Fairley, Samuel, E. Fslmouth, Mass. 45
Fale", Elisha F., Carthajce, Ma 65,
Falkner, Bishop, Brooklvn, N. Y. 76
Farmin, Uriel, Sbiloh, Kan. 114
Farnbam, Luther, Boston, Mass. 115
Farnsworth. Wilson A., A,B C.F.M. 109
Farrar, Henry, Gilead. Me, 36
Farwell, Asa, Crete.' Neb. 118
Fassett John, Hartland, Wis. 104
Fawnett, John, Cedar Springs, Mich 117
Fawkes, Francis, Otho, la. 27, 28
Fay, Henry C, Centre Brook, Ct 6
Fny, Levi L, Moss Run, O.
Fay, Osmer W., Geneseo. 111. 17
Fay, Prescott, Minneapolis, Minn. 117
Fay, Solomon P., Baneor, Me. 34
Fee, John G., Berea, Ky. 33
Feemster, R M. D., Columbus, Miss. 64
Feemster, Samuel B., Almartha, Mo. 65
Feemster, Samuel 0., Bobbinstou,
Me. 38
Fellows, Franklin E.. Bozrah, Ct 5
Fellows. Silenus H , Wauren^an, Ct 10
Fenn, William H., Portland, Me. 38
Femer, John W., Morris, III. 16, 20
Ferrin, Clark E., Plainfleld, Vt 99
FerriSr Hiram J.. Hale, 111. 18, 20
Ferris, Leonard Z., Kennebunk, Me. 36
Fessenden, Samuel C, Stamfoid, Ct 111
Fessenden, Thomas K., Farmington,
Ct 111
Fie lie, Herman, Dubuque, la. 24
Field, Anron W., Blandford, Masi. 42
Field, Artt-mas C, Wilminjrton, Vt 100
Field, George W., Bangor, Me. 34
Field, James P., Stewartsville, Mo. 64
Field, Thomss P., New London, Ct 111
Fifield, Charles W., South Canton,
N. Y. 81
Fifield, Lebbeos B., Kearney Junc-
tion, Neb. 68
Fisher, E. W., Parishville. N. Y. 80
Fisher. George E., So. Hadley Falls,
Mass. 51
Fisher, George P., New Haven. Ct. Ill
Fi.Hher, George W.. Peacedale, R. I. 93
Fisher, Oren D., Cleveland, O. 84
Fisher, S. V. S., Menashs, Wis. Ift^
Fislier, Wm. P . Providence, R. I. 93
Fisk, Franklin W., Chicago. Til. 113
Fisk, Pernn B., Lnke City. Minn. 62
Fiske, Albert W.. Fisherville, N..H. 118
Fiske, Daniel T., Newburyport, Mass. 49
Fiske, John B., Anauiosa, la. 23
Fiske, John O., Bath, Me. 34
Fiske, Warren C, Charlton. Mass. 115
Fiske, Wilbur, Freeborn, Minn. 61, 62
Fitch, AU>ert, Central City, Neb. 61
Fitch, Charles N., North Cornwall,
Ct 6
Fitch, Franklin S , Stratford, Ct 11
Fitts, Calvin R., Slatersville. R I. 93
Fitts, James H., Top^field, Mass. 52
Fits, Arthur G , W. Stafibrd. Ct 11
Flagg, Rnfus C, Westford, Mass. 53
Flanders, Charles N., Westmoreland,
N. H. 74
Fletcher, Adin H., Portland, Mich. 59
Flint, Ephraim, Hinsdale, Mass. 46
Flower, George A., Salisbury, Vt 100
Fobes, William A., Chesterfield, Ms ss. 43
•Folsom , George DeF. , Northford, Ct 9
Folsom, Omar W., Newburyport,
Msss. 49
Fonda. Jesse L., Morris, Minn. 62
Foot, William W., Geneva, O. 119
Foote, Hiram, Rockford, IlL 11-^
Foote, Horatio, Quincy, 111. 113
Foote, Lucius, Sacramento, Cal. Ill
Forbes, Samuel B., West Winsted,
Ct 111
Ford, James T., San Bernardino, Cal. 3
For-^yth, Wm.. Bucksport, Me. 35
Foss, George A., Chicnester. N. H.
Foster, Addison P., Jersey City, N. J, 75
Foster, Amos, Putney, Vt. 120
Foster, Davis, Winchendon, Mass. 54
Foster, Eden B., Lowell, Mass. 47
Foster, Prank H., No. Reading, Mass. 49
Foster, L. M., Grand Rapids, Wis. 104
Foster, Richard B.. Osborne, Kan. 29, 31
Foster, Wm. C , Middletown, Conn. Ill
Fowle, Hanford, Lake Mills, Wis., 105
Fowler, Stacy, Millbury, Mass. 120
Fowler, Wm. C , Durham Centre, Ct 112
*Pox, Almond B., Deane's Corners,
lU. 6
(153)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
440
IJ8T OF COKOREGATIONAL MINISTERS.
[1877.
Fox, .Tared W., Bidgeway, Kan. 30
Francifl, Cynm W., Atlanta, (Ja. 112
Frary, Lucien H., Weymouth, Maw. 53
Frailer, John G., Eaat Toledo, O. 87
Fraser, John M., Clarkufield, O. 84
Free, Samael B., SouthfiMld, Masn. 49
Freeborn, James G., Grand Hapidi,
Mich.
Frt^land, Samnel M., Newton, Mam.
Freeman, George E., Abington, Mass.
Freeman, Hiram, Winconmn,
Freeman, Joiieph, York Corner, Me.
Freeman, Jo8(>ph A., Broad Brook,
Ct.
French, George H., Johnncm, Vt.
French, Herman A., Milf<»rd, Neb. 67, 68
French, Lyndon S., Franklin, Vt. 120
French, 8. Franklin, Tewksbury,
Maan. 62
Frey, Isaac M., Stirling, Kan.
Frickstad, Taral T., Sergeant Blaff,
To.
Frink, Benson Merrill, Hamilton,
Mass.
Frisbie, Alvah L., De« Moines, la.
Frost, Daniel C, Killingly, Ot.
Frost, Daniel D., Fairfax, la.
Frost, Lewis P., Grand Blanc, Mich.
Fry, Georsje V., Baggies, O.
Frye, Holland B., So. Bridgtnn, Me.
Fuller, Americns, A. B. G. F. M.
Fuller, Francis L., Hamilton, Minn.
Fuller, Homer T., St. Johnsbury, Vt.
Fuller, Jowph, Vt'rnhire, Vt.
Fullerton, Bradford M., Palmer, Mass.
Fullerton, Jeremiah £., Laconia,
N. H.
♦Pulton, S. D., Newtown, III.
•Pultz, Wm H., Ean Hampton, Ot.
Fnrber, Daniel L., Newton Centre,
117
49
41
121
40
6
31
113
46
24
112
24
56
87
36
109
62
120
120
60
72
18
6
118
68
«7
43
113
30
71
96
23
119
flO
115
112
8
49
Gage, William L.. Hartford, Conn. 7
Gale, Edmund, Madison, O. 86
Gale, Sullivan F., Appleton, Wis. 103
Gale, Wakefield, Ea^lhampton,
Mass. 116
Gallagher. William, Boston, Mass. 115
Gallup, James A., Ma<li8on, Ct. 8
Gammell, Sereno D., Boxford, Mass. 43
•Gannett, Allen, Edgartown, 116
Gardner, A nstin, Buckingham, Conn. 7
Gardner, T. A., Wtnnebatro, III. 21
Garland, David, Bethel, Me. 34
Garland, Joseph, Waterville, Vt. 100
Gkirman, John H., North Orange,
Mass. 49,63
Garrette, Elmnnd Y., La Crosse,
Wis. 106
Garver, Austin R., Greenwood, Mass. 116
Gaskill, Junius T., Hartland, Wis. 121
Gates, Charles H., Kennebunkport,
Me. 36
Gates, Hiram N, Omaha, Neb., 118
Gates, Lorin S., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Gates, Matthew A., Kurke, Vt. 96, 98
Gay, Bbenezer, Bridge water, Mass 116
Gay, Joshua S., Meredith, N. H. 118
(164)
•Gftv, William M., Thornton's Ferry,
N. H.
Gaylord, Joseph F., Manistee. Mich.
Gay lord, Reuben, Omaha, Neb.
Gaylord, William L., Chicopee, Ma«B.
,Geer. Heman, Tabor, Is.
Gerald. E. M., Kirwin, Kan.
Gercmld. Samuel L, GoffKtown, N. H.
Gerry, Elbridge, Bethel. Vt.
Gibb«, Charles, Cedar Falls, la.
Gibbs, J. F., Eartt Hamburg, N Y.
Gibson, Chas. K., Wayland, Mich.
Giddings, Edward J., Honsatouic,
Mass.
Giddings, Solomon P., Washington,
D. C.
Gidman, Richard H., North Madison,
Ct.
Gilbert, Henry B., Motf s Comers,
N. Y. 119
Gilbert, James B.. Rockford, la. 27, 28
•Gilbert, Simeim, Chicago, 111. 21
Gilbert, William H., New Haven,
Ct. 112
Gill, William, Mantorrille, Minn. 6:2
Gillespie, Thomas, Woodworth. Wis. 103
Gillmor, D. W., Poto^, Wis. 108, 105, 106
Oilman, Eklward W., Bible House,
New York City, 119
Oilman, George P., Watertown, Ct. 112
Gladden, Washington, Springfield,
Mass. 52
Gleason, Anson, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Gleason, Charles H., Somers, Ct.
Gleason, Geo. L., Manchester, Mass.
Gleason John F., Norfolk, Ct
Glidden, Kiah B., Mansfield Centre,
Ct.
Glidden, N. Dimic, New Haven.
Mich. 66, 58
.Glines, Jeremiah, Lunenburg, Vt 120
Godfrey, E., Philomath, Or. 120
Goodell, Constans L, St Ix>uis, Mo. 6B
Goodell, Henry M., Cannon. Mich.
Goodell, Isaac, Greenville, 111.
Goodell, John H., Windsor Locks, Ct.
Good enough, Arthur, Winchester, Ct.
Ghtodenow, Smith B., Chandlerville,
111.
Goodhue, Daniel. Burlington, Vt
Goodhue, Henry A., West Barnstable,
Mass.
€k>odhu6, Nathaniel G., Johnstown
Centre, Wis.
Goodman, William, Nelson, Ind.
Gooduough, Algernon M., Vallejo,
Cal.
GiNxlrich, Chaunoey, A. B C. F. M.
Goodrich, Darius N., Windham, Vt.
Goodrich, John E., Burlington, Vt.
Goodrich, Lewis, Warren, Me.
Gomlsell, Dennis, Fergus Falls, Minn. 6!
Goodwin, D.wiel, Mason, N. H. 72
Goodwin, Edward P., Chicago, III. 16
Giodwin, Henry M.. Olivet, Mich. 68, 117
Goodyear. G^rge. Temple, N. H. . 118
Gordon, Charles E , Pom fret Centre,
Ct
119
10
47
9
8
55
17
12
12
15
120
41
121
113
lit
110
100
120
99
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877;]
LIST OF CONGREGATIONAL MINISTERS.
441
Gordon, D. B., Colfuc, la. 28
Gordon, Georjfe A., Temple, Me. 39
Gordon, Robert F., East Milton. Mass. 48
Gould, Henry A., Hammond, Win. 121
Gould, Mark, Ai^hbarnham. Mads. 115
Gould, Samuel L , Bethel, Me. 114
Graf. John F., Marshall, la. 113
Gmniirer, Calvin, East Poaltney, Yt. tf9
Granger Charles, Paxton, IlL 113
Granger, John I/, Polo, 111. 113
Granuii^ George H., St Clair, Mich. 69
Grant, Benj. F., Maiden, Mass. 116
Grant, Henry M., Sterling, N. J. 118
*Grassie, Thomas G., Sycamore, 111. 20
Grave«, Alpheus, Medfurd, Minn. 62
Graves, Roawell Little, Shasta, Cal. 2
Grawe, J. F., Bradford, la. 113
Gray, D. B., Oregon City, Or. 89
Gray, John, Wahoi>, Neb. 67, 69
Greeley, Edwanl H , Concord, N. H. 118
Greeley, Frank N., Orwell, N. Y. 80
Greelt^y, Stephen S. N., Gil man ton
Centre, N. H. 73
Greene, Albro L , Stockholm, N. Y. 81
Greei^e, Daniel C , A. B. C. F. M. 110
Greene, Henry S. , Ballard vale, Mas.i. 41
Greene, John M., Lowell, Mas^. 47
Greene, Joneph K., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Greene, Rich.ird G., Orange, N. J. 75
Greene, William B., Scituate, Ma^s. 51
Greenleaf, Joseph, New Canaan, Ct. 9
Greenwood, John, New Milford. Ct. 112
Greenwood, Wm., Haverhill, Mass. 46
Gregg, James B., Hartford, Ct 7
Gregory, Lewis, Lincoln, Nebi 68
Gridley, Albert L , Benzouia, Mich. 55
Griffln, Edward H., VVilliamstown,
Mass. 115
Griflin, George H., Milford, Ct 8
Griffin, John A., Atkinson, 111. 15
Griffln, Perlpy M., P.«rsou8, Kan. 31
Griffiths, Griffith, Newport, Ky. 84
Griffith!!, Henry, Nelisjh, Neb. 67, 68, 69
Griffiths, James, Sandusky, N. Y. 77, 81
GriffiihH, J. A., Lawrence ville, N. Y. 78
Griffiths, J. H., Moriah, N. V. 79
Griffiths, John R., Camroden, N. Y. 77
Griffitb.0, Thomas M., Turin, N. Y. 81
Griggs, Leverett, Bristol, Ct 112
Griggs, Leverett S., Terryville, Ct. 10
*Grimes, Frank, J., Canaan, Falls
"■■ '^ 5
113
6
118
5
113
44
120
30
65
77
43
17
19
110
110
110
Village, Ct.
Grinnell, Josiah B., Grinnell, Is.
Griswold, John B., M)llington, Ct
Groot, S. A., Maoon. Neb.
Grosvenor, Charles P., Ashford, Ct.
Groflveuor, Mason, Jacksonville, 111.
Grout, Henry M., Concord, Mass.
Grout, Lewis, W. Brattleboro', Vt.
Grover, Nahum W., Topsham, Me.
Grover, George W., Hannibal, Mo.
Grush, James W., Cambria, N. Y.
Guild, Charles L., Buckland, Mass.
Guild, RufuB B., Galva, 111.
•Gulick, , Park: Ridge, IlL
Gulick, John T., A. B. C. F. M.
Gulick, Oramel H., A. B. C. F. M.
Gulick, Thomas L., A. B. G. F. M.
Gulick, William H., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Gurney, John II., Dorchester, Mass. 42
Hadley, Andrew J., Toledo, O. 119
Hadley, James B., Campton, N. H. 118
Haff, Stephen, Bar Shore, L. I. 76
Hail, Alexander D., Berlin Heights,
O. 83
Haines, Simeon S., Tustin, Mich. 117
Haines, Thomas V., North Hampton,
N. H. 73
Hale, Eusebius, Baiting Hollow,
N. Y. 76
Hale, John G ., Stowe, Vt 100
Hale, Lewis, Onekaraa, Mich. 58
Haley, Frank, Seabrook, N. H. 73
Haley, John W., Hudson, N. H. 72
Hall, Alexander, Plainville, Ct. 10
Hall, Alfh-d H., West Meriden, Ct. 8
HhII, Charles L., A. H. C. F. M. 110
Hall. £. Edwin, Fairhaven, Ct. 112
Hall, Elliot C, Kiantone, N. Y. 78
Hall, George £., Vergennee, Vt. 100
Hall, Gordon, Northampton, Mass. 49
Hall, Heman B., Oberlin, O. 119
Hall, James, Farwell, Mich. 56
•Hall, Jeffries, Lyndeborough, N. H.
Hall, Martin S., Lawn Ridge, 111. 17
Hall, Richard, St. Paul, Minn. 117
HaU, Robert V., Newport, Vt. 120
Hall, Russell T., Pittsford, Vt. 99
Hall, Sherman, Sauk Rapids, Minn. 63
Hallev, Ebeu, Cincinnati, O. 54
Halliday, Joseph C, E. Weymouth,
Mass. 415
Halliday, Sam'l B., Brooklyn, N. Y. 119
Hallock, Joseph A., Chicago, 111. 113
Hallock, Leayitt H., West Winsted,
Ct. 12
♦Hallock, Wm. A., Bloomfifeld, Ct. 5
Hamilton, B. Franklin, Boston High-
lands, Mass. 42
Hamilton, Henry H. , Hinsdale, N. H. 72
Hamilton, John A., Nor walk, Ct. 9
Hamilton, Wm., Patten ville, Tex. 95
Hamlen, Chauncey L., Aurora, O.' 83
Hamlin, Austin N., Westerville, O. 119
Hamlin, Charles H., Chester, Mass. 43
Hamlin, Cyrus, Constantinople, 110
Hamlin, Cyrus, Council Bluffs, la. 24
Hanunond, Charles, Monson, Mass. 115
Hammond, Henry L., Chicago, III. 113
Hammond, Joseph) Harwich, Mass. 46
Hammond, Wm. B., Acushnet, Mass. 49
♦Hammond, Wm. P., Granby, Ct. 7
Hampton, W. S., Arborville, Neb. 67, 68
Hanaford, Howard A., Wellfleet,
Mass. 53
Hancock, Charles, Alden, la. 23, 24
Hand, Fred'k A., Dorchester, Mass. 115
Hand, LaRoy S., Ogden, la. 23, 26
Hanks, R., South Granville, N. Y. 81
Hanks, Stedman W., Boston, Mass. 115
Hanna, C. W., Marlboro*, Ct 8
Hanna, John A., Thompson, Ct. 11
Hanning, James T., Marseilles, 111. 113
Harding, Charles, A. B. C. F. M. 109
Harding, Henry F., Hallowell, Me. 114
(155)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
442
LTST OF CONOKEOATIONAL MINISTERS.
[1877.
Ilardmf^, John W., Longmeadow,
Maw. 47
H ardy, Daniel W., Blnehill, Me. 34
Hardy, George, Madison, N. Y. 79
Hardy, Vitellus M, W. Randolph, Vt. 99
Barker, Mifflin, East Oakland, Cal. Ill
Harlow, Edwin A., Cape Elizabeth,
Mo. 35
Harlow, Lincoln, Lyndeboro', N. H. 72
Harlow, Rnfns K., Medway, Mass. 48
Harmon, Elijah, Winchester, N. H. 74
Harper, Aimer, Port Byron, 111. 17, 19
Harrah, Charles C, Monroe, la. 20, 27
Harrington, Chiirles E., Lancaster,
N. IL 72
Harrington, Eli W., North Beverly,
Mass. 115
Harrington, James L., Orange, Vt. 99
Harrington, M. O., Macon, Ga. 14
Harris, D. Fisk, Columbia, Cincin-
nati, O. 84
Harris, George, Providence, R. I. 93
Harris, J. Lambdin, Essex, Mass. 44
Harris, James W., Dalles, Or. 89
Harris, Leonard W., Colebrook,
N. H. 70
Harris, Samnel, New Haven, Ct. 112
Harrison, C. S., York, Neb. 69
Harrison, George J., Milton, Ct. 8
Harrison, P., Bellingham Bay, W. T. 102
Harrison, Samuel, Httsfield, Mass. 50
Harrison, William G., Spring Green,
Wis. 107
Hart, Bnrdctt, Fair Haven, Ct. 9
Hart, Kdwin J., Cottage Grove,
Minn. 61
Hart, Henry B., Holden, Me. 114
Hart, Henry E., Wapping, Ct. 11
Hart, William, Bath, Me. 34
Hart, William D., Little Compton,
B.L 83
Hartshorn, James W., Naperville,
lU. 18
Hartshorn, Yaola J., Hyannis, Mass. 41
Hartwell, Charles, A. B. C. F. M. 109
Hartwell, John, Southbury, Ct. 10
Harvey, Chas. A., Middletown, N. Y. 119
Harvey, Wheelock N., New York
City, 119
Harvey, William F., Jamestown, la.
' 25,28
Harwood, Charles E., Orleans, Mass. 49
Harwood, James H., EUeardsville,
Mo. 65
Haskell, Ezra, Dover, N. H. 118
Haskell. Henry C, North Amherst,
O. 83
Haskell, John, Billerica, Mass. 115
Haskell, Thomas N., Denver, Col. HI
Haskell, William H., West Fal-
mouth, Me. 36
Haskins, Benjamin F., Viola, 111. 113
liaskins, Robert W., Derry, N. H. 71
Hassell, Richard, Warren, la. 28
Hatch, Elias W., East Berkshire, Vt.
96,98
Hatch, Franklin 8., West Hartford,
Ct. 12
Hatch, Reuben, Oberlin, O.
I Hathaway, Daniel E., Ruas
U9
»n, Kan.
30,31
Hathaway, George W., Skowbefnan,
Me. U4
HathAwa^^, Warren, Washington-
ville, N. Y. 76
Haven, John, Charlton, Mass. 43
Havens, Daniel W., Hilton, Kan. 114
Hawes, Edward, New H^ven, Ct. 9
Hawes, Josiah T., Litchfield Comen,
Me. 37
Hawkes, Winfield S., HaydenviHe,
Mass. 54
Hawks, Thenm H., Marietta, O. 86
Hawley, Chester W., Amherst, Mass. 41
Hawley, John P., Talcotville, Ct. II
Hay, James, Holktnd, Vt. 97, 98
Hay, Samnel C, Woodstock, HI. 113
Hayes, Stephen H., Boston. Mass. 42
Hayford, Andrew D., Crary's Mills,
N. Y. 119
Haywaid, John, Scatter Creek, Kan.
*J9, 31
Ha3rward, Sylvanns, Gilsnm, N. H. . 71
Hayward, Wm. T., Independence,
Kan. 30
Hazen, Allen, A. B. C. F. M. 109
Hazen, Austin, Jericho Centre, Vt. 98, 99
Hazen, Azel W., Middletown, Ct. 8
Hazen, Henry A., Billerica, Mass. 42
Hazen, Timothy A., (Toshen, Ct. 7
Hazen, WUliam S., Northfield, Vt. 98
Hazeltine, Harry M., West Stock-
bridge, Mass. 53
Hazlewood, Webster, Everett, Mass. 115
Headley, Ivory H. B., Philadelphia,
Pa. 120
Headley, Phineas C, Boston, Mass. 115
Healey, Joseph W., Ottumwa, la. 27
Heath, Albert H., New Bedford,
Heaton, Isaac E., Fremont, Neb. 118
Helmer, Charles D., Brooklyn, N. Y. 76
Helms, Stephen D., Lima, la. 113
Hemenway, Asa, Manchester, Vt. 120
•Hemenway, F. D., Glenooe, 111. 17
Henderson, David, Gainesville, N. Y. 77
Henderson, J. H. D., Eugene City,
Or. 120
Hendrickson, William A., Water-
town, Wis. 107
Henry, Wm. D., Jamestown, N. Y. 119
Hep worth, Greo. H., New York City, 79
♦Herbert, Charles D., Monroe, Ct. 8
Herbert, John, Stoughton, Mass- 52
Herbrechter, F., Stockbridge, Wis. 107
Herrick, Edvrard E., Chelsea, Vt. 97
Herrick, Edward P., Sherman, Ct. 10
Herrick, George F., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Herrick, Henry, North Woodstock,
Ct. 112
Herrick, James, A. B. C. F. M. 109
Herrick, John R., South Hadley,
Mass. 51
Herrick, Samuel E., Boston, Mass. 42
Herrick, Stephen L . , Grinnell, la. 113
Herrick, William D., Gardner, Mass. 45
(156)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.]
LIST OF CONGREGATIONAL MINISTEBS.
443
Herrick, William T., West Charles-
. ton, Vt. 97, 98
Herahey, Simon B., Danbnry, Ct. H
Hess, Henry, Fort Atkinson, la. 25
Hetrlck, Andrew J., Canterbury, Ct. 6
Hetzler, Henry, Muscatine, la. 25, 26, 27
Heustis, Aaron, Carthage, Ind. 113
Hewitt, Elias W., Pecatonica, HI. 113
Heywood, Thomas, Elizabeth, N. J. 75
Hibbard, Charles, Fairmont, Neb. 11«
Hibbard, David S., Gilmanton Centre,
N. H. 118
Hibbard, Rnfus P., New Haven, Ct. 9
Hick, George H., New Hkmpton,
N. Y. 119
Hickmott, John V., Angola, Ind. 21
Hickok, Henry P., Burlington, Vt. 120
Hicks, Louis W., Woodstock, Vt. 101
Hicks, Richard, Alburgh, Vt. 96
Hicks, William C, Hammond, Wis. 104
Hicks, WDliam H., Wellsville, Mo. 65, 66
Hidden, Ephraim N., Norfolk, Mass. 49
Higgins, Jonathan E., New Balti-
more, Mich. 58
•Higgins, Lucius H., Huntington, Ct. 7
Higley, Hervey O., Castleton, Vt. 120
Higley, Henry M., Friendship, N. Y. 78
Higley, Henry P., Beloit, Wis. 103
Hiles, Joseph B., Radical City, Kan. 114
HUl, Calvin G., Walpole, Mass. 52
HiU, Charles J., Middldtown, Ct. 8
Hill, Dexter D., Aurora, HI. 15
Hill, Eben L., Armada, Mich. 117
Hill, Edwin S., Atlantic, la. 23
Hill, George E., Marion, Ala. Ill
Hill, James L., Lynn, Mass. 47
Hill, Joshua A., Hartford, Ct. 112
•Hill, William P., Algonquin, HI. 15
Hillard, Elias B., Plymouth, Ct. 10
Hills, Aaron M., Ravenna, O. 84, 86
HUls, William S., Seeley, Neb. 69
•Hilton, John V., East Boston, Mass. 42
Hinckley, William H., Racine, Wis. 106
Hincks, Edward Y., Portland, Me. 38
Hincks, John H., Montpelier, Vt. 98
Hindley, George, Avoca, la. 23
Hine, Orlo D., Lebanon, Ct. 8
Hine, Sylvester, Higganum, Ct. 7
Hinman, Chester, Clear Lake, Wis. 121
Hinman, Horace H. 121
Hitohcock, Abraham F., Suisun, Cal. 3
Hitohcock, Henry C, Milwaukee,
Wis. 105
Hitohcock, Milan H., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Hoadly, L. Ives, New Haven, Ct. 112
Hobart, L. Smith, Now York City, 119
Hobbs, Simon L., Ashfield, Mass. 115
Hoddle, Henry, Garfield, Kan. 29, 30
Hodgman, Edwin R., Westford, Mass. 115
Hof , Philip J., Boscobel, Wis. 121
Hoffman, John H., Henniker, N. H. 72
Holbrook, Amos, Saxton's River, Vt. 99
Holbrook, David L., Geneva, Wis. 104
Holbrook, David S., Ellington, Ct. 6
Holbrook, John C, Syracuse, N. Y. 119
Holbrook, Martin K. , Longmont, Col. 4
Holbrook, Zephaniah S., Cbicago, HI. 16
Holcombe, Gilbert T., Elkhart, Ind. 24
Holiday, Heniy M., Millbrook, Mich. 68
Holley, Piatt T., Bridgeport, Ct. 112
Holman, Morris, Antrim, N. H. 118
Holmes, Henry M., Southboro' , Mass. 51
Holmes, James, Bennington, N. U . 70
Holmes, Otis, Greenport, L. I. 78
Holmes, Theodore J., Baltimore, Md. 40
Holyoke, Charles G., Sumner, Me. 77
Holyoke, William E., Byron, 111. 16
Homes, Francis, Easton, Mass. 116
Hood, Edw'd C, Hingham, Mass. 46, 47
Hood, Geo. A., Minneapolis, Minn. 62
Hood, Jacob, Lynn^eld Centre, Mass. 115
Hooker, Edward P., Middlebury, Vt. 98
Hooker, Edward T., Castleton, Vt. 97
Hooker, Henry B., Boston, Mass. 115
Hopkins, Henry, Westfield, Mass. 53
Hopkins, Mark, Williamstown, Mass. 54
Hopkinson, Benjamin B., Lyme, Ct. 8
Hoppin, James M., New Haven, Ct. 112
Homer, John W., Keosanqua, la. 23, 25
Hosford, Henry B., Hudson, O. 119
Hoeford, Isaac, North Thetford, Vt. 120
Hosford, Oramel, Olivet, Mich. 117
Hosmer, Sam'l D., So. Natick, Mass. 48
Hough, Jesse W., Santa Barbara,
Cal. 3
Hough, Joel J., Danbury, Ct. 6
Hough, Lent S., East Lyme, Ct. 112
Houghton, Chas. E., Auburn, N. H. 70
Houghton, James C, Montpelier, Vt. 120
Houghton, John C, Benson, Vt. 96
Houghton, William, Viroqua, Wis. 107
Houghton, William A., Berlin, Mass. 42
House, J. Henry, A. B. C. F. M. 110
House, William, Barrineton, R. I. 93
Houston, Hiram, Deer Isle, Me. 35
Hovenden, Robert, Pontiac, Mich. 117
Hovey, Horace C, Fairhaven, Ct. 6
•Howard, Edward, Gasport, N. Y. IS
Howard, Hiram L., Lisoon, 111. 113
Howard, Jabez T., West Charleston,
Vt. 120
Howard, Martin S., Wilbraham,
Mass. 63
Howard, Rowland B., East Orange,
N. J. 75
Howard, William, West Avon, Ct. 5
Howe, Benjamin, Ipswich, Mass. 46
Howe, E. Frank', Newtonville, Mass. 49
Howe, George M., Princeton, Mass. 60
Howes, Herbert R., Gray, Me. 114
Howie, Matthew F., Maiden, 111. 18
Howland, Sam'l W., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Howland, Wm. S., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Howland, Wm. W., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Hoyt, James P., Newtown, Ct. 9
Hoyt, James S., Cambridgeport,
Mass. 43
Hubbard, Charles L., Reed's Ferry.
N.H. ^ 72
Hubbard, David B., Canton Centre,
Ct. y
Hubbard, George B., Shirland, 111. 113
Hubbard, H. L., W. Newark, N. Y. 82
Hubbard, James M., Cambridge,
Mass. 115
Hubbard, Thomas S., Rochester, Vt. 99
(167)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
444
LIST OF CONOBEGATIONAL MINISTEB8.
[1877.
Hubbard, Wm. H., Merrimac, Man. 48
Hubbell, Henry L., Amherst, Mass. 115
Unbbell, James W., Portsmouth,
N. H. 73
Hubbell, Stephen, Mt. Garmel, Ct. 112
Hubbell, William S., £. Somerville,
Mass. 51
Hudson, Alfred 8., Linden, Mass. 47
Hudson, J. M., Mason City, la. 113
Hughes, David £., Coaldale, Pa. »1
Hughes, £. R., Remsen, N. Y. 80, 81
Hughes, Hugh X., Dawn, Mo. 65
Hughes, Isaac C, Columbus City, la. 23
Hughson, Simeon S., South Boston,
Mass. 42
Hulbert, Calvin B., Middlebury, Vt.
100,120
Hull, Irwin T., Breckinridge, Mo. 64, 65
Hume, Edward S., A. B. C" K. M. 10a
Hume, Robert A., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Humphrey, Chester C , Albion, Neb.
67,68
Humphrey, John P., East St. John»-
bury, Vt. 99
Humphrey, Simon J , Chicago, III. 113
Humphreys, George F., Providence,
R. I. 93
Hungerford, Edward, Meriden, Ct. 8
Hunt, Lewis M., Gale^burg, Mich. 56
Hunt, Nehemiah A , Sterling, Minn. 6d
Hunt, Nathan S , Bozrah, Ct. 112
Hunt, Ward I., Columbus, Miss. 56, 59
Hunting, B. S., Berea, Ky. 114
Huntington, George. Oak Park, Dl. 19
Huntington, Henry S , Gorham, Me. 36
Huntress, Edward S., Walllngford,
Vt. 100
Hurd, Albert C, Taftville, Ct 9
Hurd, Alva A., Scotland, Ct. 10
Hurd, Fayette, Cherokee, la. 23
Hurd, Philo R , Detroit, Mich. 117
Hurlbut, Everett B., Omaha, Neb.
Hurlbut, John E., Mittineague,
Mass. 53
Hurlbut, Thaddeus B , Upper Alton,
111. 113
Husted, John T , Clinton, Mich. 56
Hutchins, Charles J., Petaluma, Cal. 3
Hutchins, Henry L., New Haven, Ct. 9
Hutchins, Robert G., Columbus, O. 84
Hutchins, Wm. T., Westchester, Ct. 6
Hutchins, Henry H., North Edge-
comb, Me. 35
Hutchinson, John C, Cummington,
Mass. 115
Hyde, Azariah, Galesburg, 111. 113
Hyde, Charles M., A. B. C. P. M. 109
Hyde, Henry F., Rockville, Ct. 11
Hyde, James T., Chicago, 111. 113
Hyde, Nathaniel A., Indianapolis,
Ind. 22
Ide, Alexis W., West Medway, Mass. 115
Ide, George H., Lawrence, Mass. 47
Ide, Jacob, West Medway, Mass. 48
Ide, Jacob, jr. , Mansfield, Mass. 47
liams, Wm. E, San Francisco, Cal. * 3
llsley, Horatio, South Freeport, Me. 114
Ingalls, Alfred, Smith ville, N. Y. 119
Ingalls, Edmond C, Benson, Minn. 81
Ingalls, Francis T., Atchison, Kan. 29, 30
Ingle, John, McLeansville, N. C. 83
Ireland, Wm., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Irwin, A. B., Mobile, Ala. 1
Irwin, Corydon S., Belfleld, Kan. 29
Isham, Austin, Boxbury, Ct. 112
Isham, J. H., Cheshire, Ct. 6
Ives, Alfred E., Castine, Me. 114
Ives, Joel 8., East Hampton, Ct. 5
Ives, Joseph B , Douglas, Kan. 29
Jackson, A. T., Weaverville, Cal. 8
Jackson, George A., Globe Village,
Mass. 115
Jackson, Jas. T., Cornish Flat, N.H. 71
Jackson, Wm C, BrentwooJ, N. H. 70
Jacobus, Isaa^, Louisville, Kan. 30
Jaggar, Edwin L., Aubumdale,
Mass. 115
James, Nathan B., Carrolton, La. 114
James, Wm., Wood haven, L. I. 83
James, Wm. A., Marysville, O. 86
Jameson, Ephraim O., East Medway,
Mass. 48
Jameson, James, Magnolia, Wis. 121
Janes, Elijah, Oakland, Cal. Ill
Janes, Frederick, Salisbury, Vt, 93
Jenkins, David, Monticello, Minn. 62
Jenkins, Josiah M., Harmar, O. 85
Jenkins, John J., Palmyra, O. 86
Jenkins, Jonathan L., Pittsfield,
Mass. 50
Jenkins, Owen, De Pevster, N. Y. 77
Jenkins, Richard W., Yarmouth, Me. 40
Jenkins, Thomas, Riidnor, O. K8
Jenkins, William, Jermyn, Pa. 91
Jenness. Geo. O.. Wakefield. N. H. 74
Jenney, Elisha, Galesburg, 111. 113
Jenney, E. Winthrop, A. B. C. F. M. 110
Jennings, Isaac, Bennington Centre,
Vt. 96
Jennings, William J., Coventry, Ct. 6
*Jennison, Edwin, Winchester,
N. H. 118
Jerome, Theodore C, River Falls,
Wis. 106
Jesup, 'Henry G , Amherst, Mass. 115
Jewett, George B., Salem, Mass. 115
Jewett, Henry E., Redwood, C^. 3
Jewett, John B. B., Pepperell, Mass. 115
Jewett, Spofford D., Middlefield, Ct. 112
Jewett, William R., Concord, N. H. 118
Jocelyn, Simeon S., Brooklyn, N. Y. 119
Johnson, Albion H., South Brain-
tree, Mass. 43
Johnson, Alfred P., Platteville, Wis. 106
Johnson, Charles C, Smyrna, N. Y. 81
Johnson, Edwin, New York City. 119
Johnson, Frank A., Chester, N. J. 75
Johnson, George, Scambler, Minn. 63
Johnson, George H., Uzbridge, 52
Johnson, Gideon S., Hale, HI. 113
Johnson, Henry C, Dallas Citv, 111. 113
Johnson, Hiram E., Eaat Providence,
R. I. 51
Johnson, James G., Rutland, Vt. 99
(158)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.]
LIST OF CONORIiOATIOITAL MINISTERS.
445
Johnson, J. B., Hemdon» Va. 121
Johnson, Samuel, Sidney Plains,
N. Y. 81
Johnson, Wilbnr, Royalston, Mass. 51
Johnson, W. L., Orangebuw:, S. C. 9i
Jones, Albert K., Jackson, Me. 36
Jones, Amos, Colesburg, la. 23, 24
Jones, Benjamin, Granville, O. 119
Jones, Cadwalader D., Beacon, la. 2.3, 25
Jones, Charles, Sazonville, Mass. 45
Jones, Charles J. K., New Bedford,
Mass. 49
Jones, Clinton M., Eastford, Ct. 6
Jones, Daniel I., Norwood, O. 119
Jones, Darios £., Davenport, la. 113
Jones, David, Corner, O. 88
Jones, David, Richville, N. Y. 81
Jones, David E., Roxburv, Ct. 10
Jones, David L., Sonth freeport. Me. 36
Jones, David M., Arena, Wis. 121
Jones, David S., Alexandria, O. 83, 85
Jones, D. Jerome, Crete, Neb. 67, 69
Jones, D. Todd, Shenandoah, Pa. 91
Jones, B. W., Johnstown, Pa. 92
Jones, Enoch, Waukesha, Wis. lai
Jones, Franklin C, Franklin, Ct. 7
Jones, F., Skidmore, Tex. 95
Jones, Oteorge M., New Cambria, Mo.
66,66
Jones, G. J., Prospect, N. Y. 80
Jones, Griffith, Nelson Flats, N. Y. 79
Jones, Gustavns W., Frankfort, Me.
36, and Winterport, Me. 40
Jones, Harvey, Diamond Springs,
Kan. 29, 32
Jones, Henry, Bridgeport, Ct. 112
Jones, Henry W., Bt. Johnsbury,
Vt. 99
Jones, Ira B., East Irving, Mich. 56
•Jones, J. G., Ninety-Six, N. Y. 79
Jones, James I., Farmington Falls,
Me. 36, 37
Jones, Jesse, H., North Abington,
Mass. 41
Jones, John, Columbus, O. 88
Jones, John A., Salem, Neb. 68
Jones, John £., Audenried, Pa. 91
Jones, John H., Delaware, O. 88
Jones, John L., Modesto, Cal. Ill
Jones, Jonathan, Wyoming, Wis. 107
Jones, Joseph H., Westchester, Ind. 22
Jones, Lemuel, Monsey, N. Y. 79, 81
Jones, Newton I., Mt. Pleasant, la. 26
Jones, Rhys G., IJtica, N. Y. 82
Jones, B. 8., Providence, Pa. 91
Jones, Samuel, Red Oak, la. 25
Jones, T. G., Butternut Valley,
Minn. 61, 63
Jones, Thomas, Detroit, Mich.
Jones, Thomas R., Ebensburg, Pa
*Jones, Thomas W., Ticonderoga,
N. Y.
Jones, Timothy, Watertown, Wis.
Jones, William L., Oakland, Cal.
Jones, William W., Glendale. Wis.
Jordan, Ebenezer S. , Brownfield, Me.
Jofl4, Emanuel, Sutton, Neb.
Joyslin, William R., Orient, N. Y.
117
81
121
3
121
35
69
80
Juchau, Georse, Halifax, Mass. 45
Judisch, Freaerick W., Davenport,
la. 24
Judson, Sylvanus M., Sylvania, O. 119
Julien, Matthew C, New Bedford,
Mass. 49
Kaley, John A., Irasburgh. Yt. 98
Karr, William S., Hartford, Ct. 112
Kedzie, Adam S. , Dowagiac, Mich. 117
Keeler, Seneca M., West Newbury,
Mass. 53
Keeler, Seth H., Somerville, Mass. 115
Keep, John R., Hartford, Ct. 112
Keep, Marcus R., Dalton, Me. 114
Keep, Theodore J., Oberlin, O. 119
Keitn, Adelbert F., Providence,
R. I. 93
Kelley, George W., Eastport, Me. 35
Kellogg, Elijah, Harpswell, Me. 36
KeUogg, Martin, Berkeley, Cal. Ill
Kellogg, Sylvanus H. , Swansea, Minn. 117
Kelsey, Frank D., Attleboro' Falls,
Mass. 41
Kelsey, Henry S., New Haven, Ct 89
Kelsey, Hiram L., Hollis, N. H. 92
Kemp, (George S., West Brooksville,
Me. 35
Kendall, Henry A., East Concord,
N. H. 118
Kendall, Henry L., Charlestown,
Mass. 42
Kendall, S. C, Williamsburi?, Mass. 53
Kennedy, Joseph R., Grinnell, la. 113
Kent, Cephas H., Ripton, Vt 99
Kent, Evarts, Michigan City, Ind. 22
Kenyon, Fergus L., St. Joseph, Mo. 66
Kerr, Robert, Webster Grove, Mo. 66
Ketoham, Henry, CoUamer, O. 119
Ketchum, Silas, Poquonock, Ct. 12
Keyes, Russell M. , Conneaut, O. 84
Kevser, Calvin, Fall River, Mass. 45
Kidder, Albarom, Durand, Wis. 104
Kidder, James W., Norfolk, Neb. 68
Kidder, John S., Hopkins, Mich. 57
Kilbon, Charles W., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Kilbonm, James, Racine, Wis. 121
Kilboume, James K., A. B. C. F. M. 110
KimbaU, Caleb, Medway, Mass. 115
Kimball, George P., Chicago, 111. 113
Kimball, Henry S., Boylston, Mass. 43
Kimball, James P., Boston, Mass 115
Kimball, Woodbury S., Wells, Me. 39
Kinoaid, William, Oberlin, O. 86
King, Henry D, Orwell, O. 119
Kingman, Matthew, Amherst, Mass. 115
Kingsbury, Chas. A., Chestnut Hill,
Mass. 115
Kingsbury, Howard, Amherst, Mass. 41
Kingsbury, John D., Bradford Mass. 43
Kingsbury, Josiah W., Montague,
Mass. 48
Kinne, George W., Bath, N. H. 70
Kinne, T. C, Langola, Minn. 63
Kinney, Thomas, Patten, Me. 38
Kinzer, Addison D , Hampton, la. 25
Kirk, Robert, Springfield, Dak. 13
Kirkland, Elias E., Missouri. 117
(1»«)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
446
LIST OF CONOREOATIOKAL MINISTERS.
[1877.
Kitchel, CorneliiiB L., SalisbnrT, Ct. 10
Knapp, OeoT^ C, A. B. G. F. M. 109
Knight, Elbridge, Fort Fairfield,
Mi. 118
Knight, Merrick, Kepang, Ct. 9
Knight, P. S., Salem, Or. 89
Knight, Richard, So. Hadley Falls,
Mass. 61
Knonse, William H., Deep Riyer, Ct. 10
Knowles, David, Middle River, la. 25
Knowlton, Francis B., Oxford, N. H. 73
Knowlton, Stephen, New Haven, Vt. 98
Knox, William J., Angosta, N. Y. 119
Kopt, J. H., Madrid, N. Y. 79
Elribs, Lad wig, Hawley, Minn. 62, 63
Kutz, Henry D., New Haven, N. Y. 79
Kyte, Felix, Lomberland, N. Y. 76, 79
Kyte, Joseph, Buxton, Me. 36
La Bach, James M., Amboy, HI. 15
Labaree, Benj., Philadelphia, Pa. 120
Labaree, John C, Randolph, Mass. 50
Ladd, Alden, Roxbory, Vt. 99
Ladd, George T., Mllwaokee, Wis. 109
Ladd, Henry M., Walton, N. Y. 82
Ladd, Horatio O., Hopkinton, Mass. 46
Laird, James H., Andover, 41
Lake, Lot, Hyde Park, Pa. 91
Lamb, Edward E., CoUinsville, Ct. 5
Lamb, William A., Foxboro', Mass. 46
Lambert, A. Boardman, Rupert. Vt. 99
Lamphear, N. D., Ymilanti, Mich. 117
Lamson, Chas. M., Worcester, Mass. 64
Lancaster, Daniel, New York City, 119
'Lancashire, Henry, New Preston, Ct. 1 1
Landfear, Rudolphus, Hartford, Ct. 112
Landon, Geo. M., Minneapolis, E. D.
Minn. 117
Lane, B. B., MitchellviUe, la. 25
Lane, Daniel, Belle Plains, la. 113
Lane, James P., Bristol, R. I. 93
Lane, John W., No. Hadley, Mass. 45
Lane, Larmon B., Wellington, O. 119
Langworthy, Isaac P., Boston, Mass. 1 15
Lanman, Joseph, Woodland, Uid. 3
Lanphear, Orpheus T., Beverly,
Mass. 42
Larry, John H., WUmot, N. H. 74
Lflsell, Nath'l. Mattapoisett, Mass. 48
Lathe, Herbert W., Portland, Me. 38
Lathrop, Alfred C, Glenwood, Minn. 61
Lathrop, Stanley E., New London,
Wis. 105
Laurie, Thomas, Providence, R. I. 93
Law, Sidney G., Redding, Ct. 10
Lawrence, Amos E., Newton Centre,
Mass. 115
Lawrence, Edward A., Marblehead,
Mass. 115
Lawrence, Edward A., jr., Pough-
keepsie, N. Y. 80
Lawrence, Robert F., Maiden, Mass. 115
Lawson. Francis, Earlville, 111. 113
Leach, Cephas A., Sedalia, Mo. 117
Leach, Giles, Meredith, N. H. 118
Leach, Joseph A., Keene, N. H. 72
Learned, Dwight W., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Leavitt, Burke F., Chicago, 111. 16
Leavitt, George R., Cambridgeport,
Mass. 43
Leavitt, Horace H.. A. B. C. F. M. 110
Leavitt. Jonathan G., New Glouces-
ter, Me. 37
Leavitt, WUliam. Fayette, la. 24
Leavitt Wm. S.. Northampton. Mass. 49
LeBosquet. John. Lempster. N. H. 72
Lee, Albert, East Watortown, N. Y.
77,81
*Lee, Frank T., Milwaukee, Wis. 121
Lee, Lucius O.. Owoaso, Mich. 58
*Lee, Samuel, New Ipswich, N. H. 118
Lee Samuel H., Cleveland, O. 84
Lee, WUliam B., PorUand. Ct. 112
Leeds. Samuel P., Hanover, N. H. 71
Lees, Henry. Wauooma, la. 28
Lees. John W.. Lee. N. H. 72
Leeper, Edward A., ChurohviUe,
N.Y. 77
*Leete, Theodore A., Orange, Ct. 10
Leland, John H. M., Amherst. Mass. 115
Leonard, Delavan L., Northfield,
Minn. 62
Leonard, Edwin, Morris, Ct. 8
Leonard, Hartford P., Taunton, Mass. 52
Leonard, Julius Y.. A. B. C. F. M. 109
Leonard, Stephen C , Sevmour, Ct. 10
Leonard, William, North Rochester,
Mass. 46, 50
Lewis, Edward R., Hyde Park, Pa. 120
Lewis, Everett E., Haddam, Ct. 7
Lewis, George, South Berwick, Me. 39
Lewis, John T., Thomaston, O. 89
Lewis, Richard, Ludington, Mich. 58
Lewis, Wm. S., Pleasanton, Mich. 117
Liggett, James D., Hiawatha, Kan. 30
Lincoln, John K., Bangor, Me. 114
Lincoln, Nehemiah, North Bridgton,
Me. 35, 36
Linkletter, Elihu, Eoapire, Mich. 55, 56
Litch, J. Lincoln, Mclndoes, Vt. UK
Little, Arthur, Chicago, 111. IH
Little, Charles, Lewis, la. 23, 2fl
Littlefield, Ozias, Seneca, la. 113
Litts, Pahner, Central City, la. 23
Livermore, Aaron R., North Haven,
Ct. 112
Livermore, Albert, New Richmond,
Wis. 105, 107
Livingston, Wm. W., North Carver,
Mass. 4^
Lloyd, John, Shawnee, O. 119
Lloyd, Wm. A., Ravenswood, El. 19
.Lochridge, G. C, Centre Point, la. 23, 28
Locke, Wm. E., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Lockwood, G^rge A., Oxford, Me. 37
Lockwood, John U., Brooklyn, N. Y. 76
Logan, Robert W., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Long, Frederick, Frewsburgh, N. Y. 77
Longley, Moses M., Danvers, Dl. 16
♦Loomis, A. F., Roodhouse, 111. 19
Loomis, Alpha L. P., Milton, Wis. 105
Loomis, Aretas G., Greenfield, Mass. 115
Loomis, Elihu, Chesterfield, HI. IH
Loomis, Henry, jr., Poughkeepaie,
N. Y. 119
Loper, Stephen A., Hadlyme, Ct. Hi
(160)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.]
LIST OF CONOKEOATIONAL MINISTERS.
447
Lord, Daniel B., Goshen, Mass. 45
Lord, John M., Bockland, Mass. 115
Lord, Thomas N., Sanford, Me. 38
Loring, Amasa, Foxcroft, Me. 114
Ijoring, Henry 8.. PhipsborR, Me. 38
Loring, Herbert A., Foxcroft, M^. 36
Loring, Joseph, East Otisfield, Me. 114
Loring, Levi, Waseca, Minn. 63
Lougee, Samuel F., Danbnry, N. H. 71
Lounsbury, Henry A., Boston. Mass 116
Love, Wm. DeL., Andover, Mass. 115
lx)vejoy, George B., Bedford, Mass. 41
Lowell, John N., Milton, N. H . 73
Lowes, Josiah E., Nebraska City,
Neb. C7
Lowing, Heniy D., Centre Eoad Sta-
tion, Pa. 87, 90
Lowry, Samuel E., Newton, Mass. 49
liuce, Leonard, Westford, Mass. 115
Lum, Samuel Y., Rocky Hill, Ct. 10
Lyle, WUliam W., Duxbury, Mass. 44
I yman, Addison^ Kellogg, la. 113
l-yman, Albert J., BrooUyn, N. Y. 76
Lyman, Charles N., Onawa, la. 23, 36
Lyman, David B., B. C. F. M. 109
L3rman, Ephraim, Minneapolis, Minn. 117
L^'man, George, Amherst, Mass. 116
Lyman, Horace, Forest Grove, Or. 120
Lyman, Huntington, Triangle, N. Y. 81
Lyman, Payson W., Belchertown,
Mass. 41
Lyman, Timothy, Lndlow Mills,
Mass. 47
LjTnan, W. A., Windsor, Wis. 106, 107
I^yon, Amzi B^ West Newbury, Vt. 98
Lyon, George G., West Farmmgton,
O. 85
Lyon, James H., Central Falls, B. I. 93.
Marcardle, George, Pecatonica, HI. 19
Machin, Charles, Lyndon, HI. 18
♦Mack, Josiah A., Gilead, Ct. 7
Macnab, William, Orwell, Pa. 110
Magill, Seagrove W., ComwaU, Vt. 97
Magoun, George F., Grinnell, la. 113
Mahan, Asa, London, Eng. 119
Maile, John L., Jackson, Mich. 57
Mallary, R. Dewitt, Williamsport,
Pa. 90
Mallory, Chas. W., Housatonlc, Mass 45
Mallory, W. W., Memphis, Tenn. 94
Maltby, Erastus, Taunton, Mass. 52
Mandell, William A., Cambridgeport,
Mass. 115
Mann, Asa, Raynham, Mass. 115
Mann. Joel, New Haven, Ct. 112
Mannmg, Abel, Goffstown, N. H. 118
Manning, Jacob M., Boston, Mass. 42
Manning, Samuel. Mercer, Pa. 90
Manson, Albert, Quasqneton, la. 27
Marble, Wm. H., Grundy Centre, la. 113
March, Daniel, Wobum, Mass. 54
Marden, Augustus L., Piermont,
N.H. * '73
•Marden, George N., So. Weymouth,
Mass. 63
•Marden, Hen^, New Boston, N. H. 109
Markham, B. F., Savannah, Ga. 14
Marsh, Alfred F., Orange, Mass. 49
Marsh, Abraham, West Woodstock,
Ct. 112
Marsh, Charles E.. Summer Hill, HI. 20
Marsh, D. Dana, Georgetown, Mass. 46
Marsh, Dwlght W., North Ainherst,
Mass. 41
Marsh, Francis J., Upton, Mass. 52
Marsh, George D., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Marsh, Henry, Ealamo, Mich. 67
Marsh, John T., Lisle, N. Y. 78
Marsh, Joseph, Thetford, Vt. 120
Marsh, Loring B., Sterling, Mass. 116
Marsh, S. H., Forest Grove, Or. 89
Marsh, Spencer, Burlington, Vt. 120
Marshall, Chapman A., New Hamj)-
ton, la. 26
•Marshall, Henry G., Middlebuiy, Ct. 8
Marshall, James, Troy, N. H. 74
Marsland, John, New Marlboro',
Mass. 49
Marsten, Francis E., Boston High-
lands, Mass. 116
Martin, Benjamin N., New York
City, 119
Martin, E. H., Ogden, la. 113
Martin, Moses M., Mazomanie, Wis. 121
Martin, Solon, West Fairlee, Vt. 100
Marts, William G., Charleston, S. C. 94
Martyn, Sanford S., Terre Haute,
Ind. 22
Marvin, Abijah P., Lancaster, Mass. 116
Marvin, Sylvanus P., Woodbrldge,
Ct. 12
Mason, James D., Forest City, la. 25
Mason, Javan K., Fryeburg, Me. 36
Mason, Joseph, Godfrey, 111. 113
Mason, Lewis T., Ellington, N. Y. 77
Matson, Albert, Topeka, Kan. 29, 30
Matthews, Caleb W., Le Verne,
Minn. 117
Matthews, Luther P., Postville, la. 27
Matthews, R. J., Bevier, Mo. 64
Matthews, S. Sherburne, Maynard,
Mass.' 48
Matthews, William D. A., Chicago,
111. 113
Maxwell, Abram, Red Cloud, Neb. 68, 69
May, Oscar G., Fulton, Wis. 103, 104
May, T. Melbourne, Volnejr, N. Y. 80, 82
Maynard, Ulric, Castleton, Vt. 120
Mayne, Nicholas, Plattville, Wis. 121
McArthur, H. G., Beloit, Wis. 19
McCall, Salmon, East Haddam, Ct. 6
McChesney, James, Prospect Park,
HI. 113
McChesney, J. H., Big Marsh, Wis. 121
McClelland, Page F., Northport,
Mich. 58
McClennhig, Daniel B., East Con-
cord, N. H. 118
McCollom, J. Clinton, East Arling-
ton, Vt. 96
McConaughey, Frank, Lorain, O. 86
McConoughey, Austin N., Bowens-
burg, 111. 15, 20
McConnell, Alex. S., Cresco, la. 24
•McConnell, C. M. , Elk River, Minn. 61
(161)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
448
LIST OF CONGREGATIONAL MINISTERS.
[1877.
McCord, Kobert L., Toulon, HI. 20
McCormick, T. B., Princeton, Ind. 21, 22
McCraken. F. , Dodge Centre, Minn. 117
McCracken, Robert, Paxton, IlL 113
McCulloch, Oscar C, Indianapolis,
Ind 22
McCnlly, Charles 6., Calais, Me. 35
McCune, Robert, Toledo. O. 87
McCune, William C, Linwood, O. 1 18
McDnffee, Samuel V., Ludlow, Mass. 47
McElroy, Elbridge P., Brockton,
Mass. 115
McEwen, Robert, New London, Ct. 112
McFarland, Henry H., Brooklyn,N.Y. 119
McFarland, Moses Q., Parma, Mich. 117
McFarland, W., Barton City, Mo. 64, 66
M cGinley, Wm. A. , Greenfield, Mass. 45
McGown, Alfred J., Orono. Me. 37, 39
Mclntire, Chas. C, Rockport, Mass. 51
McKay, James A., Grand Rapids,
Mich. 117
McKay, WUliam, Brooklyn, N. Y. 119
McKean, John, Ceredo, W. V. 102
McKellar, W. S., Spartansburff, Pa. 90
McKenzie, Alexander, Cambridge,
Mass. 43
McKinstry, John A., Richfield, O. 87
McLaughlin, Daniel D. T., Litchfield,
Ct. 112
*McLean, Allen, Litchfield, Ct. 8
McLean, Calvin B. , Sandisfield, Mass. 51
McLean, Jas., West Bozford. Mass. 43
Mcl^ean, John K., Oakland, Cal. 2
McLeod, Andrew J^Waldoboro', Me. 39
McLeod, Norman, Humboldt, la. 25
McLoney, John N , Sioux City, la. 27
McLoud, Anson, Topsfield, Mass. 116
Mc Master, A., Menomonee, Wis. 105
McNeUle, Robert G. S., Bridgeport,
Ct 5
Mc Vicar, Peter, Topeka, Kan. 114
Mead, Charles M , Andover, Mass. 116
Mead, Darius, New York City, 119
Mead, Henry B., Saccarappa, Me. 39
Mead, Hiram, OberUn, O. . 119
Meade, L. H., Clayton, Cal. 2
Means, James H., Dorchester, Mass. 42
Means, John O., Boston Highlands,
Mass. 116
Mears, David O., Worcester. Mass. 54
Mears, Lucien D., Danby. Vt 97
Meek, S. W., Franklin, N. Y. 78
Mellen, William, Oakham, Mass. 116
MeUish, John H., North Sdtuate,
R.I. 93
Melvin, Charles T., Atkinson, N. H. 70
Meriam, Joseph, Randolph, O. 87
Merrall, Joseph U^ Dutch Flat, Cal. 2
Merrell, Edward H,, Ripon, Wis. 121
Merriam, Alexander K, Easthamp-
ton, Mass. 44
Merriam, Geo. F., Greenville, N. H. 71
Merriam. Jas. T., Springfield, Mass. 52
Merrill, Benjamin B., Searsport. Me. 38
Merrill, Chas. H., West Brattleboro\
Vt. 96
Merrill, Cha^l^ W., Sprhig Valley,
Minn. 63
Merrill, EUjah W., Spring Valley,
Minn. 117
Merrill, George B.. Biddeford, Me. 34
Merrill, James G., Davenport, la. 24
Merrill, James H., Andover, Mass. 41
Merrill, John L., Marlboro'. N. H. 72
Merrill,* J. Lewis, ALrlington, Mass. 41
Merrill, John M., No. Ridgeville, O. 87
Merrill, Josiah, Boston, Mass. UK
Merrill, Selah, Andover, Mass. 116
Merrill, Thomas, Winthrop, la. 28
Merrill, Truman A., Wayland. Mass. 53
Merrill, Wm. A., Sherman Mills, Me.
36,39
Merriman, Daniel, Worcester, Mass. 54
Merriman. William E. , Ripon, Wis. 121
Merritt, Elbridge W., Hardwick,
Mass 116
Merritt, William C. , Pescadero, CaL 3
Mershon. James R., Newton, la. 114
Merwin, Nathan T., Trumbull, Ct. 11
Merwin, Samuel J. M., Wilton, Ct. 12
Meserve, Isaac C^ New Haven, Ct. 9
Metcalf, H. D., Worcester, Vt. 101
Michael, George, Freeport, Me. 36
MUes, Edward C, Mont Clair, N. J. 118
Miles, Harvey, Russell, N. Y. 119
MUes, Thomas M., Winsted, Ct 12
Millard, Joseph D. , Pleasanton, Mich. 59
Millard, William B., Dundee, IlL 16
Miller, Daniel, Glen Arbor, Mich. 117
Miller, Daniel R., Oberlin, O. 119
Miller, Elisha W., Bi^ Rapids, Mich. 55
Miller, Joel D., Leominster, Mass. 116
Miller, Richard, Calumet, Mich. 55
MUler, Robert D. , Hartland, Vt 97
Miller, Samuel, Deansville, N. Y. 77, 79
Miller, Simeon, Andover, Ct. 5
MUIer, William, Killingworth, Ct 8
Milliken, Silas F., Maquoketa, la. 26
Milliken, Charles E., Littleton, N. H. 12
Mills, B. F., Cannon Falls, Minn. 81
Mills, Charles L., Bethel, Me. 34
Mills, Henry, Canton, 111. 15
MUls, H. S.,Dunlap, la. 24
*Mills, Thornton A., Maine, Minn. 62, 63
Milne, George C, Brooklyn, N. Y. 119
Milton, George R. , Geneva, 111. 17
Miner, Henry A., Madison, Wis. 121
Miner, Nathaniel, Salem, Ct. 112
Miner, Ovid, Syracuse, N. Y. 119
Miner, Samuel E , Monroe, Wis. 121
Mirick, Edward A., Buffalo, Kan. 29
Missildine, Alfred H., Lebanon, Mo. 65
Mitchell, Charles L., Sedalia, Mo. 66
Mitchell, James, Cass, la. 23
Mitchell, James M., Burr Oak, la. 114
Mitchell, Thomas G., Madison Bridge,
Me. 37
Mobley, Hardy, New Iberia, La. 114
Mollenbeck, Bernard, Greenbush,Wl8.
Monroe, Benjamin F., Lost Nation,
la. 26
Monroe, Thomas E., Akron, O. 83
Montague, Enos J., Fort Atkinson,
Wis. 104, 105
Montgomery, Andrew, Abington, Ct. 10
Montgomery, Giles F., A. B. C. F. M. 109
(162)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.]
LIST OF CONGREGATIONAL MINISTERS.
449
Montgomery, John A., Morris, 111. 18
Mooar, George, Oakland, Cal. 3
Moody, Howard, East Andover, N. H. 70
Mooney, Warren, Vernon, Mich. 60
Moore, Benjamin, Middleville, Mich. 58
Moore, Edson J., Harwichport, Mass. 46
Moore, George W., Nashville, Tenn. 120
Moore, Mason, Saratoga, K. Y. 119
Moore, Nathaniel 8., Hancock, N. H. 71
Moore, William B. B., Bolton, Ct. 5
Moore, William H., Hartford, Ct. 112
Morehouse, Charles M , ETansville,
Wis 121
Morehonse, Darins A., Owatonna,
Minn. 63
Morgan, Chas. L., Springfield. Mass. 52
Morgan, Dayid S^ Montello, Wis. 121
Morgan, George F. G., Grass Valley,
Cal. 2
Morgan, John, Oherlin, O. 119
Morgan, John F., Portland, Me. 38
Morgan, Stillman, Bristol, Vt. 120
Morley, John H., Winona, Minn 63
Morley, Sardis B., Pittsfield, Mass. 105
Morong, Thomas, Ashland, Mass. 41
Morrill, Stephen 8., Amherst, Mass. 116
Morris, Edward, Caddo, Choctaw N.,
Ind. Ter. 21
Morris, E. J., Neath, Pa. 91, 92
Morris, George, Vallejo, Cal. 3
Morris, Henry, Binghamton, N. Y. 119
Morris, Myron N., West Hartford,
Ct. 112
Morris, Richard. Allen's Grove, Wis. 121
Morris, Ozias 8., Cummington, Mass. 44
Morrison, Nathan J., North ^pring-
field. Mo. 117
Morrison, Samnel, Shehoygan Falls,
Wis. 106
Morse, Alfred, Anstin, Minn. 62, 63
Morse, Charles F., Thetford, Vt. 109
Morse, Henry C, Union City, Mich. 117
Morse, James E., Wehster, la. 28
Morss, George H., Clarendon, Vt. 97
Morton, Alpha, Oakham, Mass. 49
Morton, W m . D . , Sonth Coventry, Ct. 6
Moses, Dighton, Montvllle, Ct. 8
Moses, John C, Clinton, la. 114
Moulton, E. C, Mason City, la. 26
Mulder, Wm., Leslie, Mich. 57
Munger, Theodore T., North Adams,
Mass. 41
Munsell, J. H., Sandy Creek, N. Y. 81
Munsell, Joseph R., Harwichport,
Mass. 116
Munson, Frederick, Haddam Neck,
Ct. 7
Munson, Myron A., Neponset, Mass. 115
Murdoch, David, New Haven, Ct. 112
Murphy, Thomas I)., Granhy, Ct. 7
Murray, Wm. H. H., Boston, Mass. 116
Muzzy, Clarendon F., Amherst, Mass. 116
Myers, Hiram, Alma, Elan. 29
Myers, John C, La Salle, HI. 17
Myrick, Oshorn, Middletown, Vt. 98
Nail, James, Detroit, Mich. 117
Nason, Charles P. H., Chelsea, Mass. 43
*Nason, Elias, Dracut, Mass. 44, 47
Nason, John H., East Smithfield,
Pa. 120
Neerkin, Nicholas, Fruitport, Mich. 117
Neesima, Joseph H., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Nelson, George W., Wauwatosa, Wis. 107
Newoomh, Geo. B., New Haven, Ct. 9
Newcomh, Luther, Waushara, Kan. 32
Newell, Wellington, Greenfield, Mass.
43,45
Newhall, Ehenezer, Cambridge, Mass. 116
Newman, Stephen M. , Taunton , Mass. 52
Newton, Albert F., Townsend, Mass. 52
Newton, John, Philadelphia, N. Y. 119
Nichols, Charles, New Britain, Ct 112
Nichols, Charles L., Brownville, Me. 35
Nichols, D. Bar, New Milford, 111. 113
Nichols, Nathan R., Bamet, Vt. 96
Nichols, Washington A., Lake Forest,
HI. 113
Nield, Thomas, G^lord, Mich. 56
•Nims, Granville W., Greenwich, Ct. 7
Noble, Charles, Monteomery, Ala. Ill
Noble, Edward W., Truro, Mass. 52
Noble, Frederick A. , New Haven, Ct . 9
Noble, Mason, jr., Sheffield, Mass. 51
Noble, Thomas K., San Francisco,
Cal. 3
Norager, J. A., New Orleans, La. 116
Norcross, Flavins V., Union, Me. 39
Norcross, S. Girard, North Conway,
N.H. 71
Norris, Austin H., Clare, Mich. 56
Norris, John S., Mondovi, Wis. 121
Norris, KingsleyF., Anoka, Minn. 61
North, Simeon, Clinton, N. Y. 118
Northcott, Theodore C, Woodstock,
HI. 113
Northrup, H. H., Schenectady, N. Y. HI
Northrup, James A . , Otisville, la. 114
Norton, Edward, Quincy, Mass. 50
Norton, Franklin B., Burlington, Wis. 121
Norton, H. B., Gilroy, Cal. 2
Norton, John F., Hubbardston, Mass. 116
Norton, Smith, Boston, Mass. 116
Norton, Thomas 8., Prescott, Mass. 50
Norton, Wm. W., Alexandria, Minn. 117
Nourse, Robert, Springfield, 111. 20
Noyes, Daniel J., Hanover, N. H. 118
Noyes, Daniel P. , Wilmington, Mass. 64
Noyes, Gurdon W., Woodbury, Ct. 12
Noyes, Joseph T., A. B. C. F. M. lO**
Noyes, Selah W., Litchfield, Mich. 117
Nutting, George B., Oramel, N. Y. 119
Nutting, John K , Austinburg, O. 83
Oakey, James, Ridgefleld, 111. 113
Obear, William F., Newcastle, Me. 37
Ober, Benjamin, Petersham, Mass. 116
Olds, Henry H., Shutesbury, Mass. 51
Oleson, William B., Gambier, O. 85
Oliphant, Charles H., Orange Valley,
Ollerenshaw, Samuel, Laclede, Mo. 65
•Olmstead, Franklin W., WUliston,
Vt. 120
Olney, Eugene C, Grand Rapids,
Mich. 57
(168)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
450
LIST OF OONOBEOATIONAL HIKI8TEB8.,
[1877.
Ordway, Jaims, Salem, Ct. 10
Oi^is, WiUiam B., Philadelphia, Pa. 120
Oftbom, Geo. S., South Sanford, He. 114
Osborn, R. S., Stockton, Kan. 32
Osborne, Cjtus P., Soathington, Ct. 11
Osborne, Wra. H., Tyrone, Mich. 57, 60
Osgood, Edward K., iBluehill, Me. 114
O^ood, George, Tnnbridge, Vt. 100
Osgood, Henry H., Waterford, Me. 39
Osgood, Reuben D., Limington, Me. 37
Osmnn, Wm. T., Champion, N. Y. 77
Otis, Israel T., Exeter, N. H. 118
Otis, J. T., Sheridan, Mich. 59
Otis, Norman L., Crystal, Mich. 117
Otis, Orin F., Providence, R. I. 120
Ottman, H. Augastns, Korthfield Ct. 8
Overton, A. A., Muscoda, Wis. 106
Oviatt, George A., Sudbury, Mass. 52
Owen, Evan, Jennieton, Wis. 106
Owens, Thomas 6., Trempealeau,
Wis. 107
Owens, Thomas M., New York Mills,
N.Y. 79
Oxnard, Frederick, Sandwich, Mass. 61
Packard, Abel K., Greeley, Col. 4
Packard, Alpheus S., Brunswick, Me. 114
Packard, David T., Los Angeles, Cal. 2
Packard, Edward N., Evanston, 111. 16
Packard, Theophilus, Manteno, 111. 113
Paddock, Edward, South Haven,
Mich. 59
Page, Benjamin G. , Priendville, Neb. 67
Page, Charles E., Chardon, O. 119
Page, Henry P., Harvard, Neb. 67
Pw, J&sse, Atkinson, N. H. 118
Paine, Albert, North Falmouth,
Mass. 45
Paine, Bernard, Boston, Mass. 116
Paine, John C, Groveland, Mass. 45
Paine, Levi L., Bangor, Me. 114
Paine, Rodney, North Topeka. Kan. 114
Painter, Charles C, Stafford Springs,
Ct. 11
Palmer, A. B.. Burton, N. H. 71, 74
Palmer, Charles M., Meriden, N. H. 73
Palmer, Charles R., Bridgeport, Ct. 5
Palmer, Edward S., Westhampton,
Mass. 63
Palmer, Edwin B., Ipswich, Mass. 46
Palmer, Elliot, Portland, Ct. 112
Palmer, Frederic, Revere, Mass. 50
Palmer, George W., Carroll la. 23
Palmer, John A., Sheldon. la. 27
Palmer, Ray, Bible House, New York
City, 119
Palmer, S. Fielder, Bethlehem, Ct. 6
Palmer, William S., Norwich, Ct. 9
Paugbom, David K., Wadham's
Mills. N. Y. 82
•Pannel, C. H. H., Bethlehem, N. H. 70
Paris, John D., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Park, Austin L., Gardiner, Me. 36
Park, Calvin £., West Bozford,
Mass. 116
Park. Charles W., A. B. C. F. M. 109
•Park, Edwards A., Andover, Mass. 116
Park, William B., GloversviUe, N. Y. 78
Parker, Alexander, Mitchell, la. 26
Parker, Charles. CoraL Mich. 117
Parker, Edwin P., Hartford. Ct. 7
Parker, Heniy £., Hanover. N. H. 118
Parker. Heniy H., Honolulu, Hawa-
iian Islands, 110
Parker, J. Homer. Bay City, Mich. 55
Parker, John D., Kansas City, Mo. 117
Parker, Leonard S., Montague, Mass. 48
Parker, Roswell, Manhattan, Kan. 114
Parker, R. Davenport, Manhattan,
Kan. 30
Parker, Wooster, Belfast, Me. 114
Parkhurst, Chas. H., Lenox. Mass. 47
Parkinson, Royal. Washington, D. C. 112
Parlin, Jonathan B , Staoe3rville. la 114
Parmelee, E. H arvey, Long Ridge, Ct. 11
Parmelee, Henry M., Iowa Falls, la. 114
Parmelee, Howard R.. Edinburg, O. 85
Parmelee, James B., Peru, Ind. 22
Parmelee, Moses P., A. B. C F. M. 109
Parmelee. Simeon, Oswego, N. Y. 119
Parmenter, Charles O., Cromwell. la. 24
Parrey, Porter B., Three Oaks, Mich. 50
♦Parry, Wm. M., Worcester, Mass. 54
Parsons. Benjamin F , Webster, M ara. 53
Parsons, Ebenezer G., Byfield, Mass. 116
Parsons, John, Kennebunk. Me. 114
Paraons, Robert, Brownstown, Mich. 56
Partridge, George C, Batavia, 111. 113
Partridge, Lewis C, North Benning-
ton, Vt. 96
Partridge, Samuel H., Greenfield,
N. H. 71
Pasoo, Martin K., Belpre, O. ^
Patch, Rufns, Ontario, Ind. 22
Patchin, John, Chardon, O. 84
Patrick, Henry J., West Newton,
Mass. 49
Patten, Moses, Greensboro', Yt 97
Patten, William A., Kingston, N. H. 118
Patton, James L , Greenville, Mich. 57
Patton, William, New Haven, Ct. 112
Patton, William W., Washington,
D. C 112
Payne, Edward B., Berkeley, Cal. 2
Payne, J. H., Tanytown, N. Y. U
Payson, Edward P., Ansonia, Ct. 6
Peabody, Albert B., Stratham, N. H. 74
Peabody, Charles, Springfield, Mass. 116
♦Pearce, Thomas G. , Armada, Mich. 55
Pearson, James B., Mont Clair, N. J. 118
Pearson, Reuel M , Polo, lU. 113
Pearson, Samuel W., Andover, Me. 34
Pease, Edmond M.. A. B. C F. M. 110
Peck, Whitman, New Haven, Ct. 112
Peckham, Joseph, Kingston, Mass. 46
Peebles, David, Dudley, N. C. 83
Peeke, Georee H., Chicago, 111. 16
Peet, Jonah w., Prescott, la. 114
Peet, Lyman B., West Haven, Ct. 112
Peet, Stephen D., Ashtabula, O. 119
Peffers, Aaron B., Barkhamsted, Ct. 5
Peirce. Charles M. , Middlefield. Mass. 48
Peloubet, Francis N., Natick, Mass. 48
Pelton, George A. , Morrisville, N.Y. 79
Pelton, Goorse S., Glyndon, Minn. 61,62
Pendleton, Henry G., Chenoa, HI. 17, 18
(164)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.]
LIST OF COKOREOATIONAL MINISTERS.
451
Penfield, Samuel, Rioefield, la. 114
Pennell, Lewis, West Stockbridge
Centre, Mass. 63
Pennoyer, Andrew L., Roeeville, 111. 113
Peregnne, Philip, Shetek, Minn. 63
Perkins, Ariel E. P., Ware, Mass. 53
•Perkins, Benjamin P., Sterling,
Mass. 52
Perkins, Edgar, Perry Centre, N. Y. 80
Perkins, Francis B., Sonoma, Cal. 3
Perkins, Frederic T., Tilton, N. H. 74
Perkins, George A , Lnnenburgh, Vt. 98
Perkins, Greoige G., Ames, la. 22
Perkins, Henry K. W., Cambridge-
port, Mnss. 116
Perkins, Henry M., Hanover, Mass 46
Perkins, Sidney K. B., South Royal-
ton, Vt. 90
Perrin, Lavalette, Wolcottville, Ct. 11
Perry, Arthur L., Williamstown,
Mass. 54
Perry, Cyrus M., Pembroke, N. H. 73
Perry, D. Brainerd, Crete, Neb. 118
Perry, David C, Columbus, O. 120
Perry, Ralph, Ajentwam, Mass. 116
Perry, Truman S. , Cumberland Cen-
tre, Me. 35
PettengUl, John H., Brooklyn,'N. Y. 119
Pettibone, Ira, Colebrook, Ct 6
Pettibone, Ira F , A, B. C. F M. 109
Pettitt, John, Benzonia, Mich. 67
Phelps, Austin, Andover, Mass. 115
Phelps, Frederic B , Lowell, Vt. 98, 100
Phelps, L., Ferrisburg, Vt. 97
Phelps, Samuel W , Lombard, 111. 113
Phelps, Winthrop H., So. Egremont,
Mass. 116
Phillips, Daniel, Korth Chelmsford,
Mass. 116
Phillips, Geo. W., Worcester, Mass 54
Phillips, John, Geneva, Kan. ."«, 31
Phillips, Lebbeus R , Groton, Mass. 116
Phillips, Samuel, Disco, Mich. 117
Phillips, Sem, Dodgeville, Wis. 104
PhUlips, W. J. , College Springs, la. 23
Phinney, George W., Geneva, O. 85
Phipps, George G., Wellesley, Mass. 48
Phipps, Wm H., Prospect, Ct. 10
Pickett, Cyrus, New Jersey, 118
Pickett, Joseph W., Des.Moines, la. 114
Pierce, Asa C , Brookfield Centre, Ct 5
Pierce, Frank, Dover, Vt 97
Pierce, George, jr. , Milford, N. H. 75
Pierce, George J , Wentworth, N. H. 74
Pierce, John D., Ypsilanti, Mich. 117
Pierce, John E., A. B C. F. M 109
Pierce, Leroy M., Bemardstown,
Mass. 42
Pierce, Nathaniel H., Minneapolis.
Minn. 117
Pierce, Webster K., Brimfield, Mass. 43
Pierce, Wm., West Buxton, Me. 114
Pierce, Wm. G., Champaign, 111. 15
Pierson, Isaac, A B. C. F. M. 110
Pieraon, Samuel W., Painesville, O. 119
Pierson, Wm. H., North Somerville,
Mass. 51
Pike, Alpheus J., Sauk Centre, Mizm. 117
Pike, Ezra B., Northwood, N. H. 73
Pike, Gustavus D., 56 Reade St,
N Y. City, 119
Pike, John, Rowley, Mass. 116
Pike, Josiab W. C, Holland, Mass. 46
Pinkerton, Adam, Arena, Wis. 103
Pinkerton, Myron W., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Pitcher, Charles W., Crary's Mills,
N.Y. 80
Pitkin, Paul H., Marshfield, Vt. 98
Pixley, Stephen C, A. B. C. P. M. 109
Place, Olney, Massena, N. Y. 79
Piatt, Dennis, South Norwalk, Ct. 11 2
Piatt, Henry D., Kemper, 111. 16
Piatt, Luther H., Eureka, Kan. 30, 32
Piatt, M. Fayette, Lincoln, Neb. 67, 69
Piatt, L. B., Falls Church. Va. 101
Piatt, Merit S., Glassborough, N. J. 75
Piatt, Wm., Maple Rapids, Mich. 56, 58
Plumb, Albert H., Boston High-
lands, Mass. 43
Plumb, Joseph C, Joplin, Mo. 06
Plumer, Alexander R., West Eden,
Me. 39
Poage, George G., Newton, la. 26
Poluird, Greorge A., Grand Rapids,
Mich. 65
Pomeroy, Edward N., Marion, Mass. 47
Pomeroy, Jeremiah, South Deerfield,
Mass. 116
Pomeroy, Lemuel, Muscotah, Elan. 31
Pond, Benjamin W., Washington,
D. C. 112
Pond, Chauncev N., Wauseon, O. H7
Pond, Enoch, Bangor, Me. 114
Pond, Jeremiah Evarts, Milltown,
Me. 114
Pond, Wm. C, San Francisco, Cal 3
Pope, Charles H., Thomaston, Me. 99
Pope. G. Stanley, Tougaloo, Miss. 64
Pope, Howard W., Black liock. Ct 5
Porter, Edward G., Lexington, Mass. 47
Porter, Geo . Townshend East, Vt. 200
Porter, Giles M., Gamavillo, la. 1 14
Porter, Henry D., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Porter, Jeremiah, Fort Russell, Wyo-
ming, 121
Porter, Nelson D., Oskaloosa, la. 114
Porter, Noah. New Haven. Ct 112
Porter, Samuel, Chicago, 111. 113
Porter. Samuel F.. Ormkany, N. Y. 119
Porter, William. Beloit. Wte. 121
Post Aurelian H.. Twinsburg, O. 87
Post, Martin. Stockton, Cal. 3
Post. Truman M., St Louis. Mo 66
Potter, Daniel F., Brunswick, Me 114
♦Potter, Edmund S, West Somer-
ville, Mass. 116
Potter, William, Hampden, O. 120
Potwin, Lemuel S., Hudson O. 120
Potwin, Thomas S , Hartford Ct 112
Potwin, William S. , Monona, la.
PotweU. Isaac P., Clinton N. Y. 119
Powell, James. Chicago, HI. 113
Powell, John J.. Nortonville, Cal. 2
Powell, Llewellyn R., Alliance. O. 88
Powell, Rhys, Delaware. O.
Powell, Samuel, Plymouth, Mass. 50
(166;
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
452
LIST OF OONGBEGATIONAL MINISTERS.
[1877.
Powell. William, Thurman. O. 88
Pratt, Edw'd H. , East Woodstock, Ct. 112
Pratt, Francis G , Middleboro', Maw. 116
Pratt, George H., Agawam, Mass. 41
Pratt, Horace, Northfield, Vt. 120
Pratt, J. Lorin^, Strong, Me. 39
Pratt, Llewellyn, Williamstown,
Mass. 116
Pratt, Miner G., Andover, Mass. 116
Pratt, Parsons S., Dorset, Vt 97
Pratt, Theo. C , OrfordvUle, N. H. 73
Prentiss, Norman A., Aurora, HI. 15
Preston, E. T., Newton, la. 114
Preston, Ira M. , Marietta, O. 120
Preston, Joseph P., Kelly's Island,
O. 85, 86, 87
Price, Lewis V. , South Adams, Mass. 41
Prince, Newell A.. Enfield, Ct. 6
Prior, Isaac R. , Kingston, B. I. 93
Pritchard, David E., Rome, N. Y. 81
Proctor, Peter P., Abberville, La. 114
Prudden, Theodore P., Lansing, Mich. 57
Pngh, Thomas, Fairfield, Neb 118
Pnllan, Frederick B., Vineland, N. J. 76
•Pulsifer, Daniel, Danbury, N. H. 118
Putnam, Austin, New Haven, Ct 7
Putnam, George A , Millbury, Masa 48
Putnam, Hiram B. , Salem, Mass. 116
Pyke, Charles, Waterbury, Ct 112
Quaife, Robert, Elroy, Wis. 104
Quick, Abram J., Kocheeter, N. H. 73
Quint, Alonzo H., Dover, N. H. 116
Radford, Walter, Clay, To. 23
Rand, Edward A. , Franklin, Mass. 45
Rand, Wm. A , So. Seabrook, N. H. 74
Rand, Wm. H., Manchester, N. H. 118
Rankin, A. L , Tulare, Cal. 3
Rankin, Edwin E., Fairfield, Ct 6
Rankin, J. Eames. Washington, D. C. 13
Rankin, Samuel G. W., Guistonbury,
Ct 11
Ranney, Timothy, St Johnsbury
Centre, Vt 120
Ranslow, Eugene J. , Wells River, Vt 98
Ransom. George R., Waverly, la 28
Rawson, George A., Hamilton, N. Y. 78
Ray, Charles B., New York City, 119
Ray, John W. , Lake City, Minn. 63
Raymond, Alfred C, New Haven,
Ct 112
Raymond, Edward N., Granite Falls,
liinn. 117
Read, Edward G.. Bennington, Vt 96
Read, Eugene B., Marietta. O. 86
Read. Herbert A., Marshall, Mich. 117
RedeofiF, Richard, Rockford. Mich. 59
Redfield, Charles, Plainfield, Vt. 120
Redlon. Amos Abbot Village, Me. 34
Reed, Albert C, Flushing. L. I. 77
Reed, Arthur T., Medina. O 86
Reed, Edward A., Springfield. Mass. 52
Reed. Frederick A., East Taunton,
Mass. 116
Reed, Glover C, Wadsworth, O. 87
Reed, Julius A.. Columbus, Neb. 118
Reed, L., Erie, Pa. 120
Reed. William C, Milton, Mass. 4K
Rees, Henry, Emporia, Kan. 29, 30
Reid, Adam. Salisbury, Ct 10
Reid, Lewis H., North Canaan. Ct
Relyea, Benlamin J , Westport, Ct 12
Reuth. Jacob Percival. la. 27
Reynolds, George C, A B. C. F. M. 199
Reynolds, Launston. Auburn, Me. 34
Reynolds, William T., North Haven,
Rice, Augustus M., Little Compton,
R. I. 120
Rice, Charles B., Danvers Centre,
Mass 44
Rice, Edwin W , Philadelphia, Pa. 120
Rice, John, Hematite, Mo 65
Rice, Walter, Lunenburg, Mass. 47
Rice, Othello V. , Penfield. O. 87
•Rice, T. O., Chiltonville, Mass. 50
Rich, Alonzo B., West Lebanon,
N. H. 72
Richards, Austin, Boston, Mass. lUi
Richards, Charles H., Madison, Wis. 105
Richards, Jacob P., Bowensburg, 111. 113
Richards, J. E., St. Johns, Mich. »>
Richards, Jehiel S., Dexter, Me. 35
Richards, John L., DanvUle, 111. 113
Richards, R., Thurman, O. 88
Richards, William M., Princeton,
Wis. 106
Richardson, Albert M., Lawrence,
Kan. 29, 30
Richardson, Charles A , Cottonwood
Falls, Kan. 29
Richardson, Cyrus, Keene, N. H. 72
Richardson, D. Warren, East Bridge-
water "M'ass- 44
Richardson, Elias H., Hartford, Ct. 7
Richardson, Gilbert B., East Alstead,
N. H. 70
Richardson, Henry, Gilead, Me. 114
Richardson, Henry J . , Lincoln , Mass. 47
Richardson, Martin L , Sturbridge,
Mass. 52
Richardson, Nathaniel, West Glon-
cester Iklass. 45
Richardson, Sanford, A. B. C. F. M. 109
Richardson, William T., Thompson,
O. 87
Richmond, James, Le Raysville, Pa. 92
Richmond, Thomas T., Taunton,
Mass. 52
Riddle, Merchant S. , Cedar Narrows,
O 84 85 87
Rim, Alfred L., A. B. C. P. M., *
San tee Agency, Dak. 110
Riggs, Thomas L., A. B. C. F. M.,
Fort Sully, Neb. 67, 110
Rindell, Gilbert, Jr., Toledo, la. 28
Rindinger, Jacob P., Kirkland, O. 85
Ritchie, George, Stellapolis, la. 28
Bobbins, Alden B., Muscatine, Ta. 26
Bobbins, Anson H., West Williams-
field, O. 88
Robbins, Elijah. A. B. C. F. M. 109
Bobbins, H. H., Alden, la. 114
Robbins, Sih&s W., Manchester, Ct. 8
Roberts, Bennett, Brighton, la. 23
(166)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.]
LIST OF OONGREOATIONAL MINISTERS.
453
Roberts, George L., Tremont, HI 18, 20
Roberts, Hiram P., Galesburg, IlL 20
Roberts, Jacob, Aubumdale, Mass. 116
Roberts, James 6., Kansas City, Mo. 66
Roberts, James H., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Roberts, Lindsey A., Athens, Ala 111
Roberts, Morris, Remsen. K. Y. 119
Roberts, Thomas E., Keene. N H. 118
Robie, Benjamin A., Groton, Mass. 45
Robie, Edward, Greenland, N. H. 71
Robie, Thomas 8., Winchendon,
Mass. 54
Robinson, Ethelftred R., Mt Palatine,
HI. 18
Robinson, Harvey P., Highland, Kan. 30
Robinson, Henry, GuiUord. Ct. 112
Robinson, Stephen H., Waitsfield,
Vt. 100
Robinson, William A., Homer, N. Y. 78
Rockwell, Charles, Peru, Vt. 99
Rockwell. Samuel, New Haven, Ct. 112
Rock wood, George A., Rensselaer
Falls, N. Y. 80
Rockwood, Samuel L., Hanson, 46
Rodgers, Levi, Claremont, N. H. 70
Rodman, Daniel S., Mont Clair, N.J. 118
Roe, Alvah D , Afton, M inn. 61, 62
Rogers, A., Glenwood, la. 25
Rogers, Enoch E., Wabaunsee. Kan. 30
Rogers, Henry M., Holden, Mass. 46
Rogers, J. A. R., Berea, Ky. 114
Rogers, Osgood W., Farmington, Me. 86
Rogers, William C, Dwight, 111. 16
Roke, Elijah J. , East Machiaa, Me. 37
Rood, David, A. B. C. F. M. 109
Rood, Heman, Hanover, N. H. 118
Root, Augustine, Taunton, Mass. 116
Root, Barnabas, Mendi, We9t Africa,
Root, Edward P., South Wilbraham,
Mass. 53
Root, Edward W., Chenango Forks,
N.Y. 77
Root, James P., Cranston, R. I. 93
Root, Marvin.
Ropes, Charles J. H., Ellsworth, Me. 36
Ropes, Wm. L., Andover, Mass. 116
Rosboro, S. R., Moffat, Tenn. 94
Rose, Henry T., Milwaukee, Wis. 106
Rose, L. P., Orland, Ind. 22, 66
Rose, Wm. F., Cherokee, III. 114
Rose, William W., Pittsiield, HI. 19
Rosenkrans, D. W, Little Falls,
Minn. 61, 62
Roes, A. Hastings, Port Huron, Mich. 59
Ross, J ames H. , Newburyport, Mass. 49
Ross, John A., Belfast, Me. 34
Ross, Orville A., Lockeford, Cal. Ill
Bounce, Joseph S., PauldingsvUle,
Mo. 65
Rouse, Thomas H.. San Mateo, Cat. 3
Rowell, Joseph, San Francisco, Cal. Ill
Rowland, Lyman S , Lee, Mass. 47
Rowland, Samuel, FentonviHe, N. Y. 92
Rowley, George B., Norfolk, N. Y. 79, 80
Rowley, Loveland T., Mt. Pleasant,
la. 24 25 2rr 28
Rowley, Milton, Evansville, Wis. ' 104
Roy, tJoeeph E., Chicago, 111. 113
Royce, LeRoy, Lexington. O. 86, 87
Rnddick, Charles E., Collinwood, O. 84
Ruddock, Charles A., Granite Falls,
Minn. 62
Ruddock, Edward N., Pine River,
Wis. 103, 105
Runnels, Moses T., Sanbomton,
N. H. 73
Russell, Ezekiel, Holbrook, Mass. 116
Russell, Frank, Kalamazoo, Mich. 57
Russell, Henry A., Colebrook, Ct. 112
Russell, John B., Putney, Vt. 99
Russell, William, Washington, D. C. 112
HuBsell, William P., Memphis, Mich. 5S
Rustedt, Henry F., Sudbury, Vt. 100
Rybolt, John C., Mukonwaeo, Wis. 105
Ryder, William H. , Ann Arbor, Mich . 65
Sabin, Joel G., Reedsburg, Wis. 104, 105
Sabin, Levi P., Centre, Wis. 121
Safford, Albert A., Kewaunee, Wis. 105
Safford, George B., Burlington, Vt. 96
Safford, Heman, Metomen, Wis. 106, 107
Safford, John, Ashtabula, O. 83
Sallenbach, Henry H., Lincoln, Neb. 68
Salmon, Edmund P., Beloit, Wis. 121
Salmon, Edward P., Depere, Wis. 103
Salter, Charles C, Denver, Col. 4
Salter, Wm., Burlington, la. 23
Samson, Amos J., St. Albans, Vt. 120
Samuel, Robert, Cawker City, Kan. 29
Sanbome, George E., Hartford, Ct. 112
Sanders, Clarendon M., Cheyenne,
Wyoming, 108
Sanderson, Alonzo, Bedford, Mich. 55
Sands, John D., Belmont, la. 23
Sanford, Baalis, East Bridgewater,
Mass. 116
Sanford, Elias B., Thomaston, Ct. 1 12
Sanford, Enoch, Raynham, Mass. 116
Sanford, Wm. C, Oak Grove, Wis. 106
Sanford, Wm . H. , Worcester, M ass. 1 16
Sargent, Benjamin F., Paxton, HI. 19
Sargent, Frank D., Brookline, N. H. 70
Sargent, Geo. W . , Salem , W is. 105, 1 06, 1 07
Sargent, Roger M . , H arristown , 1 11 . 17
Saunderson, Henry H., Swanzey,
N. H. 74
•Sauers, E. H., Udina, HI. 20
Savage, George S. F., Chicago, HI. 113
Savage, John R., Kalkaska, Mich.
Savage, John W., Canton, Mass. 41
Savage, Wm. T., Quincy, HI. 113
Sawin, Theophilus P., Somerville,
Mass. 116
Sawin, T. Parsons, Janesville, Wis. 105
♦Sawyer, Daniel, Hopkinton, N. H.
Schauffler, Henry A , A. B. C. F. M. 110
Schaerer, John, La Grange, Mo. 65
Schlichter, John B., Sterling, Kan. 29, 31
Schlosser, Geoige, Paxton, HI. 15
Schofield, Wm., Berlin, Vt. 96
*Scofield, Abishai, Hartford, Wis. 104
Scofield, William C, Owego, N. Y. 80
Scotford, John, Chicago, HI. 113
Scott, Darius B., Milton Mills, N. H. 73
Scott, George H., Plymouth, N. H. 73
Soott, George R. W., Fitchburg, Mass. 45
(167)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
454
LIST OF CONGREGATIONAL MINIST::BS.
[1877.
Scott, Nelson, East GranTiUe, Maas. 45
Sooville, Samuel, Norwich, N. Y. 80
Scribner, Leonard M., St. Mary's, Kan. 81
Scudder, Evarts, Great Barrinffton,
Mass. 45
Scudder, Henry M., Brooklyn, N. Y. 76
Scudder, John L., Shrewsbury, Mass. 51
Scudder, Wm. W., Glastonbury, Ct. 7
•Seabury, Edwin, Walpole, N. H. 118
Seabury, Joseph B., Lowell, Mass. 47
Seagrave, James C, Hayerhill, Mass. 46
Searle, Richard T., Windsor, Vt. 100
Seaton, Charles M., Essex Junction,
Vt. 120
Seaver, Wm. R., Muskegon, Mich. 58
Secoombe, Charles, St. Selena, Neb. 67
Seeley, Raymond H. , Haverhill, Mass. 46
Seelye, .rullus H., Amherst, Mass. 116
Seelye, L. Clark, Northampton, Mass. 116
Seelye, Samuel T., Easthampton,
Mass. 116
Selden, Calvin, Aurora, HI. 113
Selden, Edward G., Manchester, N. H. 72
Sell, Henry T., Lysander, N. Y. 79
Sen^tacbe, J. H. H., Woodville, Ga. 14
Sessions, Alexander J., Beverly. Mass. 116
Sessions, Joseph W., Westminster, Ct. 5
Sessions, Samuel, St. John's, Midi. 117
Severance, Milton L., Orwell, Vt. 99
Sewall, Albert C, WUliamstown, Mass. 54
Sewall, David B., York, Me. 40
Sewall, John S., Bangor, Me. 34. 114
Sewall, Jotham B. 117
Sewall, William, Littleton, Mass. 47
Sewall, William S., St. Albans, Me. 39
Seward, Edwin D., Liclede, Mo. 117
Seward, D. M., Moriah, N. Y. 79
Seymour, Bela N., New Ipswich,
Seymour, Charles N., Tolland, Ct. 11
Sevmour, Charles R., Newburyport,
Seymour, Henry, East Hawley, Mass. 46
Seymour, Joel M., Fort Wayne, Ind. 21
Shafer, Archibald S. Oberlin, O. 120
Shannon, Oscar J., Emporia, Kan. 29
Sliarp, J. B., Union Grove, Wis. 107
Shattuck, Amos F., Hollis, N. H. 118
Shattuck, Calvin S., MUlvUle, N. Y. 79
Shaw, Edwin W., Saranac, Mich. 59
Shaw, Horatio W., Sabetha, Kan. 31
Shaw, Luther, Tallmadge, O. 120
Shay, John H., Mcl^ean, lU. 18
Shedd, Charles, Waseca, Minn. 117
Sheldon, Lather H., Easton, Mass. 44
♦Sheldon, Stewart, Maiden, Mass.
Shepard, Thomas, Bristol, R. I. 93
Shepley, David, Providence, R. I. 120
Sherman, E. L., Prairie City, la. 26, 27
Sherrill, Alvan P., Omaha, Neb. 68
Sherrill, Dana, Forrest, 111. 17
Sherrill, Franklin G., White City,
Kan. 32
♦Sherrill, S. B., Moravia, N. Y. 79
Sherwin, John C, Menomonee, Wis. 121
Shinn, Robert F., Quincy, HI. 113
Shipherd, John R., New York City, 119
- ~ a,o.
Shipman, Samuel B., Cleveland,
84
(168)
Shipman, Thos. L., Jewett City, Ct. 112
Shirley, Arthur, Conway, Mass. 44
Shirrell, Samuel D., Fairhaven, Vt.
Shorey, H. Allen, Boston, Mass. 42
Shnrtleff, David, Shirley, Mass. 51
Sibley, J. W., EUickpoor, India.
Sikes, Lewis E., Vienna, Kan. 114
Simmons, H. C, Marshall, Minn. 62, 63
Simpson, Adam, Fairmont, Minn. 61, 63
Sims, J., Nevada, Cal. 2
♦Singleton, H. L., Brooklyn, N. Y 76
Sinnett, Chas. N , Fort Fairfield, Me. 36
Skeele, John P., E. Bloomfield, N. Y. 77
Skeels, HenryM. , Turner Junct.. HI. 20
Skentelbury,W.H.,Wacousta,Mich. 60
Skinner, Alfred L., Bucksport, Me. 114
Skinner, Edward, Milford, Kan. 31
Skinner, George W. , Wellsville, Kan. 33
Slack, Henry L., Chester. Vt. 97
Slater, Charles, Woodburn. HI. 21
Sleeper, Wm. T.. Worcester, Mass. 54
♦Slicer, T. R , Brooklyn, N. Y. 76
Slyter, S S, Smyrna. Mich. 59
Small, Uriah W.. Wilton, Me. 39
Smart, William S., Albany, N. Y. 76
Smith, Andrew J., Neosho, Mo. 65
Smith, Arthur H.. A. B C. F. M. 110
Smith, Asa B., Rocky Hill. Ct. 112
Smith, Azro A., Ashoy, Mass. 41
Smith, Bezaleel. West Randolph, Vt. 120
Smith, Burritt A., Middletown, Ct Hi
Smith, Chas. B., W. Medford, Mass 116
Smith, Charles E., Abberville, La. 114
Smith, Charles S., Montpelier, Vt. 120
Smith, Eben, Middlebury, Vt. 120
Smith, Edward A., Farmington, Ct. 7
Smith, Edward G., No. Lmminster,
Mass. 47
Smith, Edward H., Morrison, 111. 18
Smith, Edwin, Barre, Mass. 41
Smith, Edwin F., Juniata, Neb. 68
Smith, Edwin G., Morrison, 111. 113
Smith, EUjah P., Wilton, la. 24, 28
Smith, Emerson F , Benzonia, M3ch. 117
Smith, Ezra N., Waterville. Me 3»
Smith, F. H., Darlington, Wis. lai
Smith. George, Gi^nesee, Wis. 104
Smith, G«orge, Hanover Centre, N. H. 72
Smith, G^eorge H., Rio Vista, Cal. .1
Smith, George S., Raleigh, N. C. 83
Smith, Henry B., Staflfordville, Ct. 11
Smith, Hinds, Kelloggsville, O. 86
Smith, rrem W., Becket, Mass. 41
Smith, Isaiah P., Dover, N. H. 118
Smith, James A., Unionville, Ct. 112
Smith, James F., Crete, 111. 16
Smith, James W., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Smith, J. Malcolm, Cedar Springs,
Mich. 55
Smith, J. Morgan, Grand Rapids,
Mich. 56
♦Smith, John C, Winchester, N. H.
Smith, John E., Andover, O. 83
Smith, John F., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Smith, Joseph, Kenduskeag, Me. 36
Smith, Joseph E., Gilding's Grove,
Ga. 14
Smith, Judson, Oberlin, O. 120
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
.1877.]
LIST OF OONQREOATIONAL IflNISTEBS.
455
Smith, Lowell, A. B. C. F. M. 109
Smith, Lucius, Strongsville, O. 119
Smith, Mortimer, Pieroe Citv, Mo. 117
Smith, Moses, Jackson, Mich. 57
Smith, Nathaniel, Oeneseo, HI. 113
Smith, Nicholas E., Plainfield, N. J. 75
Smith, Oscar M., Strykersville, N. Y.
81, 82
Smith, Oscar S., Spring Green, Wis. 107
Smith, P. S., Alexandria, Minn. 61
Smith, Thomas S., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Smith, Wilder, Eockford, HI. 19
Smith, William, Oswego, N. Y. 80
Smith, William A., Groton, N. Y. 78
Smith, William E., Newark, N. J. 118
Smith, William J., Newell, la. 26
Smith, William S., Auhumdale,
Mass. 116
Smyth, Eghert C, Andover, Mass. 116
Snell, M. Porter, Washington, D. 0. 112
Snell, William W., Rnshford, Minn. 63
Snelson, Floyd, A. M. A. 110
Snider, Solomon, Coral, Mich. 117
Snow, Benjamin G., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Snow, Benjamin P., Alfred, Me. 34
Snow, Frank H., Lawrence, Kan. 114
Snow, Roswell R., Elgin, HI. 113
Snowden. J. E., Oskaloosa, la. 27
Somerville, W. C, Coventiy, Vt. 97
Somes, A. H., Warren, Mass. 53
Soule, J. F., Nelson, Ind. 22
Southgate, Charles M., Dedham,
I^ass. 44
Southworth, Alden, Woodstock, Ct. 112
Southworth, Benjamin, Well?, Me. 39
Southworth, Francis, Portland, Me. 38
Spalding, George B., Dover, N. H. 71
Spalding, Samuel J., Newburyport,
Mas.s. 49
Spaulding, Lysander T., Chester, Ct. 5
Spaulding, William A., Lynn, Mass. 47
Spaulding, William S., Lynn, Mass. 116
Spear, Charles V., Pittsfield, Mass. 116
Spear, Wm. E., Europe t 61
Speare, S. Lewis B., Charlestown,
Mass. 116
Spell, William, Greenwood Centre,
la. 26
Spelman, Iievl P., Stanton, Mich. 59
Spence, Adam K., Nashville, Tenn. 120
Spencer, J. G., Omaha, Neb. 68
Spooner, Charles, Olivet, Mich. 117
Spoor, Orange H., Dowagiac, Mich. 56
Spragne, F. M., Carlisle, Mass. 43
Sprague. William P., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Spring, Leverett W., Lawrence, Kan. 30
Sprole, William T., Detroit, Mich. 56
Spyker, Simon, Ithaca, Wis. 104, 106
Squier, E. R., Columbus, O. 84
Squires, Norman J., North Manches-
ter, Ct. 8
Staats, Henry T., Bristol, Ct. 6
Stafford, B. T., Streetsborough, O. 120
Stanley, Charles A., A. B. Cf. F. M. 110
Stanton, Geo. F., South Weymouth,
Mass. 53
. Stanton, Robert P., Greenville, Ct. 9
Staples, Piatt R., Friendship, Wis. 101, 105
Starback, Charles C, Keatskatoos,
Neb. 68
Starr, Edward C, Hartford, Ct. 7
Starr, Milton B., Berkeley, Cal. Ill
Starr, Otis A., Montevideo, Minn. 62
Staver, Daniel, A. B. C. F. M. 109
St. John, Joseph, Sandy Point, Me. 38
St. John, Samuel N., Georgetown, Ct. 112
Steams, Charles C, A. B. C. F M. 109
Steams, Jesse G. D. , Zumbrota, Minn. 11 7
Steams, Josiah H., Epping, N. H. 71
Stebbins, Charles E., Brookfield,
Mass. 43
8tebbin8,MilanC., Springfield, Mass. 116
Steele, Charles E., Winooski, Vt. 101
Steele, Edward S., Joy Prairie, 111. 17
Stelling, Charles F., d. d. , Red Hook,
N. Y. 119
•Sterling, George, Lenora, Minn. 62
Stevens, Alfred, W.Westminster, Vt 100
Stevens, Asahel A., Peoria, 111. 19
Stevens, Henry A., Brighton, Mass. 42
Stevens, Moody A., Woodstock, 111. 21
Stevenson, John O., Ellsworth, Ct. 10
Stewart, Amasa, Pittsford, Vt. 120
Stewart, Jeremiah D., Little Valley,
N. Y. 78, 79
Stewart, S. J., Fitchburg, Mass. 45
Stewart, T. N., Marietta, Ga. 14
Stewart, William C, Lockeford, Cal. 2
Stewart, Wm. M., Semiahmoo, W. T. 102
Stickel, E. C, Mazomanie, Wis. 105
Stickles, Peter, Vienna, Kan. 32
Stiles, Edmund R., Hancock, Mich. 57
Stimson, Henry A., Minneapolis,
Minn. 82
Stinchfield, Josiah P., Caribou. Me. 35, 37
Stoddard, James P , Byron, 111. 113
Stoddard, Judson B.. Cheshire, Ct. 112
Stoddart, William, Boecobel, Wis. 103
Stone, Andrew L., San Francisco,
Cal. 3
Stone, Clarendon A., Hopkinton,
N. H. 72
Stone, Edward G., South Royalston,
Mass. 51
Stone, Edward P., Centre Harbor,
N. H. 70
Stone, George, North Troy, Vt. 121
Stone, Harvey M., Saundersville,
Mass. 45
Stone, James P., Highgate, Vt. 121
Stone, John F., Montpelier, Vt. 96
Stone, Levi H., Castleton, Vt. 121
Stone, Richard C, Bunker Hill. 111. 113
Stone, RoUin S., Southampton, Mass. 116
Stone, Timothy D. P., Springfield,
Mass. 116
Storer, Henry G., Oakhill, Me. 1 14
•Storm, J. E., Baldwin, Minn. 61, 63
Storrs, Henry M., New York City, 119
Storrs, Richard S., Brooklyn, N. Y. 76
Storrs, Sylvester D., Topeka, Kan. 114
Stout, Wniiam D., Ransom, Mich. 117
Stoatenburg, Luke I., Schooley's
Mountain, N. J. 118
Stowe, Calvin E., Hartford, Ct. 112
Stowell, Abijah, Erving, Mass. 44
(169)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
456
LIST OF OONGBEOATIONAL MINI8TEBS.
[1877.
Stowell, Alex. D , Nichols, N. Y. 119
Straaenburgh. Geo. , Rushville, N. Y. 78
Stratton, H. W., Albany, Or. 89
Stratton, 8. Fay. Wheaton, 111. 16, 113
Street, George B., Exeter, N. H. 71
Street, Owen, Lowell, Mass. 47
Streeter, Sereno W.. Saybrook, O. 87
Strickland, Micah W., Prentissvale,
Pa. 120
Strieby, Michael E., New York City, 118
Strong, Charles, Sing Sing, N. Y. 119
•Strong, D. A., Ceresco, Mich. 65, 56
Strong, David A., Coleig^ne, Mass. 44
Strong, Edward, West Fioxbury, Mass. 42
Strong, Elnathan E., Waltham, Mass. 53
Strong, Guy C, Paxton, 111. 113
Strong, Jacob H., Femdale, Cal. 2
Strong, James W., Northfleld, Minn. 117
Strong, John C, Chain Lake Centre,
Minn. 117
Strong, Josiah, Sandusky, O. 87
Stuart, Robert, Green Mountain, la. 114
Sturges, Albert A., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Sturges, Thomas B., Greenfield Hills,
Ct? 112
Sturgess, Frederick E.
Sturtevant, Julian M., Jacksonville,
ni. 113
Sturtevant, Julian M., Jr., Grinnell,
la. 25
Sturtevant, Wm. H., Tiverton, R. T. 93
Sumner, Charles B., Raymond, N. H. 73
Sumner, Charles E., Chicago, HI. 113
Sunburg, L., Keokuk, la. 25
Siiss, William, Olive Branch, Neb. 67, 68
Swain, Augn8tn.<i C. , Hard wick, Mass. 46
Swain, George F., Pepperell, Mass. 50
Swallow, Joseph E., Aiford, Mass. 116
Sweetser, Seth, Worcester, Mass. 54
Swift, Alfred B., Enosburg, Vt. 97
Swift, Eliphalet Y., Denmark, la. 24
Swift, Henry B., West Greece, N. Y. 82
Swinnerton, William T., Dennis,
Mass. 44
Switzer, Christopher J., Weston, Vt. 120
Switzer, S. H., MunsviUe, N. Y. 79
Sylvester, Charles S., Feeding Hills,
Mass. 41
Talbot, Benjamin, Council Bluffs, la. 114
Talbot, Henry L., Durham, N. H. 71
Talcott, Daniel S., Bangor, Me. 114
Tanner, Edward A., Concord, 111. 17
Tappan, Benjamin, Norridgewock,
Me. 37
Tappan, Charles L., Sandwich, N. H. 118
Tappan, Daniel D., Weld, Me. 114
Tarbox, Increase N., Boston, Mass. 116
Tatlock, John, Pittsfield, Mass. 116
Taylor, Ezekiel D., Welshfield, O. 86, 87
Taylor, Edward, Binghamton, N. Y. 119
Taylor, Horace J., Athens, Ala. 1
Taylor, James F., Saugatuck, Mich. 117
Taylor, JeremisJi, Providence, R. I.
Taylor, John G., Melrose, Mass. 48
Taylor, John L., Andover, Mass. 116
Taylor, John P., Andover, Mass. 116
Taylor, Lathrop, Wheaton, 111. "^
Taylor, Nelson, Lockport, La. 33
Taylor, Wallace, A. B. C. F. M. llO
Taylor, William M., New York City, 79
Tebbetts, Arthur H., Tyngsboro',
Mass. 52
Teele, Albert K., Blue Hill, Mass. 116
Teele, William H., Berkley, Mass. 42
Teller, Daniel W., Ridgefield, Ct. 10
Temple, Charles, Otsego, Mich. 117
Temple, Charles M., Templeton, Mass. 52
Temple, Josiah H., Framingham,
Mass. 116
Tenney, Charles, Chester, N. H. 70
Tenney, Edward P., Manchester,
Mass. 116
Tenney, Francis V., Saugus Centre,
Mass. 51
Tenney, Henry M., Rteubenville, O. 87
Tenney, Herbert M. , Wallingf ord, Ct. 11
Tenney, Leonard, Barre, Vt. 96
Tenney, Marcus D., Westmoreland,
Kan. 29, 31, 32
Tenney, Sewell, Ellsworth, Me. 114
Tenney, William A., HydesviUe, Cal. 2
Tenny, Erdix, Westboro*, Mass. 116
Terrett, W. R., Saratoga Springs,
N. Y. 81
Terry, Calvin, North Weymouth,
Mass. 116
Terry, Cassius M., St. Paul, Minn. 117
Tewksbury, George A., Plymouth,
Mass. " ^ 60
Tewksbury, George F., Lyman, Me. 37
Thacher. l<iaiah C., Lakeville, Mass. 116
Thatcher, George, Iowa City, la. 25, 114
Thain, Alexander R., Galesburg, ID. 17
Thayer, David H., East Windsor. Ct. 112
Thayer, Henry O., Woolwich, Me. 40
Thayer, J. Henry, Andover, Mass. 116
Thayer, Peter B., Garland, Me. 36
Thayer, Thacher, Newport, R. I. 93
Thayer, William M., Franklin, Mass. 116
Thayer, William W., St. Johnsbury,
Vt. 121
Thomas, Chaunoey B., Glover. Vt. 97
Thomas, David, llig Rock, 111. 15
Thomas, David, Canton, Dak. 13
Thomas, D. D., Ebensburg, Pa. 120
Thomas, Hugh E., Pittsburg, Pa. 92
Thomas, Isaac, Cumberland, Md.
Thomas, J. M., Alliance, O. 89
Thomas, John G., Ebensburg, Pa.
Thomas, Ozro A., Farmington, Pa- 92
Thomas, Reuen, Brookline, M.iss. 43
Thomas, Richard P., Springfield, O.
Thomas, Robert D., Knoxville, Tenn. 94
•Thomas, William H., Ionia, Mich. 57
Thome, Arthur M., Memphis, Mo. 66
Thompson, Augustus C., Boston
Highlands, Mass. 42
Thompson, Chas. W., Danville, Vt. 97
Thompson, Frank, Windham, Ct. 12
Thompson, George, Leland, Mich. 57
Thompson, George W., Stratham,
N. ft. 118
Thompson, Howard S. Kellogg, la. 25
Thompson, J. Charles, Laingsburg,
Mich, 57, 60
(170)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.]
LIST OF OOKGBEQATIONAL MINISTERS.
457
Thompflon, John C, Greenfield, O. 85
Thompson, Leander, North Wobnm,
Mass.
Thompson, Mitchell, Helena, Tex.
Thompson, Nathan, Boxboroogh,
Mass.
Thompson, Oren C, Detroit, Mich.
Thompson, Bobert M., Calumet,
Mich.
Thompson, Samael H., Smith Cen-
tre, Kan. 31
Thompson, Thos. "W.^A. B. C. P. M. 110
Thompson, William, Hartford, Ct. 112
Thompson, William S., Acton, Me.
Thomson, William J., Newington, Ct.
Thornton, James B., Oakhill, Me.
Thrall, George S., Washington, Ct.
Thrall, Homer, Litchfield, O.
Thrall, Samuel R., Galesburg, 111.
Thurston, Charles A. G., No. Bayn<
ham, Mass.
Thurston, Henry W. L., Harrisyille,
N. H.
Thurston, John E., Whitinsville,
Mass.
Thurston, Philander, Dorchester,
Mass.
Thurston, Richard B., Saybrook, Ct.
Thurston, Stephen, Searsport, Me.
Thwing, Edward P., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Thyng, John H., Hubbardton, Vt.
Tilden, Lucius L., Nashua, N. H.
Tillotson, George J., Rocky HiU. Ct.
•Tilton, George H., Pawtucket, R. I.
Tingley, Edwm S., Turner, Me.
Tingley, Marshall, Blair, Neb.
Tinker, An.son P., Auburn, Me.
Titoomb, Philip, Plympton, Mass.
Titcomb, Stephen, Farmiugton, Me.
Titsworth, Adoniram J., Westfield,
Mass.
Tobey, Isaac F., Brownsdale, Minn.
Todd, A. £., Stuart, la.
Todd, James D., Albert Lea, Minn.
Lodd, John, Tabor, la.
Todd, John E., New Haven, Ct.
Tolman, George B., Brookfield, Vt.
Tolman, Richard, Hampton, Ya.
Tomblin, Charles L., Gumanton Iron
Works, N. H.
Tomlinson, Joseph A., East Haven,
Ct.
Tomlinson, J. Logan, Simsbury, Ct.
Tompkins, George T., Magnolia, la.
Tompkins, Frank P., So. Abington,
Mass.
Tompkins, James, Kewanee, HI.
Tompkins, William R., Wrentham,
Mass.
Torrey, Charles C, Charlotte, Vt.
Torrey, Henry A. P., BurlinflTton, Vt.
Torrey, Joseph, Yarmouth, Me.
Towle, Charles A., Chicago, 111.
Towle, James H., Ripon. wis.
Towler, Thomas, Hart, Mich. 57, 59
Towne, Joseph H., Milwaukee, Wis. 121
Townsend, G. H., Sandgate, Vt. 99
Tracy, Alfred B., Oconomowoc, Wis. 106
116
9i
43
117
55
34
9
114
11
86
113
50
72
49
42
9
114
76
96
118
112
50
39
118
34
50
114
53
61
114
61
27
9
96
101
71
6
10
26
51
17
54
97
121
40
16
121
Tracy, Caleb B„ Wilmot, N. H.
Tracy, M. M., Three Rivers, Mass.
Tracy, James E., A. B, C. F. M.
Tracy, William, Lacon, 111.
Trask, John L. R., Holyoke, Mass.
Treat, Charles R., Greenwich, Ct.
Trowbridge, John P., Standish, Me.
Trumbull; H. Clay., PhiUidelphia, Pa.
Tuck, Jeremy W., Middletown, Ct.
Tucker, Ebenezer, Randolph Coun-
ty, Ind.
Tucker, Joshua T.. Boston, Mass.
Tnokerman, Lewis B., Austinburg, O.
Tufts, James, Monson, Mass.
Tunnell Robt. M., Wyandotte, Kan.
Tupper, Heniv M., Ontario, 111.
Turner, Asa, Oskaloosa, la.
Turner, Edwin B., Owego, N. Y.
Turner, Josiah W., Strongsville, O.
Turner, William W., Hartford, Ct.
Tuthill, Edward B., Martinez, Cal.
Tuthill, Geo. M., Kalamazoo, Mich.
Tuttle, Harmon B., Worthington,
Minn.
Tuttle, William G., Ware, Mass.
Tuxbury, Franklin, Watertown, Ct.
Twining, Kinsley, Providence, B. I,
Twining, William, St. Louis, Mo.
Twitchell, Joseph H., Hartford, Ct.
Twitchell, Justm E„ Cleveland, O.
Twombly, Alexander S,, Charles-
town, Mass.
Tyler, Amory H., Middletown, Mass.
Tyler, Charles M., Ithaca, N. Y.
Tyler, Henry M., Northampton,
118
50
109
17
46
7
39
120
8
113
116
120
116
32
19
114
119
87
112
2
117
&3
53
IX
120
117
7
84
42
48
78
116
109
116
Tyler, Josiah, A, B. C. F. M.
Tyler, William S., Amherst, Mass.
Underwood, Almon, Irvington, N. J. 118
Underwood, Rufua S., irvington,
N. J. 118
Updyke, Stephen G., Augusta, Mich. 55
Upson, C B , Lewis, N. Y. 119
Upson, Henry, New Preston, Ct. 112
Upton, Augustas G., Windham, O. 88
Upton, John K., Lakeville, la. 25, 27
UUey, Wells H., Pontiac, Mich. 59
Vaill, Henry H, Cape Elizabeth,
Me 114
VaiU, Wm. K., Packardville, Mass. 50
Valentine, Peter, Mt. Sterling, Wis.
104, 105. 106
Valliet, Louis, Highland, HI. 17
Vanderveer, David N., Chicago, HI. 16
Van Antwe^, John, Morenci, Mich.
55,58
Van Auken, Helmas H., Traverse
City, Mich. 59
Van de Kreeke, Guy, Boston High-
lands, Mass. 43
Van Home, Mahlon, Newport. R. I. 93
Van Norden, Charles W., St Albans,
Vt 99
Van Wagner, Allen J. , Elmwood, 111. 16
Van Wagner, James M., St. Charles,
Minn. 63
(171)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
458
lAffl OF OONOBEOATIONAL MINISTEBS.
[1877.
Veitz, Christian F. , Crete, Neb. 67
Vemey, James, West Leroy, Mich. 57
Vettcr, John, Sedgwick City, Kan. 30, 31
Vincent, Christopher 8., Sindaii-
ville, N. y. 81
*Vincent, James. Franklin, Mich, 56
Virgin, Samnel H., 220 £. 124th St.,
Kew York City, 79
Volentine, Thomas J., Fairfield, la. 24
Voorhees, Louis B , Worcester, Mass. 54
Voroe, Jnha H., Derby, Ct. 6
Vose, James O., Providence, R. L 93
VoCaw, Elihn H., Brooklyn, O. 83, 87
Wadhams, Jonathan, Charles City.Ia. 23
Wadsworth, Thomas A. 121
Wagner, John Ulrich JOawley, Pa. 90
Walnwilght, Oeofge W., Baymond,
Wis. 104, 106
Waite. Henry R., Kew York City, 119
Waite, Hiram H., JerseyCity, N. J. 75
Wakefield, William. LaHarpe, Dl. 17
Walcott, DanaM., Rutherford, N. J. 118
Walcott, F. N., Marine Mills, Minn. 62
Walcott, Jeremiah W., Ripon, Wis. 121
Waldo, Levi F., Frankfort, Mich. 66
Waldron, Daniel W., Boston, Mass. 116
Wales, Frederick H., Riverside. Cal. 3
Walker, Aldace, Wallingford, Vt. 121
Walker, Avery 8., Hpencer, Masai 51
Walker, Charles 8., South Amherst,
Mass. 41
Walker, George F.,Blackstone, Mass. 42
Walker, Geo. L., Brattleborongh, Vt. 121
Walker, George W.,Centr«ville. Pa. 120
Walker, Horace D., Bridgewater,
Mass. 43
Walker, H. M., Dover, O. 86
Walker, Joseph E., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Walker, William, Alderly, Wis. 103
Walker, William, MUton, Wis. 121
Wallace, Cyrus W., Manchester,
N. H. 71, 72
Wallace, Patterson W. , Belmont, lU. 20
Ward, Earl J., Grafton, Vt., 97
Ward, Joseph, Yankton, Dak. 13
Ward« Wm. H, Independent, New
York City, 119
Warfield, Frank A., Boston, Mass. 42
Warner, Pliny F., Mattoon, HI. 18
Warner, Warren W., Volney, N. Y. 119
Warren, Alpha, Rosooe, 111. 113
Warren, H. Vallette, Granville 111. 17
Warren, Israel P., Portland. Me. 114
Warren, James H., San Francisco,
Cal. Ill
Warren, Leroy, Grand Rapids, Mich. 117
Wanen, Waters, Three Oaks, Mich. 117
Warren, Wm., Gorham, Me. 114
Warren, Wm. H.. Springfield, O. 87
Washburn, Asahel C, Syracuse, N. Y. 119
Washburn, George, Conttontin/oj^, 110
Washburn, George T., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Wastell, Wm. P , Clinton, Mich. 117
Waterman, Alfred T., Fort Scott,
Kan. 90
Waterman, James H., Pewankee,
Wis. 121
Waterman, Wm. A., Marlon, la. 26
WaterworUi, J<4m A , New Windsor,
ni. 18, 19
Waters, George F., Bethel, Ct. 5
Waters, CHas B., Hersey, Mich. 57, 59
Waters, T. Frank, Edgaotown, Mass. 44
Watkins, David F., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Watkins, H. W. H., Osceola, X. Y. 77, 78
Watson, Albert, Hampstead, N. H. 71
Watson, Charles C, Wareham, Mass. 53
Watson, O. P., Sheldon, Vt. 97, 99
Watson, Thomas, Wilmington, N. Y.
78 82
Watts, James, Lawrence, Mich. 57
Weace, John J., Thawville, lU. 19, 20
Webb, Edwin B., Boston, Mass. 42
Webb, Stephen W., Great Falls,
N. H.
Webb, Wilson D., Shopiere, Wis.
Webber, Edwin £., Rosendale. Wis.
Webster, George J., Wautoma, Wis.
Webster, John C, Wheaton, 111.
Webster, Robert M., Berlin, Wis.
Weidman, Peter, Lansing, la.
Weitzel, Charles T., Norwich Town,
Ct
Welch, Moses C, Hartford, Ct.
Weld, Wm. M, Mazeppa, Minn,
Weller, James, Danby, X. Y.
Welles, Clayton, Keokuk, la.
Wellman, Joshua W., Maiden, Masai
Wellman, William M, Blue Rapids,
Kan.
Wells, Ashbel 8., Fairfield, la.
Wells, George W., Fitchville, O.
Wells, James^Dunbarton, N. H.
Wells, John H., Kingston, R L
Wells, Milton, Milwaukee, Wis.
Wells, Moses H., Waterford, Vt
Wells, Spencer R, A. B C. F. M.
Wentz, Horace A., Menomonee, Wia. 121
West, James W.. Onarga, 111. 10
West, P. B.. California. Mo. 65
West, Robert, St Louis, Mo. 117
Westerfield, Wm., Morrisania. N. Y. 119
Westervelt William D., Brier TTIIi
N. Y.
Westgate Ansel W. , Rockland. Massw
Weston. Henry C, Sharon, Mass.
Wetberby, Charles. Nashua, N. H.
Wheeler, Crosby H., A. B C. F. M.
Wheeler, Edw'd P., Willmette, 111
•Wheeler, John E., St. Louis, Mo.
74
107
106
107
11.3
121
25
9
112
62
77
25
47
29
114
85
71
120
121
100
10»
79
51
51
73
109
21
66
Wheeler, Orville G., South Hero, Vt 519
Wheeler. 8. H., Waterbury, Vt lOO
Wheelock, Edwin, Cambridge, Vt
Wheelock, Rufus A., Mott's Comers,
N.Y.
Wheelwright, John B., Scarborough,
Me.
Whitcomb, Cyrus B., Shelbume
Falls, Mass.
White, Charles A., Palmer, Mass.
White, George H.. Grinnell, la.
White, Isaac C, Newmarket N. H.
White, John W.. Bellevue, O.
White, Lorenzo J., Reading, Wis.
White, Lyman, Deerfield N. H.
96
79
51
50
23
73
83
121
71
(172;
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.]
LIST or GONOREQATIONAL MINISTERS.
459
White, Orrin W., Weymouth. O. 88
White, Orlando H.. /^ndon, Eng, 110
White. Samuel J.. Cornwall. Ct. 6
WhitehiU, John, West Attieborough,
Mass. 41
Whiting. Lyman. Reading, Maas. 116
Whitman, John S., Chatham Centre,
J?- W
Whitmope, Alfred A.. Anita, la. 23
Whitney, Chas. H.. Worcester. Mass. 118
Whitney, Henry M.. Beloit, Wis. 20, 121
Whitney, Joel F., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Whiton, James M., Easthampton,
Mass. 116
Whittemore, William H., Brooklyn.
N. Y. 119
Whittier, Charles, Dennysville, Me. 35
Whittlesey, Chailes M., Spenoerport,
N. Y. 81
Whittlesey, Eliphalet, Washington,
DC. 112
Whittlesey, Nathan H , Creston, la. 24
Whittlesey, Joseph, Berlin. Ct. 112
Whittlesey, Martin K., JacksonvUle.
Whittlesey, Wm., New Haven, Ct. 112
•Wiard, H. D., Oswego. 111. 19
Wickett, Richard, Baldwin, Me. S*
Wickham, Joseph D., Manchester,
Vt. 121
Wight, Daniel, Natick. Mass. 116
Wilcox, Asher H., Plainiield. Ct. 10
Wilcox, Seth M., Lincoln, 111. 17
Wild, Azel W., Peacham, Vt. 99
Wild, Edward JP., Newport, Vt. 97, 98
•Wild, Joseph, Brooklyn, N. Y. 75
Wilder, J. C., Charlotte, Vt. 121
Wilder, Moses H., Brooklyn, N. Y. 119
Wilder, Sedgwick P., Brandon, Vt. 96
Wiley, Charles W., Burr Oak, la. 23
Wilkie, W. B. Y., Faribault, Minn. 61
Wilkins, Coles, Howell's Depot,
N.Y. ^^ 78
Wilkinson, Reed, Fairfield, la. 114
Wilkinson, Thomas R., Atwater,
Miim. 63
Willard, Andrew J., Burlington, Vt. 121
Waiard, Henry, Plainview, Minn. 63
Willard, James L., Westville, Ct. 9
Willard, John, Marlborough, Mass. 47
Willard, Samuel G., Colchester, Ct. 6
Willcox, G. Buckingham, Stamford.
Ct. * ' ^11
Willoox, William H., Reading, Mass. 50
WUlett, Mahlon, San Jose. C2. 3
Willey, Austin, Northfield, Minn. 117
Willey, Charles. Newfield. N. J. 76
Willey, Isaac, Pembroke, N. H. 118
Willey, Samuel H., Santa Cruz, Cal. 3
Willey, Worcester, Andover, Mass. 116
Williams. Aaron, San Francisco. Cal. Ill
WillUms, B. H., Waterville, N. Y. 82
♦WiUiams, Charles H., New Haven,
Ct. 9
Williams, David T., Brighton, O. 84, 87
Williams, Edward F., (Jhicago, 111. 16
Williams, Edward M., MinneapoUs,
Minn. 62
Williams, Edwin S., Minneapolis,
•Minn. 62
Williams, Francis, Chaplin, Ct. 5
Williams, Francis F., Boylston, Mass. 43
Williams, Geo.. Lanesborough, Minn. 117
Williams, Horace R., Almont, Mich. 55
WiUiams, Hugh R., Plainfield, N. Y. 80
WiUiams, John, Pittston, Pa. 91
WilUams, John H., Cooper, Mich. 56
WilUams, John H., Marblehead,
Mass. 47
WUliams, John K., West Rutland,
Vt. 99
Williams, John M., Jefferson, 111. 17
Williams. John P., Racine, Wis. 106
WUliams, John W., Fairhaven, Vt. 97
WUliams, John W., Miners, Pa. 91
Williams, Lewis, Carbondale, Pa. 91
WUliams, Loring S., Glenwood, la. 114
WiUiams, Mark, A. B. C. F. M. 110
WUliams, Mosely H., PhUadelphia,
Pa. 120
WUliams, Nathan W., Providence,
R. I.*" 120
WUUams, Robert G., Castleton, Vt. 121
WiUiams, Wm. B., Mondovi, Wis. 105
WUUams, Wm. D., Deerfield, N. Y. 77. HO
WUliams, Wolcott B., Charlotte,
Mich. 117
Willing, Samuel E., Prospect Park,
lU. 19
WUlis, Josiah G., Guildhall, Vt. 97
Willis, J. v., Chenoa, III. 16
Williston, Martin L., Jamestown,
N. Y. 78
WiUs, John T., Haywood, Cal. 2
Wilson, G. Haywood, North Brook-
field, Mass. 49
^Wilson, Geo. E., No Adams, I^Iich. 58
Wilson, Edwin P., Watertown, Mass. 63
Wilson. Gowen C, Windsor, Ct. 12
WUBon, Henry, Wyanet. 111. 19, 21
WUson, John G., Portland. Me 114
Wilson, Levi B., Valley Falls. Kan. .32
WUson, Le\in, C3rthiana, Ind 113
WUson, Lewis, Petersburg, Ind. 21, 22
Wilson, Thomas, Baton, N. Y. 77
Wilson, Wm., Hutchinson, Minn. 61, 62
Winans, John. Freedom, O. 120
Winch, Caleb M., Corinth, Vt. 97
Winch, Geo. W , Enfield, Ct. 6
Winchester, Warren W., Bridport,
Vt 96
Windsor, John H, Grafton. Mass. 46
Windsor, Richard A. B. C. F. M. 109
Windsor, Wm., Marshalltown, la. 26
Winshlp, Albert E., SomervUle,
Mass. 61
Winslow, Horace, WUlimantic, Ct 12
Winslow, Jacob, Hastings, Neb. 118
Winslow, Lyman W., Peshtieo, Wis. 106
Whiter, Alpheus. Round HUl, Ct 7
Wirt David, Plymouth, Wis. 106
Wiswall, Luther, Windham, Me. 40
Withington, Leonard, Newburyport,
Mass 48
Withrow, John L., Boston, Mass. 42
Wolcott, John M., Saugerties, N. Y. 81
(178)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
460
LIST OF CX>NORE0ATIOXAL MINISTERS.
[1877.
41
112
118
44
20
23
45
Wolcott, Samuel, Cleveland, O. 120
Wolcott, Wm. H., Dudley, Mass. 44
Wollsen, Ludwig, Plymouth, Wis. 121
Wood, Abel S., 8t. Joseph, Mich. fi9
Wood, Chaa. W., Middleboro', Mi
Wood, Franklin P., Acton, Mass.
Wood, George I., Ellington, Ct.
Wood, Horace, Gibom, N. H.
Wood, John, Wellesley, Mass.
Wood, Roland A., Boseville, III.
Wood, R. R., Clear Lalte, la.
Wood, WiU C, Assonet, Mass.
Woodburn, John A., Capioma, Kan.
29,31
Woodbury, Frank P., Rockford, 111. 19
Woodbury, Webster, Skowhegan, Me. 39
Woodcock, Harry E., Tonganozie,
Kan. 32
Woodhull, John A., Qroton, Ct. 7
Woodmansee,Wm., Chagrin Falls, O. 84
Woodruff, Wm. L., Bethany, Ct.
Woodruff, Jacob D., North Collins,
N, Y. n, 79
Woods, Robert M., Hatfield, Mass» 46
Woodward. John H., MUton, Vt. 98
Woodwell, Wm. H., Mount Vernon,
N. H. 73
Wood worth, Chas. L., Boston, Mass. 116
Woodworth, Darius, West Williams-
field, O. 87, 88
Woodworth, Horace B., Decorah, la. 24
Woodworth, Leverett S., Campello,
Mass.
Woodworth, B., Church's Comer,
Mich.
Woodworth, Wm. W., Berlin, Ct. 5
Woolley, Joseph J., Pawtucket, R. I. 93
Woolnoan, William, Aurora, Neb.
67. 68, 69
Woolsey, Theodore D., New Haven,
Ct. 112
43
Worcester, Isaac R., Aubumdale,
Mass. 116
Worcester, John H., Burlington, Vt. 121
Worden, Jesse A. S., Ada, Mich. 55, 58
Worrell, Benjamin F., Rantoul, 111.
18,19
Wright, Abiel H., Portland, Me. 38
Wright, Albert O., Fox Lake, Wis. 104
Wright, Cassius E., Austin, Minn. 61, 62
Wright, Chauncey D., Baxter
Springs, Kan. 29, 31
Wright. Eugene F., Seward, 111. 20
Wright, Ephraim M., Lee Centre, HI. 113
Wright, George F., Andover. Mass. 41
Wright, George F., River Point, B. I. 93
Wright, Henry N., Babylon, N. Y. 119
Wright, John E. M., Needham, Mass. 48
Wright, Newell S., Salisbury, Mass. 51
Wright, Reuben B.. Poplar Grove, HI. 19
Wright, Samuel G., Brookville, Kan. 29
Wright, Walter E. C, Danvers. Mass. 44
Wright, Wm. B., Boston, Mass. 42
Wright, Wm. S., Glastonbury, Ct. 112
Wy^off, Alonzo D., Chebanse, HI. 113
Wyckoff, James D., Beardstown, 111. 15
Wyckoff, J. L. B., Woodbury, Ct. 12
Yager, Granville, Boston, Mass. 116
Yates, Thomas, Shutesbury, Mass.
Yeomans, Nathan'l T., BnsUA, N. Y. 119
Yonker, D. G., Gowrie, la. 25
Young, Albert A., New Lisbon, Wis. 120
Young, J. E., Kirwin, Kan. 114
Young, John H., Ironton, O. 85
Young, Nelson, Scambler, Minn. 63
Young, Samuel, Brier HiU, N. Y. 119
Youngs, Christopher, Aquebogue,
N. Y. 119
Zabriskie, Francis N., Wollaston,
Mass. 50
(174)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
1877.J
LI8X OF LI0ENTIATE8.
461
LIST OF LICENTIATES REPORTED.
This list contains the names, not only of those specifically reported as under care,
but also of all Licentiates reported as suppljring specified churches (the figures refer-
ring to pages); and of this latter class, it is by no means certain that all are under
care of a congregational organization.
And also, 1. This list does not agree in number with the Summary 1, because all
ordained since the lists were reported are here dropped. 2. The post-oiUce addresses
are often delusive, the place being that of temporary service only. 8. Names foU
lowed by State only are of persons approbated in the State mentioned, no residence
beiog reported. 4. The list is incomplete, because some States make no full report
of Licentiates.
Adams, Edward P., Ct.
Adrianoe, S. Winchester, Pough-
keepsie, N. Y.
Alliee, Solon, Prof., Middlebury, Vt.
Allen, L» B., Columbus, N. Y. 77
Allenbaugh, J. W., Climax, Kan.
Armstrong, T., Elmore, HI. 16
Bacon, Thomas R., Ct.
Bailey, D. W., Big Woods, Dl. 15
Ballard, Walter J., Black Creek,
N. Y. 76, 80
Bancroft, Isaac, Elk Grove, Wis.
Bartlett, Amos G., Vineland, N. J.
Bartlett, Frederick H , Bristol, N. H.
Bartlett, Hamilton M , Mass.
Bartlett, William J., lay preacher,
Lee, Mass.
Batchelor, Ward, Lebanon, N. Y. 78
Beard, Reuben A. , Rawsonville, O. 87
Beckwith, Clarence, Ct.
Benton, Charles W., Ct.
Bradley, Leverett, jr. , Ct
Brainard, Ezra D., Prof, in College,
Middlebury, Vt
Brewer, FiskP.,Ct.
Briggs, Calvin B., Ct.
Brobst, F. J., Beetown, Wis. 103
Bruce, Charles C, Peterboro*, N. H.
Buckham, Matthew H., President
University, Burlington, Vt.
Buffum, Joshua, Salem, Mass.
Burr, Richard M., Mass.
Bushnell, Samuel C, Ct.
Callen, Wilson, Selma, Ala.
Campbell. J. H., North Evans, N. Y. 79
Carter, Richard H., [Ala.?]
Carter, Steven B., Ct
Chapman, Henry L., Prof. College,
Brunswick, Me.
Chessington , J . M. F. . Syracuse, Neb. 68
Chipperfield, G. F., Chebanse, 111. 15, 16
Clark, William W., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Cook, Joseph, Boston, Mass.
Cope, William H., Ct
Crosby, James H , Hampden, Me.
Crouch, Wmiam S , Wakefield, Kan. 30
Crowell, Edward P., Prof, in College,
Amherst, Mass.
Dennison, Tristram R , City Mission-
ary, New Bedford, Masd.
Diffenbacher, B. P., Neb.
Ely, Charles, Montgomery, Mass. 48
Evans, E. C, OberUn, O.
Finster, Clarencci Ct
Fiske, Joseph E., Mass.
Foster, Edward Powelli Ct
Francis, D. W., Bird's Creek, Wis.
• 103, 108
Gallisrer, Joseph P., Mauston, Wis. 105
George, Hanry W., South Amherst,
O. 83
Gochenauer, David, Ellis, Kan. 29
Grant, Barbour, Talladega, Ala. 1
Greenough, James C, Providence,
R. L
Grinnell, Sylvester E., North Madi-
son, O. 86, 87
Guernsey, Charles W., Mass.
Hadley, WiUis A., Newington,
N.H. 73
Hall, Albert E., Dalton, N. H. 71
Hall, l!<aac, New Orleans, La. 33
HaU, Lyman B., PittxAeld, O. 87
Hargrave, John W., Marblehead, O. 86
Harrington, Myron O., Macon, Ga. 14
Hart, John M., Bristol, N. H. 70
Hastings, Samuel S., Ct.
Hemenway, John, Brighton, Me.
Henshaw, Gurdon ST, Frewsburg,
N. Y. 78
Hird, John W., Mass.
Hopkins, Theodore W., Chicago, HI.
Jones, Alfred, Childersburg, Ala. 1
Kellogg, H. Martyn, North Hadley,
Mass.
(175)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
462
LIST or LICENTIATES.
[1877.
Kell(«g, Joseph A., West Kewfield,
Me. 37
Kelsey, Edward D., H&rmonT, K. Y. 76
KendeU, Robert B., Bristolvillei O. 81
Kidder, Samuel T^ Ct.
Kilbum, Daniel W., Mass.
Kimball, Joseph, Haistow, K. H.
70
17
«7
1
Leavitt. J. Hemrv, Chatham, N. H.
Loba, J., Kankakee, 111.
Loomij, Eli R., Svlyania, O.
Lowry, Noah, Talladega, Ala.
Manning, Charles, Mass.
Martin, George H., Mass.
Mather, Richard H., Prof., Amherst,
Mass.
Matthews, Robert J., Mass.
Marsland, John, Ct.
McEntosh, Peter J., Anniston, Ala. 1
McElwee, G. F., Neb.
McLean, CaJyin B., Ct.
McNair, David C, OberUn, O. 29
Mead, M H., Lebanon, Me. 35, 36
Means, McGregor, Prof. College,
Middlebnry, Vt.
Mendell, ElUs, Ct.
Metcalf, Royal D., Worcester, Vt.
Michaelian, Gregory, Ct.
Mills, Frank £., Pepperell, Mass.
Montague, William L., Prof. College,
Amherst. Mass.
Moore, J W., Nashville, Tenn. 94
Morris, M. B., Bala, Kan. 31
Moses, L. H. , Lamberton, Minn. 62, 63
Mosman, WUliam D., Ct.
Newcomb,. Frederick W., Ct.
Ogden,. David J., Ct.
Osgood, George W., Lee» Me. 37
Packard,. Lewis R. , Ct
Park,. Eugene J.
Parker^ Francis, Enfield, N. H.
Peckham, Wm. C, Brookhrn, N. Y.
Penniman, J. A«, M. D., Great Bar-
rington Mass.
Peters, Moses, Ct.
Pettee, James H., Manchester, N. H.
Pettengill, S. B., Rutland, Vt.
Phelps, M. Stuart, tutor, Yale Col-
lege.
Potter, Frank C, Ct.
Prescott, Harrison, lay preacher, New^
ton Centre, Mass.
Kand, Lyman F., Keene, N. H.
Rejmolds, H., New Portland, Me 37
Rich, Thomas H., Prof. CoU., Lewis-
ton, Me.
Bidiardson, C. J., Ct.
Richardson, John W., Verdigris
Falls, Kan.' 33
Richmond, James, Mass.
Roberts, Henry R., Everett, Mass.
Rogers, George, Mass.
Rowley, Charles H., Norwood, N. Y. 80
Ruffin, Henry A., New Orleans, La. 33
Russell, John E., Putney, Vt.
Rutherford, G. A., Macon, Ga. 14
Sanborn, Edwin D., ll.d.. Prof.
Coll., Hanover, N. H.
Sawyer, Aaron W., Nashua, N. H.
Sawyer, Joseph H., Easthampton,
Mass.
Scotford, Henry C, No. Topeka, Kan.
Sewall, Jotham, York, Me.
Scott, John, Brunswick, O. 84, 85
Scruton, Herbert M., Lawrence,
Mass.
Shaw, Henry H., Prin. Seminary,
Manchester, Vt.
Sherman, Floyd E., Qnindaro, Kan. 31, 32
Slie, J. Seymour, Prof. College, To-
peka, Kan.
Smith, Edward P., Mass.
Sperry, W. G., Blair, Neb. 31, 32
Stanley, Richard C, Prof. College,
Lewiston, Me. 35, 38
Stevens, H. E., Castalia, O. 84
Stone, Cyrus, Dexter, Minn. 61
Strong, Charles B., Ct.
Swing, Albert T., Ct.
Tapley, Eli, Pleasant Ridge, Ky. (^
Tebbetts, Jackson, Kaukauna, Wis.
104,105
Tenney, Jonathan, Dep't Pub. Insti-
tute, Albany, N. Y.
Tenney, Leonard B., Peru, Vt.
Thompson, Albert H., Ct.
Tracy, C. T. K., Oio Fino, Cal. 2, 3
Van Slyke, F. M., Paola, Kan.
Wait, Foster R., Ct.
Walker, Isaac. Pembroke, N. H.
Walters, William, Wyoming, 111. 21
Watkins, Harrison, Byron Station,
Ga.
Whittle, David W., Chicago, HI.
Wickes, Thomas A., Hamfiton, Mo. 65
Williamston, J. D., Mass.
Wilson, J. J., Maple Grove, Kan.
29, 30, 31
Winslow, Edward C, Ct.
Wood, Melvin C, Mound City, Kan. 31
Woodbrldge, C. M., Breckinridge,
Minn. 61
Woodruff, Elijah W., Ct.
Youngr Preston, Kymulga, AJa. 1
(176)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
GENERAL INDEX.
AmerloaD Board of ConimissioDera for Foreign MlsaioDs, 18, 22, 83, 45, 09; state-
ment by, US, officers of, 423.
American College and Ednoation Society, 18, 19, 32; statement 1^, 93; officers
of, 424.
American Gon^egational ITnion, 18» 19, 41, 54; statement by, 88; officers of; 423.
American Home Missionary Society, 18, 19, 21, 22, 38, 54; statement by, 113;
officers of, 423.
American Missionary Association, 18, 19, 29; statement by, 106; officers of, 424.
Bible in Public Schools; see Papers.
By-Laws of the National Council, Amendment to, 36; in full, 280.
Colleges and State Universities, action regarding, 17, 22, 25.
Committees from session of 1874:
on Denomination Otmity, 37.
on the Parish system, 22, 23; report in full, 189.
Provisional, 15; report in full, 80.
Publishing, 15; report in full, 81.
Committees of the session of 1877 :
Business, 5.
Colleges and State Universities, 17, 22, 25.
Credentials, 5, 6, 17, 19, 68.
Disabled Ministers, 18, 34.
Finance, 16, 23 40.
Indian Affairs, 23, 36; report in full, 45.
National Council, 19, 22, 37.
'* '* next session, 16, 21«
Nominations, 5, 18, 48, 51.
Papers read by appointment; see titles under " Papers."
Parish System, 22, 23, 48.
Sabbath Services, 19, 38.
Sabbath, The, 18, 19, 27.
Societies, National Co-operative, on statements of: see the several
Societies.
Theological Seminaries, statements of, 36, 50.
Uniform Statistics, 10, 36; reiiort in full, 85.
Committees to serve after close of session; general list, 283:
to consult with Committee of American Congregational Union, 44,
54.
regarding Disabled Ministers, 54.
regaiding Ministerial Standing, 24, 36.
regarding Pastorless Churches, 54.
regarding the Parish System, 49, 53.
Provisional, 2a
Publishing, 16, 51, 54.
regarding monument to John Robinson, 26, 36.
Congregational Publishing Society, 18, 19, 31 ; statement by, 98; officers of, 424.
Constitution of the National Council, in fall, 278.
Cdrresponding Bodies, reports of Delegates to, 16.
Salutations from, 20.
Delegates appointed to, 18, 48, 51.
Denominational Comity, action regarding, 37.
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464 GENERAL INDEX. [1877.
Devotional Services, Id, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 36, 8.% 38 45, 54, 62
Disabled Ministen, action regarding, 18, 34, 54.
Fellowship and Union Meetings; see Papers,
Indian Affairs, action regarding, 23, 36, 45.
Licentiates, Alphabetical List of, 461.
Lord's Supper administered, 62.
Members, Boll of, at Session of 1877, 6.
Ministerial Standing, action regarding, 24, 85, 49.
MixiSTBBS, Alphabbtigal List of Conobboatiohal, 29.
" without Pastoral Charge, List of, 97.
MiNiSTBBB or THB Nationai« COUNCIL, Scssiou of 1877, 4.
National Council, action concerning, 19, 21, 22, 37. 51.
Constitution and By-Laws, 278.
Officers and Committees, 2S3.
Newspapers, Congregational, action regarding, 45.
Non-resident Church Members, action regarding, 61.
Officers of the National Council, Session of 1877, 5, 49, 283; for three years, 15,
283. •
Papers read by appointment: —
The Bible in Public Schools, 16. 17, 20, 21; in full, 126.
The Recent Evangelistic Movements, 20, 22, 57; in full, 134.
Pastorless Churches, 20, 23, 46; in full, 145.
Woman's Work as a Part of the Religious Movement of the Times, 21, 23, 44;
in full, 155.
Fellowship and Union Meetings, 21, 23, 38; in full, 168.
Sunday School: its Sphere and its Methodn, 21, 22, 50, 59; in Aill, 179..
Parish System, 22, 23, 48, 53; report in full, 189.
Pastoral Relation, action regarding, 19, 21.
Pastorless Churches, see Papers, Committee appointed, 54.
Provisional Committee 1874-'77, 15; report in full, 80.
for 1877-'80, 23,283.
Publishing Committee 1874-'77; report in full, 81.
1877-'80, 16, 51, 54, 283.
Recent Evangelistic Movements; see Papers,
Robinson John, proposed monument to, 26, 36.
Rules of Order of the National Council, in full, 282.
Sabbath, action regarding, 17, 18, 19, 27.
Sabbath Services at the session of 1877, 19, .38, 60, 62.
Secretary's Report, 15; in full, 82.
Sermon, at opening of session of 1877, 17, 18; in full, 64.
Societies, National Co-operative: see each name. ^
StATUTIGS, THB AXNUAIi, OF THB CONGBBOATIOKAL CHUBCHBS, 285.
comparative, in Secretary's Report, 82.
regarding Uniform, 16, 35, 85.
forms for, recommended, 85.
publication of, 23, 40.
Sunday School Work; see Papers,
Temperance, action regarding, 51.
Thanks, Votes of, 60.
Theological Seminaries, 22, 36; report on, 50; list of. 4:14.
Treasurer's Report, 15; in full, 87.
Welcome, Address of, 15.
Woman's Board, missions, 15.
Woman's Work: see Papers,
Young Men's Christian Association of Detroit, 22.
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ADDITIONS AND COREECTIONS.
Page 301.— At Brighton, lU., insert as minister Henry D. Piatt, ordained 1861,
commenced 1877; and change P. O. address accordingly.
Page 334. — At Monson, Mass., replace as pastor Charles B. Snmner, ordained and
installed 1868; and correct his P. O. address.
Page 342.— At Covert, Mich., substitute as minister Ezra J. Alden; and correct
P. O. list accordingly.
Page 359. — At Raymond, N. H., change minister's name to Charles £. Snmner;
and correct P. O. list accordingly.
Page 360 — At South Newmarket, insert as minister AljBzander C. Childs; and cor-
rect his P. O. address accordingly.
Page 396.— In Kawahan Islands, erase name of Isaac W. Atherton, Kohala; a
resident there, but not connected with the A. B. C. F. M.
Page 398. — Rev. Simeon Gilbert, given as supplying the church at Winnetka, HL
(see page 307), should also be inserted on page 398, as editor of the Advance, Chicago.
Page 407. — Rev. Greorge L. Walker, of Brattleboro', Vt^ (ordained 1858), ought not
be starred; correctly given in the Greneral List.
Page 423.— Rev. Edmund K. "Allen," d.d.. Secretary of the A B. C. F. M.,
should of course read " Alden "
Page 428. —The hour of meeting of Vermont General Convention was, at last
year's session, changed to 2 o'clock, p. m.
Add to List of Ministers: —
George H. Gould, Worcester, Mass.
Frank T. Lee, Boston, Mass.
Horace Parker, Shirley Village, Mass.
Change P. O. addresses of Ministers to read as follows: —
G«orge E. Allen, Norton, Mass.
George N. Anthony, Cambridge, Mass.
Sumner Clark, Wolfeboro', N. H.
John Hayward, Buffalo City, Kan.
John L. Maile, Portland, Mich.
Lanson P. Norcross, Deadwood, Black Hills, Wyoming Terr.
Josiah W. C. Pike, East Douglas, Mass.
Frederick A. Reed, Concord, Mass.
Isaiah P. Smith, Centreville, Mass.
Aldace Walker, Rutland, Vt.
Charles A. White, Thomdike, Mass.
Jacob Winslow, DeWitt, Neb.
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